ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the use of starch degradation index (SDI) in the diagnosis of areas of impact injuries in 'Tommy Atkins' mango, in different maturation stages. The experiment layout was a fully randomized factorial design (5 x 2), represented by five maturation stages and two handlings, with and without impact, with four replicates. SDI was determined through a subjective scale of scores indicating mango pulp darkened areas by reaction with iodine-potassium iodide solution. Subsequently, these scores were correlated with physicochemical quality variables. The results showed no influence of impact on fruit quality, in any of the studied maturation stages. Moreover, soluble solid contents increased throughout maturation stages, regardless of whether the fruits suffered impact or not. As a result, SDI is unsuitable to indicate fruit impact injury. However, there is a good correlation between SDI and pulp color, vitamin C, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, SS/ TA ratio and non-reducing sugars. | RESUMO O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o índice de degradação de amido (IDA) na diagnose de áreas injurias por impacto na manga Tommy Atkins‘, em diferentes estádios de maturação. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente ao acaso (DIC) em esquema fatorial (5 x 2), representado por cinco estádios de maturação e duas condições de manuseio, com e sem impacto, com quatro repetições. O índice de degradação de amido foi estabelecido através de escala subjetiva de notas indicativas de proporções da área da polpa da manga escurecida em função da reação com solução de iodo-iodeto de potássio e posteriormente, estas notas foram correlacionadas com variáveis físico-químicas de qualidade. O impacto não influenciou na qualidade dos frutos, em nenhum dos estádios de maturação estudado, os sólidos solúveis aumentaram com o avanço dos estádios de maturação da manga, independentemente se os frutos sofreram impacto. O índice de degradação de amido não é adequado para ser utilizado como um indicativo de frutos com injúria por impacto. Há uma boa correlação do índice de degradação de amido com a cor da polpa, vitamina C, pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, relação SS/AT e açúcares não redutores.

This study aimed to evaluate the use of starch degradation index (SDI) in the diagnosis of areas of impact injuries in 'Tommy Atkins' mango, in different maturation stages. The experiment layout was a fully randomized factorial design (5 x 2), represented by five maturation stages and two handlings, with and without impact, with four replicates. SDI was determined through a subjective scale of scores indicating mango pulp darkened areas by reaction with iodine-potassium iodide solution. Subsequently, these scores were correlated with physicochemical quality variables. The results showed no influence of impact on fruit quality, in any of the studied maturation stages. Moreover, soluble solid contents increased throughout maturation stages, regardless of whether the fruits suffered impact or not. As a result, SDI is unsuitable to indicate fruit impact injury. However, there is a good correlation between SDI and pulp color, vitamin C, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, SS/ TA ratio and non-reducing sugars.

RESUMO O capim pé-de-galinha (Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn) é uma planta anual, que apresenta resistência de nível baixo (RNB) ao herbicida glifosato o que acarreta em falhas de controle em lavouras de soja geneticamente modificadas para resistência ao herbicida. Os alelos relacionados com a resistência podem acarretar em custos de adaptação ao biótipo, conferindo menor habilidade competitiva. Diante disso, o objetivo da pesquisa foi comparar a habilidade competitiva da cultura da soja com os biótipos de capim pé -de-galinha suscetível ou com RNB. Para isso, foram conduzidos experimentos em série de substituição entre a cultura da soja e os biótipos de capim pé-de-galinha. As proporções entre plantas de soja e capim pé-de-galinha suscetível ou com RNB foram de 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 e 0:100, com população total de 481 plantas m -2. Avaliaram-se a área foliar (AF), estatura de planta (EST) e a massa da matéria seca da parte aérea (MMSPA), aos 40 DAE da cultura da soja e da planta daninha. A cultura da soja tem habilidade competitiva superior aos biótipos de capim pé-de-galinha suscetível ou com RNB. A habilidade competitiva da soja não foi diferencial frente à competição com os biótipos de capim pé-de-galinha suscetível ou com RNB. A competição intraespecífica para a cultura da soja e a competição interespecífica para os biótipos de capim pé-de-galinha, causam maiores danos aos competidores. | ABSTRACT The goosegrass (Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn) is an annual plant that has a low-level resistance to glyphosate (LLRG), resulting in control failure in genetically modified soybean crops for resistance to this herbicide. Alleles related to resistance may cause changes in the plant biotype, such as inferior competitive ability. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluated the competitive ability of soybean crops and susceptible and resistant (LLRG) goosegrass biotypes. Replacement series experiments were conducted with soybean crops and goosegrass biotypes. The ratios of soybean to susceptible or resistant (LLRG) goosegrass plants were 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100, with a total population of 481 plants m-2. The leaf area, plant height and shoot dry weight were evaluated at 40 days after emergence of the soybean crops and weeds. The soybean crop had superior competitive ability to the susceptible and resistant (LLRG) goosegrass biotypes. The soybean crop showed similar competitive ability in both competitions, either with the susceptible or resistant (LLRG) goosegrass biotypes. The intraspecific competition was more harmful to the soybean crop, while the interspecific competition caused greater damage to the goosegrass biotypes competing with the soybean crop.

