In this study, principal component analysis has been applied on data comprising of 6675 gene and 20 sequence collected by using cDNA microarray technology from livers of mice used in toxicology studies in certain time periods. Forming of gene groups from similar expression profiles and description of related genes which are implemented by similar component loads among the groups have been explained by using this cDNA technology. Besides that, interpretation and decomposition of factors (components) from correlation matrix which belongs to same data group have been explained. Some of the methods developed for minimizing the data set to fewer components which can explain the whole data structure have been evaluated. According to methods, if we assume that the first 9 eigen values are enough to describe the whole variance, then in this case, it is thought that it is good enough to describe the whole variance by using 9 eigen values with a variance loss of 20,79% instead of describing the whole variance by using 20 eigen values.

The increasing scarcity and competition for irrigation water entails adoption of innovative practices that increase efficient water use. The objective of this research was to compare different mulching techniques and investigated the combined effect of irrigation levels under drip irrigation system based on the parametric evaluation system in western part of Ethiopia during the 2018 dry season. A factorial combination of five levels of water (namely 100%, 80% and 70%, 60% and 50%ETc) combined with three mulch treatments (namely, Normal Mulch (NM), Straw Mulch (SM) and Plastic Mulch (PM)) with three replications. The analysis of variance showed that, days to 50% maturity, leaf number per plant, mean leaf length, plant height and leaf area were significantly affected by the main effects of deficit irrigation levels and mulching materials. The interaction effects of deficit irrigation levels and mulching materials significantly influenced plant height, number of leaf per plant, plant height, Leaf length and Leaf area of the onion. The present study suggests that, in water scarce area, farmers are advised to adopt deficit irrigation level with 80% ETc under plastic mulch. It is important even to undertake similar studies at different seasons with different varieties in consideration of their cost benefit analysis. However, if water is not a limiting factor, farmers are advised to apply full irrigation water application under plastic mulch.

This study was conducted at Transitional Zone Agricultural Research Institute in Eskisehir, in 2017-2019 growing seasons. In the study, responses of four winter wheat cultivars (Atay85, Hat 31, Yunus and Nacibey) to nitrogen fertilization under irrigation conditions were compared with vegetation indices based on spectral reflection and In- Season Estimates of Yield calculated from these indices. GreenSeekerTM (NTech Industries, Inc., Ukiah,CA) hand-held sensor was used for this purpose. The experimental layout were used 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 kg N/da nitrogen rates 2 factor factorial in randomized complete block design in the experiment. Vegetation indices (NDVI) were obtained at growth stages Zadoks2,4, Zadoks3,0, Zadoks3,1 and Zadoks3,2. Zadoks3,0 (stem elongation) was found to be the most realistic reading time. A comparison of the system with traditional farmer applications, based on the average of 3 experiment fields, the new system was shown to give similar yields with 2,8 kg/da less N in the spring (ZD3,0), showing its economically promising value. The sensor application is determined to be 2% more economically effective than farmer application. Economic nitrogen dose respectively Atay85, Hat 31, Yunus and Nacibey was determined as the nitrogen dose 12,6 kgN/da, 14,1 kgN/ da, 14,4 kg N/da and 17,9 kgN/da.

Although the milk’s predominant microflora consists of lactic acid bacteria, it is probable that pathogenic bacteria such as Listeria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Staphylococcus, Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Salmonella are also present. Due to the fact that milk contains components with high nutritional value and therefore suitable for the growth of microorganisms, the microorganism populations in the milk can reach to the numbers that can threat human health in a short time. Therefore, it is very important to ensure the microbial safety of the milk before it is consumed. Microfiltration, one of the techniques that can be used for this purpose, physically separates the microorganisms from the milk by passing the milk through the membranes having pores with certain diameters by the effect of pressure. Studies on the microorganism load of milk that microfiltration is used showed that the number of microorganisms in milk generally decreases depending on the working conditions such as pore diameters of the membranes, the initial microorganism load of milk, temperature and pressure. The membranes used in microfiltration technique are chosen according to the purpose. It is known that membranes with a pore diameter of 1,4 µm cause a pasteurization effect and membranes with a pore diameter of 0,2 µm cause a sterilization effect. Therefore, the choice of suitable membrane is very important for microfiltration application. Several studies have been done on the effect of microfiltration on extension of shelf life in drinking milk, the removal of bacterial spores which can withstand high temperatures and can cause milk deterioration of milk, the production of dairy products like cheese without damaging the natural components of milk. These researches are important in terms of providing information on a technique that allows the removal of pathogen microorganisms which cause a risk for public health and can cause food poisoning in case of consumption of raw milk and raw milk cheeses, without any change in the natural structure of milk.

