The Ikizdere Valley is one of priority ecologic region within 200 areas where is under protection in the world. It is natural conservation area. In this study, epilithic algal diversity of Cimil Stream in the Cimil (Tiron) Valley where is one of the most important protection areas were investigated. The ecological structure of the stream is to determine by using indicator algae. According to sampling results obtained from four different stations after rainy and dry seasons (November 2010 and August 2011), total 113 taxa belongs to five different division were identified. Diatoms have the most species diversity in terms of other groups (74, 65%). This was followed by Cyanophyta (28, 25%), Charophyta (6, 5%), Chlorophyta (4, 4%) and Euglenophyta (1, 1%). Achnanthidium minutissimum, Cocconeis pediculus, C. placentula, Cymbella affinis, Gomphonema parvulum, G. truncatum, Encyonema minutum, Hannaea arcus, Navicula menisculus, N. salinarum ve Nitzschia palea are common and dominant diatom species in the Cimil Stream. Indicator species showed that the ecological situation of the Cimil Stream is not yet under intense pressure pollution. However, it is seen that the stream showed a change towards β-α-mesosaprobic conditions from oligosaprobic top to bottom. For the area's tourism potential is very high, it is recommended that the necessary measures take as to maintaining ecological structure in future.

The study appraised the economic performance of small and medium scale poultry egg production in Ife and Ilesha metropolis, Osun State Nigeria. A purposive sampling was used to select one hundred and twenty poultry egg farmers, cluster sampling was used to select areas where small and medium scale were concentrated in the study area then sixty (60) small scale and sixty (60) medium scale were randomly selected to form the population of the study. Data were collected through structured interview schedule. Descriptive statistics such as means and percentages were employed for budgetary analysis and economic performance. The ordinary least square was used to determine the significant variables influencing the gross margin of poultry egg farmers at different levels of scale of production. The study shows that the gross margin of small farms was ₦575.65 while the gross margin of medium farms was ₦43672.62. The total production cost of small and medium farms were ₦1480.25 and ₦29654.43 respectively. The results further reveal that costs of feed constituted the largest share of the total costs for the two categories of farm size. The amount spent on drug and feed were the only significant determining factors of revenue accruable to both categories of poultry egg farmers. Although, poultry egg production was profitable in the study area, the level of profit depended on the scale of operation.

Concern over food authenticity has increased as a result of an increase in the consumption of processed foods containing meat or animal products. This raises a number of issues where the presence of pork in such foods is considered unacceptable in most Muslim and Jewish communities around the world. It also applied to the prohibition of beef consumption among Hindus. In order to ensure the absence of unwished meat products or mixing of meats from different sources in processed foods, a specific and sensitive test is essential. For this purpose we developed a molecular test based on DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the cytochrome b gene followed by reverse line blot analysis (RLB). Using this method many samples may be treated simultaneously and meat origins can easily be detected from processed foods or foods containing mixed meat sources; also, added pork components such as fat may be identified by this methodology. The PCR/RLB method is considered to be a sensitive and specific technique; it can detect one nucleotide change within the PCR-amplified DNA segment.

Gelişen ve durmaksızın ilerleyen teknoloji, çevre kirliliği, radyasyon, kontamine sular, tarım ilaçları, ağır metaller ve canlı hücrelerdeki oksijen metabolizması gibi birçok etken insan vücudunda kaçınılmaz olarak serbest radikallerin oluşumuna neden olmaktadırlar. Serbest radikaller, oksijenin oldukça reaktif formları olup, vücut hücrelerini tahrip etmektedir. Bu da kalp damar hastalıkları, kanser, katarakt, diyabet, karaciğer tahribatı ve diğer pek çok hastalığa davetiye çıkarmaktadır. Bu hastalıklara çözüm getirmek öncelikle serbest radikallerin olumsuz etkilerini bertaraf etmek ve hastalıkların oluşumunu engellemekle gerçekleşebilir. İnsan vücudunda bunu engelleyebilecek antioksidan savunma sistemi mevcut olsa da karşılaşılan çevresel etmenler bu savunma direncini düşürmekte ve çoğu kez yetersiz bırakmaktadır. Zayıflayan antioksidan savunma sistemlerimizi doğal ve dengeli beslenerek güçlendirebiliriz. Bu makalede serbest radikallerin neden olduğu hastalıklara karşı direnç gösteren en önemli endojen ve ekzojen doğal antioksidanların sınıflandırılması ve insan sağlığına etkileri incelenmiştir.