The goosegrass ( Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn) is an annual plant that has a low - level resistance to glyphosate (LLRG), resulting in control failure in genetically modified soybean crops for resistance to this herbicide. Alleles related to resistance may cause changes in the plant biotype, such as inferior competitive ability. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluated the competitive ability of soybean crops and susceptible and resistant (LLRG) goosegrass biotypes. Replacement series experiments were conducted with soybean crops and goosegrass biotypes. The ratios of soybean to susceptible or resistant (LLRG) goosegrass plants were 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100, with a total population of 481 plants m - 2 . The leaf area, plant height and shoot dry weight were evaluated at 40 days after emergence of the soybean crops and weeds. The soybean crop had superior competitive ability to the susceptible and resistant (LLRG) goosegrass biotypes. The soybean crop showed similar competitive ability in both competitions, either with the susceptible or resistant (LLRG) goosegrass biotypes. The intraspecific competition was more harmful to the soybean crop, while the interspecific competition caused greater damage to the goosegrass biotypes competing with the soybean crop

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to assess the agronomic performance of cowpea cultivars depending on sowing seasons in the Cerrado biome. Thus, an experiment was conducted in Uberaba, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, in a complete randomized block design, in a 6x3 factorial arrangement, using six cowpea cultivars (BRS-Itaim, BRS-Guariba, BRS-Potengi, BRS-Cauamé, BRS-Novaera and BRS-Tumucumaque) and three sowing seasons (Dec 14, 2012; Jan 14, 2013; and Feb 14, 2013), with four replications. The interaction between the cultivars and sowing seasons was assessed regarding the number of days for full flowering, number of days for pod maturation, number of trifoliate leaves, height of the first pod -bearing node, pod length, number of pods per plant, final plant population, 100-grain weight and grain yield. The cowpea cultivars sown in December produced the lowest numbers of pods per plant and grains per pod, resulting in the lowest grain yields. The cultivar BRS-Tumucumaque had the highest grain yield in the January sowing. The highest grain yields were found in the February sowing, especially when the cultivars BRS-Itaim (3,439 kg ha-1), BRS-Novaera (3,435 kg ha-1), BRS-Guariba (3,168 kg ha-1) and BRS-Potengi (3,107 kg ha-1) was used. | RESUMO O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho agronômico de cultivares de feijão-caupi em função de épocas de semeadura no cerrado de Uberaba, MG. O experimento foi conduzido em Uberaba -MG, no delineamento de blocos casualizados, em arranjo fatorial 6 x 3, correspondendo a seis cultivares de feijão-caupi (BRS Itaim, BRS Guariba, BRS Potengi, BRS Cauamé, BRS Novaera e BRS Tumucumaque) e três épocas de semeadura (14/dez/2012 - E1, 14/jan/2013 - E2 e 14/fev/2013 - E3), com quatro repetições. Verificou-se interação cultivares x épocas de semeadura para o número de dias para o florescimento pleno, dias para a maturação das vagens, número de trifólios, altura de inserção da primeira vagem, comprimento de vagens, número de vagem por planta, população final de plantas, massa de 100 grãos e produtividade de grãos. Quando semeadas em dezembro, as cultivares de feijão- caupi produziram menor número de vagens por planta e de grãos por vagem, resultando em inferior produtividade de grãos. A cultivar BRS Tumucumaque apresentou maior produtividade de grãos quando semeada em janeiro. Produtividades de grãos superiores são obtidas na semeadura de fevereiro, sobressaindo-se as cultivares BRS Itaim, BRS Novaera, BRS Guariba e BRS Potengi, com 3.439, 3.435, 3.168 e 3.107 kg ha-1, respectivamente.

