RESUMO O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a adsorção de fósforo (P) e as mudanças ocorridas nas concentrações das formas orgânicas e inorgânicas de P em um Neossolo Quartzarênico após nove anos de cultivo sucessivos com cana-de-açúcar sem queima prévia do canavial para colheita. Para tanto, duas áreas, plantio de cana-de-açúcar e mata nativa de referência, situadas no município de Paraipaba-CE, foram selecionadas. Em cada uma das áreas foram coletadas amostras nas profundidades de 0 - 0,025; 0,025 - 0,05; 0,05 - 0,10; 0,10 - 0,20 e 0,20 - 0,30 m; determinando-se os teores de fósforo orgânico (Po) e inorgânico (Pi) obtidos através de extração sequencial, o fósforo remanescente (Prem) e a capacidade máxima de adsorção de fósforo (CMAP) do solo. De maneira geral, a permanência da palhada na superfície do solo sob cultivo de cana-de-açúcar promoveu a manutenção dos níveis de Po nas camadas superficiais do perfil. O Po acumulou -se predominantemente na fração biodisponível extraído com bicarbonato de sódio nas duas áreas. Com relação ao conteúdo de Pi, as mudanças foram mais evidentes devido ao efeito das sucessivas aplicações de fertilizantes fosfatados ao longo do cultivo, sendo a fração extraída com hidróxido de sódio 0,1 mol L-1, a mais representativa com maiores níveis de P acumulados. A adsorção de P foi influenciada pelo conteúdo inicial do nutriente no solo e nenhuma relação entre adsorção de P e o conteúdo de matéria orgânica foi observada. O maior valor de adsorção de P foi observado na camada inferior da área de mata (133,3 mg kg -1) e a menor adsorção na camada superficial da área sob cultivo de cana (59,5 mg kg-1). | ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the adsorption of phosphorus (P) and changes in the concentrations of organic and inorganic forms of P in a Neossolo Quartzarênico (Typic Quartzipsamment) after 9 years of successive cultivation with sugar cane without burning to harvest. Therefore, two areas, one in which cane sugar was planted and a native forest reference area, located in the municipality of Paraipaba-CE, were selected. In each area, samples were collected at depths of 0−0.025, 0.025−0.05, 0.05−0.10, 0.10−0.20, and 0.20−0.30 m, and the levels of organic (Po) and inorganic (Pi) phosphorus obtained by sequential extraction, the remaining phosphorus, and the maximum adsorption capacity of phosphorus by the soil were determined. In general, the permanence of straw on the soil surface under sugarcane cultivation promoted the maintenance of Po levels in the surface layers of the profile. The Po accumulated predominantly in the Po fraction extracted with sodium bicarbonate in both areas. Regarding the Pi content, changes were more evident during cultivation due to the effect of successive phosphate fertilizer applications. The fraction extracted with 0.1 mol L -1 sodium hydroxide was the most representative, with the highest levels of P uptake. P adsorption was influenced by the initial content of the nutrient in the soil and no relationship between P adsorption and organic matter content was observed. The highest level of adsorption was observed in the bottom layer of the forest area (133.3 mg kg -1) and the lowest level of adsorption was observed on the surface layer of the area under sugarcane cultivation (59.5 kg mg-1).

The objective of this study was to evaluate the adsorption of phosphorus (P) and changes in the concentrations of organic and inorganic forms of P in a Neossolo Quartzarênico (Typic Quartzipsamment) after 9 years of successive cultivation with sugar cane without burning to harvest. Therefore, two areas, one in which cane sugar was planted and a native forest reference area, located in the municipality of Paraipaba - CE, were selected. In each area, samples were collected at depths of 0−0.025, 0.025−0.05, 0.05−0.10, 0.10−0.20, and 0.20−0.30 m, and the levels of organic (Po) and inorganic (Pi) phosphorus obtained by sequential extraction, the remaining phosphorus, and the maximum adsorption capacity of phosphorus by the soil were determined. In general, the permanence of straw on the soil surface under sugarcane cultivation promoted the maintenance of Po levels in the surface layers of the profile. The Po accumulated predominantly in the Po fraction extracted with sodium bicarbonate in both areas. Regarding the Pi content, changes were more evident during cultivation due to the effect of successive phosphate fertilizer applications. The fraction extracted with 0.1 mol L - 1 sodium hydroxide was the most representative, with the highest levels of P uptake. P adsorption was influenced by the initial content of the nutrient in the soil and no relationship between P adsorption and organic matter content was observed. The highest level of adsorption was observed in the bottom layer of the forest area (133.3 mg kg - 1 ) and the lowest level of adsorption was observed on the surface layer of the area under sugarcane cultivation (59.5 kg mg - 1 ).

