The aim of this study is to determine the current situation and to analyze financial performance of rice farmers associations. The data obtained with the questionnaire method from a single rice farmers association selected as purposeful constitute material of the research. First, a general assessment of the association was conducted, and then, the financial performance of the association was analyzed using Financial Statement Analysis, Percentage Method, Trend Analysis and Ratio Analysis techniques with the aid of financial statement and income chart for the period of 2011-2013. As a result, it is determined association was founded in 2006, have a total of 220 active members and 10 women members in district and 18 villages and two university graduate staff. In addition, management and audit committee members are men, middle-aged, and primary or secondary graduated. The participation rate of members in general assembly is high. The important problems of the association are lack of solidarity among members and irregular payment of membership’s fee. In the period under investigation, decreased use of external resource, strengthening equity and increased profitability in the association were determined. It is possible to develop association as financial statue with positive relationships between association and members and activation of association in terms of marketing.

Gelişen ve durmaksızın ilerleyen teknoloji, çevre kirliliği, radyasyon, kontamine sular, tarım ilaçları, ağır metaller ve canlı hücrelerdeki oksijen metabolizması gibi birçok etken insan vücudunda kaçınılmaz olarak serbest radikallerin oluşumuna neden olmaktadırlar. Serbest radikaller, oksijenin oldukça reaktif formları olup, vücut hücrelerini tahrip etmektedir. Bu da kalp damar hastalıkları, kanser, katarakt, diyabet, karaciğer tahribatı ve diğer pek çok hastalığa davetiye çıkarmaktadır. Bu hastalıklara çözüm getirmek öncelikle serbest radikallerin olumsuz etkilerini bertaraf etmek ve hastalıkların oluşumunu engellemekle gerçekleşebilir. İnsan vücudunda bunu engelleyebilecek antioksidan savunma sistemi mevcut olsa da karşılaşılan çevresel etmenler bu savunma direncini düşürmekte ve çoğu kez yetersiz bırakmaktadır. Zayıflayan antioksidan savunma sistemlerimizi doğal ve dengeli beslenerek güçlendirebiliriz. Bu makalede serbest radikallerin neden olduğu hastalıklara karşı direnç gösteren en önemli endojen ve ekzojen doğal antioksidanların sınıflandırılması ve insan sağlığına etkileri incelenmiştir.

This study aims to determine and analyse farmers’ risk perceptions and risk management strategies in dairy farming. Data were obtained in 2014 (December) and 2015 (February and March) from face-to-face interviews with 96 dairy farmers in Yüregir and Saricam district of Adana province of Turkey. Factor analysis was used in data reduction to identify a small number of factors related to risk sources and risk strategies in this study. Then, multiple regression model was used to evaluate the influence of socio-economic characteristics and communication behaviour on the farmers’ risk perceptions and risk management strategies using factor loadings. The results of this study show that the most important risk source that the farmers' perceive is variability in feed prices and risk management strategy that the farmers' perceive is take precautions to prevent disease. The results of factor analysis show that the risk scale consists of 8 factors explaining 70.24% of total variance. The internal consistency coefficient Cronbach Alfa of the scale is 0.808 and KMO is 0.732. The risk management scale consists of 6 factors explaining 67.78% of total variance. The internal consistency coefficient Cronbach Alfa of the scale is 0.775 and KMO is 0.746. According to the results, perceptions were farmer-specific, a number of socio-economic variables and communication behaviour are found to be related to risk and risk management. To improve risk management strategies is useful for farmers as well and might help them to avoid many risks and reduce losses.

A correct detection and appropriate identification of causal pathogens associated with crop plants or seeds are considered to be the most important issue in designing the proper management plans for plant diseases. This study was designed to detect Phytophthora infestans inoculum from potato grown soil. A high detection rate of P.infestans was obtained from the naturally infested soil of potato fields. Naturally soils were firstly moistened in a plastic pots and then pre-incubated at ±18°C for 3 days, baiting with potato tuber slice for 24, 48, and 72 h. The baits were then thoroughly washed, flooded with 10–15 ml of distilled water in Petri-dishes and incubated under continuous darkness in chamber ±18ºC. Sporangia started to emerge from the margins of potato tuber slice. They were easily observed under the stereomicroscope. Pure culture of the fungus was obtained by isolating from baited tubers on a Rye Agar medium. This is the first report of recovery of P. infestans from naturally infested potato growing soils using susceptible potato tuber (K. Bahar) as bait in India. All isolates were determined to be A2 mating type.