The objective of this work was to assess the agronomic performance of cowpea cultivars depending on sowing seasons in the Cerrado biome. Thus, an experiment was conducted in Uberaba, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, in a complete randomized block design, in a 6x3 factorial arrangement, using six cowpea cultivars ( BRS - Itaim , BRS - Guariba , BRS - Potengi, BRS - Cauamé , BRS - Novaera and BRS - Tumucumaque ) and three sowing seasons (Dec 14, 2012; Jan 14, 2013; and Feb 14, 2013), with four replications. The interaction between the cultivars and sowing seasons was assessed regarding the number of days for full flowering, number of days for pod maturation, number of trifoliate leaves, height of the first pod - bearing node, pod length, number of pods per plant, final plant population, 100 - grain weight and grain yield. The cowpea cultivars sown in December produced the lowest numbers of pods per plant and grains per pod, resulting in the lowest grain yields. The cultivar BRS - Tumucumaque had the highest grain yield in the January sowing. The highest grain yields were found in the February sowing, especially when the cultivars BRS - Itaim (3,439 kg ha - 1 ), BRS - Novaera (3,435 kg ha - 1 ), BRS - Guariba (3,168 kg ha - 1 ) and BRS - Potengi (3,107 kg ha - 1 ) was used.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic performance and estimate the genetic divergence of 18 cotton genotypes grown in the main season (sowed in December, 2012) and off season (sowed in January, 2013), considering their agronomic characteristics and resistance to Ramularia leaf spot. A randomized block experimental design was used, with five replications. The characteristics evaluated were plant height, first branch height, position of first fruiting branch, height of first fruiting branch, length between nodes, number of nodes, average number of bolls per plant, average boll weight, area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) related to the Ramularia leaf spot severity, weight of 100-seed from the plant middle third, fiber percentage, average production per plant, yield and cotton fiber quality. The results were subjected to individual and joint analysis of variance and the genetic divergence was estimated according to multivariate procedures (Mahalanobis' generalized distance and Tocher's optimization method). The dissimilarity matrices were summed to estimate the genetic divergence, considering both growing periods. Genetic variability was found among the genotypes evaluated, in both the main season and off season. The characteristic that most contributed to the genetic divergence in the main season was the production per plant and, in the off season, was the fiber percentage. According to the results of the present work, the crosses between the genotypes BRS-335 and FMT-707; FM-910 and FMT-707; and IMA-08-12427 and FMT-707 are recommended. | RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento agronômico e estimar a divergência genética entre 18 genótipos de algodeiro, com base em características agronômicas e de resistência à mancha de ramulária. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com cinco repetições, em duas épocas de plantio, sendo em safra (dezembro de 2012) e safrinha (janeiro de 2013). As características avaliadas foram: altura da planta, altura do primeiro ramo, posição do primeiro ramo frutífero, altura do primeiro ramo frutífero em centímetros, comprimento entre nós, número de nós, número médio de capulhos por planta, peso médio por capulho, área abaixo da curva de progresso da severidade da mancha de ramulária (AACPS), peso de cem sementes no terço médio, porcentagem de fibra, produção média por planta, produtividade e as caracteristicas tecnológicas da fibra do algodão.Foi realizada a análise de variância individual e conjunta das características avaliadas e estimada a divergência genética com base nos procedimentos multivariados de distância generalizada de Mahalanobis e o método de agrupamento de otimização de Tocher. Para estimar a divergência genética considerando as duas safras, as matrizes de dissimilaridade foram somadas. Houve variabilidade genética entre os genótipos testados, tanto em condições de safra como de safrinha. As características que mais contribuíram para a divergência genética foram a produção por planta na safra e a porcentagem de fibra na safrinha. Com os resultados deste trabalho sugere-se cruzamentos entre os genótipos BRS 335 e FMT 707, FM 910 e FMT 707, IMA 08-12427 e FMT 707.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic performance and estimate the genetic divergence of 18 cotton genotypes grown in the main season (sowed in December, 2012) and off season (sowed in January, 2013), considering their agronomic characteristics and resistance to Ramularia leaf spot. A randomized block experimental design was used, with five replications. The characteristics evaluated were plant height, first branch height, position of first fruiting branch, height of first fruiting branch, length between nodes, number of nodes, average number of bolls per plant, average boll weight, area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) related to the Ramularia leaf spot severity, weight of 100 - seed from the plant middle third, fiber percentage, average production per plant, yield and cotton fiber quality. The results were subjected to individual and joint analysis of variance and the genetic divergence was estimated according to multivariate procedures (Mahalanobis' generalized distance and Tocher's optimization method). The dissimilarity matrices were summed to estimate the genetic divergence, considering both growing periods. Genetic variability was found among the genotypes evaluated, in both the main season and off season. The characteristic that most contributed to the genetic divergence in the main season was the production per plant and, in the off season, was the fiber percentage. According to the results of the present work, the crosses between the genotypes BRS - 335 and FMT - 707; FM - 910 and FMT - 707; and IMA - 08 - 12427 and FMT - 707 are recommended.