This study was carried out to evaluate the socio-economic structure and organic farming activities of grape producers in Besni. A face-to-face survey was conducted with producers producing organic grapes. Data were obtained by interviewing a total of 50 producers. The number of organic products grown between 2005 and 2018 increased from 205 to 213 in Turkey. The number of producers engaged in cultivation in this area has increased more than 5 times compared to 2005. It reached nearly 80.000 in 2018. The area of organic vegetable production increased from 203.811 to 626.884 hectares in Turkey. While the production area increased 2.5 times, the production amount increased almost 4 times. Today, a variety of products in organic vegetable production, planting area, the number of farmers has increased in Turkey. The findings were obtained education level of the producers, the number of individuals in the family, record keeping, annual total income, newspaper reading, grape yield, grape cultivation area, property and rental land, credit usage, weed control, organic farming knowledge level, organic farming by using variables such as thoughts and grape variety. There are serious differences between conventional agriculture and organic farming. The family structure is effective in production activities. It has been determined that the thoughts of organic farming have changed depending on the age and experience of the producers. Organic grape producers have turned to organic farming due to their desire to sell their products at higher prices with state supports. Also, it has been suggested that organic farming is important in terms of the sustainability of living life all over the world. Increasing producer income and environmental awareness are among the main reasons for the transition to organic farming.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of exogenous Melatonin (100, 300 and 500 µM) and L-tryptophan (125, 250, 375 ppm) applications on some growth parameters of lettuce plants grown under salt stress. The study was carried out under semi-controlled greenhouse conditions in spring (March/April) season. The exogenous applications to lettuce plants were carried out two times as foliar spraying. Salt stress was generated by adding NaCl (0 mM, 100 mM, 200 mM) to irrigation water. The complete randomized design was used with three replications in this experiment. At the end of the study, it was found that the highest doses of exogenous applications had the highest effect on the parameters of the number of leaves, salinity necrosis, fresh leaf weight, fresh root weight, and total surface area of lettuce plants under 200 mM salinity condition. When the effects of the subtract on these values were compared, the effect of melatonin was found to be more pronounced. Leaf width, leaf length, and leaf surface temperature values were not affected by the external application. These values only changed depending on salt concentration. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the application of 500 µM melatonin significantly increased salt tolerance in lettuce plants. However, in order to reach a more general conclusion, the dose ranges and genotype/variety numbers should be increased.

This study was conducted to determine tolerance levels of different radish varieties (white, black, red, little red radish) under salt stress conditions and to evaluate the effectiveness of exogenous salicylic acid (SA) application on germination and vegetative development. For this purpose; germination percentage (%), germination time (day), germination index calculated, and then number of leaves, shoot length (cm), root length (cm), leaf width (cm), leaf length (cm), stem diameter (mm), plant fresh and dry weights (g) were measured. Radish seeds were germinated at control, 100 mM, 150 mM and 200 mM salt concentrations. Salt stress did not inhibit germination at a high level but negatively affected the vegetative growth of plants. According to the results of the statistical analysis of the data obtained, 150 mM was determined as the threshold value. Then, SA was applied to seeds treated with 150 mM salt concentration at different doses (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00 mM). SA had a positive effect on germination in saline conditions in general and it was concluded that 0.50 mM SA could be applied for germination percentages in all cultivars. However, 1 mM SA inhibited the germination of big red and little red radish cultivars, causing sudden and severe germination losses (10%, 8%, respectively). The effects of SA on vegetative growth parameters differed by cultivar and it was found to be inhibitory in terms of vegetative growth characteristics of white radish cultivar. On the other hand, 0.50 mM SA in black and big red, 0.75 mM SA in little red cultivar gave promoting results for vegetative growth.