Number of bread wheat cultivars have significantly increased in recent years and research on adaptation capacities of such cultivars are not sufficient in Kayseri. This study was carried out to determine high-yield bread cultivars able to adapt the conditions of Kayseri Province in 2010-11 and 2011-12 cropping seasons. A total of 42 national bread wheat cultivars were used and adaptation capacities were determined for Kayseri Region. Significant differences were observed in entire traits of the years and cultivars. Grain-fill periods of cultivars varied between 33.9-40.5 days, plant heights between 76.0-121.7 cm, number of spike per m2 between 292.5-645.8 spikes, number of kernel per spike between 17.4-43.9 kernels, 1000 kernel weights between 32.9-40.1 g, kernel yields between 153.0-278.3 kg/da, hectoliter weights between 72.8-78.4 kg and protein ratios between 9.08-14.37%. Considering the dry conditions of Kayseri region, Bezostaja-1, Gün 91, Bayraktar 2000, Dağdaş 94, Karahan 99, Tosunbey and Nenehatun cultivars were recommended for high yield and quality.

In this study, the effect of using gamma irradiated barley and wheat 0, 10 and 100 kiloGray (kGy) and enzyme supplementation on the egg product criterions and external and internal egg quality was examined. In this experiment, 36 weeks old, 324 Brown Nick laying hens were used for ten week. The study was a randomized complete block design with 9 dietary treatments within 6 blocks of 54 pens each 6 birds per pen. Although egg weight was not significantly affected by gamma irradiation; enzyme supplementation of barley based diet significantly increased egg weight compared to barley control group. As egg mass production was considered, enzyme and 100 kGy gamma irradiation significantly improved the egg mass production compared to barley control. The feed conversion ratio was significantly improved by using gamma irradiated barley and enzyme in barley based diets (P

The present work was conducted in the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Food science department, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Kordofan, in order to evaluate some nontraditional oil seeds these are i.e. Marula (Sclerocarya birrea), Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) seeds and Christ’s thorn (Zizyphus spina-christi) seeds. The seeds of the roselle and Christ’s thorn fruits were procured from Elobeid local market, North Kordofan State, while marula fruits were obtained from Elnuhod, West Kordofan State. The proximate composition of the seeds, cake and christ’s thorn pulp was done. Some chemical and physical properties were performed for the extracted oil. The results revealed that proximate composition of the seeds and cake differ statistically among the studied materials. Significant differences were observed among the oil extracted from these species; moreover, these oils differ significantly in color and viscosity only.

Essential oils are secondary compounds obtained from several parts of plants. They play an important role in the protection of the plants as antibacterials, antivirals, antifungals, insecticides in nature. Along with the prohibition of the use of antibiotics as feed additives in a lot of countries around the world, scientists have accelerated the search for safer and more natural feed additive. In this respect, essential oils and their active components have come to the fore as an alternative feed ingredient. In this review, effects of essential oils on feed intake, feed efficiency, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, milk yield and its composition in dairy cattle were evaluated.

In this study, the effects of egg shape index on hatching characteristics (fertility rate, embryo mortality, hatchability of fertile eggs and hatchability), egg weight loss, chick weight, sex ratio and quality of chicks were investigated. A total of 960 eggs of ATAK- S hybrid parents obtained from Ankara Poultry Research Station were divided into three different groups (SI≤71, 72≤SI≤76, SI≤77) based on shape index and were used. A significant relationship between fertility rate and late embryonic mortality was found in the shape index groups. On the other hand, no differences were found in the rate of weight loss at 18 day, early and middle embryonic mortality, malposition rate, hatchability, sex ratio and chick quality among the shape index groups. It was concluded that shape index affected the hatching results and also that eggs of abnormal shape index should not be used for hatching.

Organic farming aims not to use chemical inputs, to increase quality not the yield, control and certify every steps of the production and is a human and environmental friendly production system. In recent years, use of organic food has increased parallel with the increasing interest in the environmental protection and safe foods in the developed countries. Turkey has a great potential for organic farming due to its wide diversity of climatic and soil conditions. KOP (Konya Plain Project) Region, includes the provinces as Aksaray, Karaman, Konya, Niğde, has a wide agricultural fields where not used chemical fertilizer and not contaminated with pesticides. Therefore this region is very important for organic agriculture. In 2013 year, planting area is 769.014 hectares and organic production is 1.620.466 tons in Turkey. KOP Region has a 0.47% planting area and 3.4% organic production in Turkey. Niğde which had the first rank in terms of organic production, constituted about 61% organic production amount. KOP Region could present significant opportunities and benefits to potential investors in terms of organic farming. In KOP Region, organic farming practices should be cared and supported.