RESUMO O cultivo intensivo de hortaliças com frequentes fertilizações químicas pode ocasionar acúmulo de nutrientes no solo que, por sua vez, pode reduzir a produtividade das culturas, além de prejudicar o ambiente através de contaminação de lençóis freáticos, mananciais e rios. Assim, com objetivo de avaliar o efeito de doses de P (0, 100, 200, 300 e 400 kg ha-1 de P2O5) e K (0, 60, 120, 180 e 240 kg ha-1 de K2O) no crescimento e produtividade de cultivares de rabanete (Sakata 19 e Sakata 25), em solo com altos teores desses nutrientes, foram realizados dois experimentos, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com os fatores cultivares e doses arranjados em esquema fatorial 2 x 5, com três repetições. Foram avaliados o número de folhas por planta, área foliar, massa seca da parte aérea e da raiz, produtividade total e comercial, porcentagem de raízes rachadas e os teores de P e K na planta e no solo. A cultivar ‘Sakata 19’ apresentou melhor desempenho que a ‘Sakata 25’ nos dois experimentos. A fertilização com P ou K não influenciou o crescimento e a produtividade das cultivares de rabanete. Portanto, culturas de rabanete, com ambas cultivares avaliadas, não precisam ser fertilizadas com P e K quando implantadas em Latossolo com altos teores desses nutrientes. | ABSTRACT The intensive cultivation of vegetables with frequent chemical fertilization may cause accumulation of nutrients in the soil. This, in turn, may reduce crop yields and damage the environment due to contamination of ground water and rivers. Thus, to increase the effects of P (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg ha -1 of P2O5) and K (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg ha-1 of K2O) doses on the growth and productivity of radish cultivars (Sakata 19 and Sakata 25) in a soil with high levels of these nutrients, two experiments were conducted in randomized blocks with the factors cultivars and doses arranged in a 2 x 5 factorial design with three replications. Number of leaves per plant, leaf area, shoot and root dry mass, total and commercial productivity, percentage of cracked roots and P and K contents in the plant and in the soil were evaluated. The Sakata 19 cultivar performed better than the Sakata 25 in both experiments. The fertilization with P or K did not influence the growth and the productivity of both radish cultivars. Therefore, both cultivars of radish evaluated do not need to be fertilized with P and K when planted in a Latosol with high levels of these nutrients.

The intensive cultivation of vegetables with frequent chemical fertilization may cause accumulation of nutrients in the soil. This, in turn, may reduce crop yields and damage the environment due to contamination of ground water and rivers. Thus, to increase the effects of P (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg ha - 1 of P 2 O 5 ) and K (0, 60, 120, 180 and 240 kg ha - 1 of K 2 O) doses on the growth and productivity of radish cultivars (Sakata 19 and Sakata 25) in a soil with high levels of these nutrients, two experiments were conducted in randomized blocks with the factors cultivars and doses arranged in a 2 x 5 factorial design with three replications. Number of leaves per plant, leaf area, shoot and root dry mass, total and commercial productivity, percentage of cracked roots and P and K contents in the plant and in the soil were evaluated. The Sakata 19 cultivar performed better than the Sakata 25 in both experiments. The fertilization with P or K did not influence the growth and the productivity of both radish cultivars. Therefore, both cultivars of radish evaluated do not need to be fertilized with P and K when planted in a Latosol with high levels of these nutrients.