RESUMO Atualmente, há poucas informações sobre a recuperação de áreas onde ocorre a extração de piçarra na Caatinga. Objetivou-se avaliar o emprego da fauna edáfica como bioindicadora da qualidade do solo em áreas com e sem a adição de topsoil (CT e ST, respectivamente), em plantios florestais para a recuperação de áreas de extração deste recurso mineral. Considerou-se a mata nativa de Caatinga (MT) como referencial. Foram instaladas 10 armadilhas em três réplicas para cada tratamento, em delineamento em blocos casualizados em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, no final da estação chuvosa,em diferentes épocas (0, 1, 3 e 6 anos depois). Capturou-se um total de 45.740 organismos, distribuídos em 36 grupos taxonômicos, com o predomínio de Acari, Diptera, Entomobryomorpha, Formicidae, Poduromorpha e Symphypleona, em todos os tratamentos (ST, CT, MT). Nove grupos (25% do total) apresentaram ocorrência restrita. Os valores de riqueza e diversidade foram maiores na MT, seguidos do CT e ST. Não houve um padrão definido para a uniformidade e abundância total da comunidade. A maioria dos grupos apresentou inibição na abundância nos tratamentos testados em relação à MT, mas este efeito negativo foi relevante no ST, em comparação com o CT. A similaridade entre ST e CT foi elevada, e muito baixa com a MT. A complexidade ecológica da comunidade da fauna edáfica foi maior na MT. A fauna edáfica funcionou como bioindicadora da qualidade do solo, que foi maior em CT, na comparação com ST. | ABSTRACT Information on the recovering of areas of gravel extraction of the Caatinga biome are scarce. Thus, the objective of this work was to assess the soil fauna as bioindicator of soil quality, evaluating areas with addition of topsoil (WAT) and control areas (CWT) without the addition of topsoil used for forest plantations, which were implemented for recovering gravel extraction areas. A native forest of the Caatinga biome (NFC) was taken as a reference. Ten traps with three replicates were installed in each area, which were evaluated in a randomized block design in split-plot arrangement at the end of the rainy season of different years, 0, 1, 3 and 6 years after the experiment implementation. A total of 45,740 specimens were captured. These specimens were from 36 taxonomic groups. The Acari, Diptera, Entomobryomorpha, Formicidae, Poduromorpha and Symphypleona were the predominant groups in all areas (WAT, CWT and NFC). Nine groups (25% of the total) had restricted occurrence. The fauna richness and diversity were higher in the NFC, followed by the WAT and CWT. The uniformity and total abundance of the soil fauna community showed no defined patterns. The abundance of most groups was inhibited in the treatments evaluated, compared with NFC, however, this adverse effect was more significant in CWT compared with WAT. The CWT and WAT had high similarity and both had very low similarity with NFC. The ecological complexity of soil fauna community was higher in NFC. The soil fauna was efficient as a bioindicator of soil quality, which was higher in WAT, compared with CWT.

Information on the recovering of areas of gravel extraction of the Caatinga biome are scarce. Thus, the objective of this work was to assess the soil fauna as bioindicator of soil quality, evaluating areas with addition of topsoil (WAT) and control areas (CWT) without the addition of topsoil used for forest plantations, which were implemented for recovering gravel extraction areas. A native forest of the Caatinga biome (NFC) was taken as a reference. Ten traps with three replicates were installed in each area, which were evaluated in a randomized block design in split - plot arrangement at the end of the rainy season of different years, 0, 1, 3 and 6 years after the experiment implementation. A total of 45,740 specimens were captured. These specimens were from 36 taxonomic groups. The Acari, Diptera, Entomobryomorpha, Formicidae, Poduromorpha and Symphypleona were the predominant groups in all areas (WAT, CWT and NFC). Nine groups (25% of the total) had restricted occurrence. The fauna richness and diversity were higher in the NFC, followed by the WAT and CWT. The uniformity and total abundance of the soil fauna community showed no defined patterns. The abundance of most groups was inhibited in the treatments evaluated, compared with NFC, however, this adverse effect was more significant in CWT compared with WAT. The CWT and WAT had high similarity and both had very low similarity with NFC. The ecological complexity of soil fauna community was higher in NFC. The soil fauna was efficient as a bioindicator of soil quality, which was higher in WAT, compared with CWT.