In this study, effects of medium components and inoculum size on the protease production by Bacillus sp. EBTA6 that was isolated from a home-made Tarhana sample were investigated. The cell-free supernatant of bacterium cultured on a shaking incubator for 24 h was used to test protease activity as the response. With a total number of 11 factors, 12 different experiments were run and the highest experimental protease activity was measured as 2280.4 U/mL. Results were analyzed statistically by ANOVA and the most efficient factors were detected as yeast extract, dipotassium phosphate, casein, and peptone with a contribution of 93.78, 2.19, 1.96, 1.31%, respectively. For validation of the selected factors, a further experiment was performed by using of yeast extract (9.98 g/L), dipotassium phosphate (1.27 g/L), casein (8.69 g/L), and peptone (9.88 g/L) obtained from the design equation. The experimental response was found as 2411.4 U/mL which was only 5.5% higher than the predicted response showing that the model was applicable.

The main purpose of this paper is to review on the effect of irrigation water quality and deficit irrigation on crop yield and water use efficiency. Low quality water for irrigation can impose a major environmental constraint to crop productivity. If salts become excessive, losses in yield will result. To prevent yield loss, salts in the soil must be controlled at a concentration below that which might affect yield. Irrigation application below the full evapotranspiration requirement is termed as deficit irrigation. Deficit irrigation consists of deliberately applying irrigation water in amounts below the plant’s water requirements. Deficit irrigation can be applied at certain periods during the crop’s growing season or throughout its growing season. Yield reductions also occur in a number of crops when subjected to water stress. Yield reductions depend on the crop’s sensitivity to water stress at its various growth stages. In order for deficit irrigation to be an economically viable practice, the revenue lost due to yield reduction should be lower than savings in total cost of production. The goal of deficit irrigation is to increase crop water use efficiency by reducing the amount of water that is applied or by reducing the number of irrigation events. The interaction effects of water quality and DI illustrated that when the two types of stresses; saline and DI were coupled together, a serious reduction occurred on total dry biomass and total yield. The interaction effects of water quality and deficit irrigation illustrated that when the two types of stresses; saline and deficit irrigation were coupled together, a serious reduction occurred on total dry biomass and total yields.

Tarafımızdan yürütülen çalışmalarda in vitro kültürlerde mezankimal kök hücreleri ve endotelyal hücre hatları kullanılarak suyun IC50 değeri tespit edilerek hücreler üzerindeki pozitif ve negatif etki dozları belirlenmektedir. Buradan elde edilen sonuçlara bağlı olarak, gerekli olması durumda tüm organizmadaki etkileri deney hayvanları üzerinde in vivo olarak incelenebilmektedir. Bu amaçla genç wistar sıçanları deney gruplarına (deney ve kontrol) ayrılarak, su ihtiyaçları 3 ila 6 ay süre ile çalışma alanından temin edilen su örnekleri ile karşılanmaktadır. Belirli zaman noktalarında her bir gruptaki deneklerden kan ve idrar numunesi alınarak rutin biyokimya analizleri ile hemogramı analizlenerek değişimler kaydedilmektedir. Ayrıca aylık periyotlarla örneklemdeki denekler sakrifiye edilerek endojen dokuların genel muayenesi yapılarak histolojik ve kimyasal analizler için karaciğer, böbrek ve kalp dokusundan örnekler alınmaktadır. Doku örneklerinin bir kısmı mikrodalga kullanılarak homojenizat haline getirilir ve element içeriğindeki değişimler ICP_OES ile tayin edilmektedir. Diğer kısmı ise %10’luk formaldehitte tespit edildikten sonra dondurarak kesit alma yöntemine göre 5 um’lik ince kesitleri alınarak histopatalojik olarak incelenmektedir. Bu çalışmalar göstermişti ki su analizlerinde kullanılan bilindik yöntemler çok kıymetli olsa da sitotoksik analiz yöntemiyle yapılan su kalitesi çalışması su kalitesinin direkt canlı doku üzerinde etkilerinin gözlenmesi açısından güvenilirlik sağlamaktadır. Sunulan çalışmada, sonuçlarının çarpıcılığı nedeniyle İncesu Havzasından alınan su numuneleri için yürütülen in vitro sitotoksisite çalışmaları örnek olarak verilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar ışığında in vitro sitotoksisite testlerinin rutin su kalitesi analizlerine eklenmesi gerektiği önerilmektedir.