ABSTRACT Intensive corn farming quickly depletes soil organic matter in the nutrient-poor soils of the Brazilian semiarid region. Application of vermicompost, an excellent organic fertilizer, could help solve that problem. This study evaluated the effect of applying Eisenia fetida vermicompost in the seeding furrows, at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 Mg.ha-1 application rates, on the green ear yield and grain yield of two corn cultivars. Treatments were replicated five times with split-plots (vermicompost application rates within plots) in a completely randomized block design. The number of mature ears, number of kernels per ear (cultivar BR 106), and 100-kernel weight (cultivar AG 1051) were not affected by vermicompost application rate. However, vermicompost application increased total number and weight of unhusked and husked marketable green ears as well as grain yield. Total number of green ears was higher in cultivar BR 106 than in cultivar AG 1051. Conversely, grain yield and total ear weight and marketable weight of unhusked and husked green ears was higher in cultivar AG 1051, but responses in the latter two traits were dose-dependent. | RESUMO A exploração intensiva do milho reduz rapidamente os já considerados baixos teores de matéria orgânica dos solos do semiárido brasileiro. A aplicação de vermicompostos, considerados excelentes adubos orgânicos, poderia contribuir para a solução desse problema. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da aplicação, nos sulcos de semeadura, de doses (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 e 10 Mg ha-1) de vermicomposto de Eisenia fetida, obtido a partir de esterco bovino, sobre os rendimentos de espigas verdes e de grãos de cultivares de milho (AG 1051 e BR 106). Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso com cinco repetições e parcelas subdivididas (vermicomposto nas parcelas). A aplicação de doses de vermicomposto não influenciou o número de espigas maduras, número de grãos espiga-1 (na cultivar BR 106) e massa de 100 grãos (na cultivar AG 1051). Mas a aplicação do vermicomposto aumentou os números e as massas de espigas verdes, totais e comercializáveis, empalhadas e despalhadas, e o rendimento de grãos. A cultivar BR 106 foi superior à cultivar AG 1051 quanto ao número total de espigas verdes. O inverso ocorreu nas massas total e de espigas verdes comercializáveis, empalhadas e despalhadas, e no rendimento de grãos. Mas nessas duas últimas características a superioridade da cultivar AG 1051, dependeu da dose do adubo.

Intensive corn farming quickly depletes soil organic matter in the nutrient-poor soils of the Brazilian semiarid region. Application of vermicompost, an excellent organic fertilizer, could help solve that problem. This study evaluated the effect of applying Eisenia fetida vermicompost in the seeding furrows, at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 Mg.ha-1 application rates, on the green ear yield and grain yield of two corn cultivars. Treatments were replicated five times with split-plots (vermicompost application rates within plots) in a completely randomized block design. The number of mature ears, number of kernels per ear (cultivar BR 106), and 100-kernel weight (cultivar AG 1051) were not affected by vermicompost application rate. However, vermicompost application increased total number and weight of unhusked and husked marketable green ears as well as grain yield. Total number of green ears was higher in cultivar BR 106 than in cultivar AG 1051. Conversely, grain yield and total ear weight and marketable weight of unhusked and husked green ears was higher in cultivar AG 1051, but responses in the latter two traits were dose-dependent.