More than ninety percent of the ruminant livestock in Nigeria lies in the hands of herders who keep them under extensive and semi-intensive management systems, whereby the animals rely only on natural pasture and crop residues for survival. In this work, the mycoflora and aflatoxin levels of ten farms were determined by sampling crop residues on farms grazed by cattle. Samples of the remains of farm harvest were surface-disinfected and cultured using standard microbiological techniques while aflatoxins in the left over harvest were determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. Fungal counts in leftover harvest ranged from 1.2 x 106 to 3.8 x106cfu/g. Aspergillus flavus, A. terreus, A.parasiticus, Rhizopus sp and a yeast, Candida sp were most prevalent on all the investigated crop residues. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on the crop residues ranged between 3.0 and 13.30 μg/Kg, while the levels of AFG1 were between 2.30 and 4.50 μg/Kg. Results of the present study is indicative that the accumulation of these doses of AFB1 can lead to transfer of AFB1 into cattle and subsequently into milk. So there is an urgent need to control the feeding pattern of cattle in order to protect the health of the consuming public.

In this study, the effect of different harvest period on fruit quality and phytochemical properties of short and day neutral strawberries was investigated. For this purpose, two day-neutral ('Fern', 'Kabarl') and four short day ('Camorosa', 'Sweet Charlie', 'Rubygem' and 'Festival') strawberry varieties were harvested at three different harvest period. Harvested fruits were analysed 15 and 30 days intervals for short and day-neutral varieties. Pomological analysis such as fruit size, firmness, fruit weight, titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), pH and total anthocyanin, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity were studied. Results of the present study indicated that fruits from later harvest periods displayed smaller fruit size, lower pH and TSS content but higher TA and fruit firmness. Also, both short and day neutral varieties have higher phytochemical content at later harvest period in terms of total phenolics, total anthocyanin and antioxidant capacity.

The aim of present study was to determine the growth performance of Russian sturgeon Acipenser gueldenstaedtii throughout 5 years and to investigate problems encountered in grow-out phase. Fish samples (2750.88±351.18 g, 80.18±6.49 cm mean±SD) were equally stocked into fiberglass tanks, three replicate per treatment and fed for 5 years. Gain of weight and length, Specific Growth Rate (SGR), Condition Factor (CF) and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) were determined. Our results indicated that mean final length and weight were 106.34±2.79 (cm) and 6651.16±3.16 (g). The mean condition factor (CF) at year 5 was 0.51. FCR values fluctuated and the highest value of food conversion rate (FCR) was determined in 4th year. During the rearing period of Russian sturgeon, SGR values decreased dramatically from 2.88 to 1.83. In conclusion, slow growth was determined in Russian sturgeon A. gueldenstaedtii. Therefore, there is need for extensive evaluation and comparison of data obtained from field studies and those obtained from laboratory studies.