ABSTRACT Cotton has great socio-economic importance due to its use in textile industry, edible oil and biodiesel production and animal feed. Thus, the objective of this work was to identify the best potassium rate and soil management for cotton crops and select among cultivars, the one that better develops in the climatic conditions of the Cerrado biome in the State of Goiás, Brazil. Thus, the effect of five potassium rates (100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 kg ha-1 of K2O) and two soil management systems (no-till and conventional tillage) on the growth, development and reproduction of four cotton cultivars (BRS-371, BRS-372, BRS-286 and BRS-201) was evaluated. The data on cotton growth and development were subjected to analysis of variance; the data on potassium rates were subjected to regression analysis; and the data on cultivars and soil management to mean test. The correlation between the vegetative and reproductive variables was also assessed. The conventional tillage system provides the best results for the herbaceous cotton, regardless of the others factors evaluated. The cultivar BRS-286 has the best results in the conditions evaluated. The cultivar BRS-371 under no-till system present the highest number of fruiting branches at a potassium rate of 105.5% and highest number of floral buds at a potassium rate of 96.16%. The specific leaf area was positively correlated with the number of bolls per plant at 120 days after emergence of the herbaceous cotton. | RESUMO O algodão possui grande importância social e econômica, devido a sua utilização na indústria têxtil, produção de óleo comestível, biodiesel e alimentação animal, dessa forma é de grande importância selecionar a cultivar que apresenta o melhor desempenho nas condições climáticas do Cerrado goiano e estudar seu comportamento em função de doses de potássio pelas inúmeras funções na planta e ainda identificar o manejo do solo que proporcione as melhores condições visando um maior desempenho da cultura. Dessa forma, objetivou-se com o experimento, avaliar cinco doses de potássio (100; 150; 200; 250; 300 kg ha-1 de K2O), dois sistemas de manejo do solo (plantio direto e plantio convencional) no crescimento, desenvolvimento e reprodução de quatro cultivares de algodão (BRS-371, BRS-372, BRS-286 e BRS-201). Os dados de crescimento e desenvolvimento do algodoeiro foram submetidos à análise de variância e para os dados referentes às doses de potássio, realizou-se análise de regressão, e referentes às cultivares e sistemas de manejo do solo teste de média, ainda avaliou-se a correlação entre as variáveis vegetativas e reprodutivas analisadas. O sistema de plantio convencional proporciona melhores respostas ao algodoeiro herbáceo independentemente dos demais fatores avaliados. A cultivar BRS-286 apresenta melhor resposta nas condições avaliadas. A cultivar BRS-371 no sistema de plantio direto apresenta maior número de ramo frutífero na dose de potássio de 105,5% e botão floral na dose de potássio de 96,16%. A área foliar específica é positivamente correlacionada com o número de capulho aos 120 dias após emergência do algodoeiro herbáceo.

Cotton has great socio-economic importance due to its use in textile industry, edible oil and biodiesel production and animal feed. Thus, the objective of this work was to identify the best potassium rate and soil management for cotton crops and select among cultivars, the one that better develops in the climatic conditions of the Cerrado biome in the State of Goiás, Brazil. Thus, the effect of five potassium rates (100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 kg ha-1 of K2O) and two soil management systems (no-till and conventional tillage) on the growth, development and reproduction of four cotton cultivars (BRS-371, BRS-372, BRS-286 and BRS-201) was evaluated. The data on cotton growth and development were subjected to analysis of variance; the data on potassium rates were subjected to regression analysis; and the data on cultivars and soil management to mean test. The correlation between the vegetative and reproductive variables was also assessed. The conventional tillage system provides the best results for the herbaceous cotton, regardless of the others factors evaluated. The cultivar BRS-286 has the best results in the conditions evaluated. The cultivar BRS-371 under no-till system present the highest number of fruiting branches at a potassium rate of 105.5% and highest number of floral buds at a potassium rate of 96.16%. The specific leaf area was positively correlated with the number of bolls per plant at 120 days after emergence of the herbaceous cotton.

ABSTRACT Wheat is a major winter crop in southern Brazil. To maximize its productivity, there should be no biotic or abiotic restrictions that can affect the yield components. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the changes caused in the wheat crop yield components by silicon foliar application. The experiment was conducted in two growing seasons. In the first year, five wheat cultivars (Quartzo, Campo Real, Onix and Fundacep Lineage) were assessed and in the second year four were assessed (Mirante, Campo Real, Horizonte and Quartzo). In both years the crops were subjected to three doses of silicon (0, 3 and 6 L of silicon ha -1). The silicon was applied during the tillering, booting and anthesis stages. The yield components assessed were the number of plants, number of ears, number of fertile tillers, dry matter per plant, hectoliter weight, number of spikelets, number of grains per spike, weight of hundred grains, grain yield and harvest index. Most yield components did not respond to the silicon foliar application. The harvest index (first year) and the number of tillers (second year) however presented a quadratic relationship with the supply of silicon. The remaining differences were attributed to variations among the wheat cultivars. | RESUMO O trigo é uma das principais culturas de inverno na região Sul do Brasil e para que a sua produtividade seja maximizada necessita que não haja restrições bióticas ou abióticas que possam afetar seus componentes de rendimento. Dessa forma, objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar as alterações provocadas nos componentes do rendimento da cultura de trigo pela aplicação de silício via foliar. O experimento foi conduzido em dois anos agrícolas. No primeiro ano foram avaliadas cinco cultivares de trigo (Quartzo, Campo Real, Horizonte, Ônix e Linhagem Fundacep), e quatro cultivares no segundo ano (Mirante, Campo Real, Horizonte e Quartzo), em ambos os anos foram submetidas a três doses de silício (0, 3 e 6 L de silício ha-1). As aplicações de silício foram realizadas nas fases do afilhamento, alongamento e antese. Os componentes de rendimento avaliados foram o número de plantas, o número de espigas e o número afilhos férteis, matéria seca por planta, massa de hectolítro, número de espiguetas, número de grãos por espiga, massa de cem grãos, produção de grãos e índice de colheita. A maioria dos componentes de rendimento não respondeu a aplicação foliar de silício. Contudo, o índice de colheita (primeiro ano) e o número de afilhos (segundo ano) apresentaram incrementos de suas características com a adição da adubação com silício via foliar. As demais diferenças observadas são atribuídas às variações entre as cultivares de trigo.

Wheat is a major winter crop in southern Brazil. To maximize its productivity, there should be no biotic or abiotic restrictions that can affect the yield components. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the changes caused in the wheat crop yield components by silicon foliar application. The experiment was conducted in two growing seasons. In the first year, five wheat cultivars (Quartzo, Campo Real, Onix and Fundacep Lineage) were assessed and in the second year four were assessed (Mirante, Campo Real, Horizonte and Quartzo). In both years the crops were subjected to three doses of silicon (0, 3 and 6 L of silicon ha -1). The silicon was applied during the tillering, booting and anthesis stages. The yield components assessed were the number of plants, number of ears, number of fertile tillers, dry matter per plant, hectoliter weight, number of spikelets, number of grains per spike, weight of hundred grains, grain yield and harvest index. Most yield components did not respond to the silicon foliar application. The harvest index (first year) and the number of tillers (second year) however presented a quadratic relationship with the supply of silicon. The remaining differences were attributed to variations among the wheat cultivars.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to identify the response of wandering jew (Commelina benghalensis L.) plants to different doses of glufosinate ammonium and the sensitivity of plants populations to the herbicide. Two studies were conducted, both in a greenhouse, and were repeated at different times. In the first study, two experiments were conducted to examine the dose-response curve using seven different doses of the glufosinate ammonium herbicide (0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 g a.i. ha-1) with four replicates each. In the second study, which examined the range in sensitivity of wandering jew plants to glufosinate ammonium, 26 plants were sprayed with a dose of 200 g a.i. ha-1 herbicide. Visual assessments of percent injury and measurements of leaf tissue ammonium content were conducted. The use of untreated wandering jew control plants allowed for the correlation of glufosinate ammonium treatment with the ammonium concentrations in treated plant tissues; the ammonium concentration increased as a function of herbicide application, albeit not linearly with the dose. Ammonium content varied among individuals of the wandering jew plant population. | RESUMO Esse trabalho teve como objetivo identificar a resposta de plantas de trapoeraba (Commelina benghalensis L.) a diferentes doses de amônio glufosinate e a sensibilidade de uma população de plantas ao herbicida. Foram realizados dois estudos, ambos implantados em casa de vegetação e repetidos em diferentes momentos. No primeiro, referente à curva de dose-resposta, realizou-se dois experimentos, tendo como tratamentos sete doses do herbicida amônio glufosinate (0; 50; 100; 200; 400; 800; 1600 g i.a. ha-1), com quatro repetições cada. Já no segundo, referente à variação da sensibilidade da trapoeraba ao amônio glufosinate, 26 plantas foram pulverizadas com a dose de 200 g i.a. ha-1 do herbicida. Realizou-se avaliações visuais de injúria e análises do teor de amônia nos tecidos foliares. O controle de plantas de trapoeraba pelo amônio glufosinate pode ser correlacionado ao teor de amônia nos tecidos vegetais, que aumenta em função da aplicação do herbicida, porém não de forma linear em função da dose. Houve variabilidade quanto ao teor de amônia entre indivíduos de uma população de trapoeraba.

This study aimed to identify the response of wandering jew (Commelina benghalensis L.) plants to different doses of glufosinate ammonium and the sensitivity of plants populations to the herbicide. Two studies were conducted, both in a greenhouse, and were repeated at different times. In the first study, two experiments were conducted to examine the dose-response curve using seven different doses of the glufosinate ammonium herbicide (0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1600 g a.i. ha-1) with four replicates each. In the second study, which examined the range in sensitivity of wandering jew plants to glufosinate ammonium, 26 plants were sprayed with a dose of 200 g a.i. ha-1 herbicide. Visual assessments of percent injury and measurements of leaf tissue ammonium content were conducted. The use of untreated wandering jew control plants allowed for the correlation of glufosinate ammonium treatment with the ammonium concentrations in treated plant tissues; the ammonium concentration increased as a function of herbicide application, albeit not linearly with the dose. Ammonium content varied among individuals of the wandering jew plant population.