This study is one of Turkey at the sea coast in Izmir and Ankara in other inland fisheries are conducted to determine consumer preferences. 306 people in Izmir and 405 people in Ankara were directly interviewed and the orginal data for the research was gathered. Survey data were anlyzed with using SPSS and Microsoft Excel software packages. According to the survey data; it is determined that individuals consumed mostly white meat at the rate of 81%, and consumed white meat at the rate of 19%. At least 46% of these individuals consume fish once a week at a minimum. It is determined that 83% of the individuals in Ankara consumed white meat, 17% consumed red meat. It is found out that at least 30% of these indiviudals consumed fish once a week at a minimum. Aquaculture products are highly important for the nutrition due to its being animal protein resource. In spite of the fast growing population and big problems seen in balanced diets, aquaculture products are not efficiently benefited. As a result of our country to increase fish consumption habits and consumption of fishery products on human health in the short and long term benefits should be explained. To this end, local governments and other regional organizations and institutions of the people in the area where the handle will be of interest to fisheries and should be in promoting.

Bu derleme, bitkilerin kuraklık stresine karşı gösterdikleri kompleks fizyolojik ve metabolik tepki mekanizmaları hakkında bilinenleri özetlemek, en etkin yaklaşımları vurgulamak ve tarımsal anlamda önemi olan bitkilerin kuraklık toleransını arttırmak amaçlı çalışmalar için kullanılabilecek olan yeni yaklaşımları değerlendirmek amacını taşımaktadır. Kuraklık, tarımsal üretimde ciddi verim kayıplarına neden olan etmenlerin başında gelmektedir. Küresel ısınmaya bağlı olarak beklenen şiddetli kuraklık olayları, tarımsal anlamda kullanılan bitkilerin kuraklık toleranslarının arttırılması yolunda ciddi adımların acil olarak atılmasının gerekliliğini bir kez daha gözler önüne koymaktadır. Hareket edemeyen canlılar olan bitkiler, kuraklık, sıcaklık, tuzluluk ve aşırı yağış gibi abiyotik stres koşullarına büyüme ve gelişmeleri en az zarar görecek şekilde fizyolojik ve metabolik değişikliklerle tepki vermektedirler. Ancak, abiyotik stres koşullarında meydana gelen bu değişiklikler, karmaşıklıklarından dolayı uzun yıllardır üzerinde çalışılıyor olmasına rağmen halen tam olarak anlaşılamamıştır. Bu da, bitki kuraklık stres tepkisini anlamak ve tarımsal anlamda önemi olan bitkilerin stres toleransını arttırmak amaçlı çalışmalarda yeni yaklaşımlar kullanılmasını gerektirmektedir. Karşılaştırmalı genomik ve tranksriptomik çalışmaların yapılması, bitki kuraklık stres tepkisinde miRNA’ların oynadıkları rollerin anlaşılması, toleransları daha yüksek olan yabani genotiplerin mekanizmalarının aydınlatılması ve bitki stres adaptasyonunda epigenetiğin rolünün ortaya konulması öncelikler arasında yer almaktadır. Bu bilgilerin klasik ıslah çalışmalarıyla entegrasyonu, doğada gerçekleşen çoklu abiyotik stres koşullarına dayanıklı bitkilerin geliştirilebilmesi için en önemli aşamadır.

Soybean (Glycine max L. Merril) is widely grown in the mid hills as intercrop with maize or in paddy bunds, while it is gaining popularity as sole crop in terai and inner terai. Mean temperature at Khumaltar during soybean growing period was mostly fluctuating; but we observed an increasing trend in temperature. Amount of rainfall was not changed dramatically but number of rainy days was decreased during study period. Rainfall during germination time increase soil moisture which also increase germination and found higher early stand. Days from sowing to 50% flowering and 90% maturity were short in the case of higher minimum temperature and low rainfall. Among the genotypes, AGS-377, AGS-378, AGS-379 and Tarkari Bhattmas-1 were more sensitive. However, seed yield decreased in the case of higher temperatures and low rainfall. Cool night temperatures and high moisture increased disease incidence in soybean which, eventually reduced yield. In last three years, plant suffered from moisture stress during early vegetative stage and high moisture during late vegetative stage which reduced seed yield and seed weight. In conclusion, we found that genotypes like AGS- 360, Sathiya and Tarkari Bhatmas-1 are very sensitive to climatic variation.