RESUMO O trabalho teve como objetivos realizar a classificação botânica e estimar a diversidade genética em duas gerações endogâmicas sequenciais (progênies S1 e S2) de acessos de melão da agricultura familiar do Maranhão, visando gerar informações úteis para o melhoramento do melão comercial. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos de campo em blocos casualizados completos, com quatro repetições e 15 acessos em 2013 e, três repetições e 25 subacessos em 2014. Para avaliação dos acessos foram aplicados descritores quantitativos e qualitativos de flor e fruto, além de uma documentação fotográfica sistematizada dos frutos com análise visual, comparando os frutos das gerações S1 e S2. Foram obtidas as matrizes de distância nos dois tipos de descritores e se fez a análise conjunta e em seguida realizou-se o agrupamento pelo método UPGMA. Verificou-se que nos acessos analisados, existe uma grande diversidade genética, pois foram encontradas progênies de melão da subespécie agrestis e suas variedades botânicas momordica e conomom e da subespécie melo com as variedades botânicas cantalupensis e chandalak. A análise de divergência na geração S1 mostrou a formação de três grupos e na geração S2 foram formados quatro agrupamentos, entretanto os grupos não foram formados nem por subespécie nem por variedade botânica. Assim, além de se ter encontrado uma grande diversidade genética entre e dentro dos acessos de melão da agricultura familiar maranhense, é provável que tenha ocorrido grande introgressão de alelos das subespécies e das diferentes variedades botânicas na área dos agricultores devido ao sistema reprodutivo da espécie a ao manejo de sementes. | ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to perform botanical identification and to estimate genetic diversity in two sequential inbred generations (progenies S1 and S2) of melon accessions from traditional agriculture in the state of Maranhão, in order to generate useful information for commercial melon breeding. Two field experiments were carried out in a completely randomized block, using four replicates of 15 accessions from a first selfing cycle in 2013, and three replicates of 25 subaccessions (generation S2) in 2014. Flower and fruit descriptors were measured to obtain quantitative and qualitative data, in addition to a systematized photographic documentation of fruit for visually comparing the progenies S1 and S2. Distance matrices for quantitative and qualitative data were obtained and used to perform a joint analysis and UPGMA method. Large genetic diversity was found in the accessions analysed, since the presence of melon progenies was observed in the Cucumis melo ssp. agrestis, with its botanical varieties momordica and conomom, and of the Cucumis melo ssp. melo, with the botanical varieties cantalupensis and chandalak. Divergence analysis showed the formation of three groups in generation S1 and four groups in S2. However, the groups were not separated either by subspecies or by botanical variety. Thus, in addition to the large genetic diversity among and within melon accessions from family farming in the state of Maranhão, the progenies presented a large introgression of traits of the different subspecies and their botanical varieties due to the reproductive system and seed management of these species.

The aim of this work was to perform botanical identification and to estimate genetic diversity in two sequential inbred generations (progenies S1 and S2) of melon accessions from traditional agriculture in the state of Maranhão, in order to generate useful information for commercial melon breeding. Two field experiments were carried out in a completely randomized block, using four replicates of 15 accessions from a first selfing cycle in 2013, and three replicates of 25 subaccessions (generation S2) in 2014. Flower and fruit descriptors were measured to obtain quantitative and qualitative data, in addition to a systematized photographic documentation of fruit for visually comparing the progenies S1 and S2. Distance matrices for quantitative and qualitative data were obtained and used to perform a joint analysis and UPGMA method. Large genetic diversity was found in the accessions analysed, since the presence of melon progenies was observed in the Cucumis melo ssp. agrestis, with its botanical varieties momordica and conomom, and of the Cucumis melo ssp. melo, with the botanical varieties cantalupensis and chandalak. Divergence analysis showed the formation of three groups in generation S1 and four groups in S2. However, the groups were not separated either by subspecies or by botanical variety. Thus, in addition to the large genetic diversity among and within melon accessions from family farming in the state of Maranhão, the progenies presented a large introgression of traits of the different subspecies and their botanical varieties due to the reproductive system and seed management of these species.