ABSTRACT Demarcating soil management zones can be useful, for instance, delimiting homogeneous areas and selecting attributes that are generally correlated with plant productivity, but doing so involves several different steps. The objective of this study was to identify the chemical and physical attributes of soil and soybean plants that explain crop productivity, in addition to suggesting and testing a methodological procedure for defining soil management zones. The procedure consisted of six steps: sample collection, data filtering, variable selection, interpolation, grouping, and evaluation of management zones. The samples were collected in an experimental area of 12.5 ha cultivated with soybean during the 2013/14 crop in Dystrophic Red Latosol, in Mato Grosso, Brazil. A total of 117 pairs of plant and soil samples were collected. Student’s t-test was used (α = 0.02) to verify that the number of samples was adequate for correlation analysis. Results showed that only the P and Mn content in the grains explained (based on R2 values) the variation in soybean grain productivity the area. Based on the interpolation of these contents by ordinary kriging, the fuzzy C-means algorithm was used to separate them into groups by similarity. Division into two groups was the best option, which could be differentiated by Mann-Whitney test (P < 0.05), resulting in a map with 10 management zones. | RESUMO Zonas de manejo do solo são usadas, por exemplo, para delimitar áreas homogêneas, selecionando atributos que no geral correlacionam com a produtividade das plantas, mas, defini-las requer diferentes etapas. Objetivou-se neste trabalho identificar atributos químicos e físicos do solo e de plantas de soja que explicaram a produtividade de grãos da cultura e, também, sugerir e testar um procedimento metodológico para definir zonas de manejo do solo. O procedimento consistiu de seis etapas: coleta de amostras, filtragem dos dados, seleção das variáveis, interpolação, agrupamento e avaliação das zonas de manejo. As amostras foram coletadas em uma área experimental de 12,5 ha, cultivada com soja na safra 2013/14, em um Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico, em Mato Grosso, onde foram coletados 117 pares de amostras de plantas e de solo. Utilizando -se o teste de Student (α = 0,02), verificou-se que o número de amostras foi adequado para a análise de correlação. Entretanto, apenas os teores de P e Mn dos grãos explicaram (R2) a variação da produtividade de grãos de soja na área. Com base na interpolação destes teores por krigagem ordinária utilizou-se o algoritmo fuzzy C-means para separá-los em grupos por similaridade, em que a divisão em 2 grupos foi a melhor opção, que diferiram pelo teste de Mann-Whitney (P < 0,05), resultando em um mapa com 10 zonas de manejo.

Demarcating soil management zones can be useful, for instance, delimiting homogeneous areas and selecting attributes that are generally correlated with plant productivity, but doing so involves several different steps. The objective of this study was to identify the chemical and physical attributes of soil and soybean plants that explain crop productivity, in addition to suggesting and testing a methodological procedure for defining soil management zones. The procedure consisted of six steps: sample collection, data filtering, variable selection, interpolation, grouping, and evaluation of management zones. The samples were collected in an experimental area of 12.5 ha cultivated with soybean during the 2013/14 crop in Dystrophic Red Latosol, in Mato Grosso, Brazil. A total of 117 pairs of plant and soil samples were collected. Student’s t - test was used ( α = 0.02) to verify that the number of samples was adequate for correlation analysis. Results showed that only the P and Mn content in the grains explained (based on R 2 values) the variation in soybean grain productivity the area. Based on the interpolation of these contents by ordinary kriging, the fuzzy C - means algorithm was used to separate them into groups by similarity. Division into two groups was the best option, which could be differentiated by Mann – Whitney test (P < 0.05), resulting in a map with 10 management zones.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar a resistência de polpa e os sólidos solúveis dos frutos, e a produtividade da melancieira, sob diferentes proposições de irrigação (geradas pelo ISAREG) e condições de cobertura do solo; e seus efeitos de interação. Após pesquisa de campo junto aos irrigantes foram realizados dois experimentos na UEPE (Unidade de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão) do IFCE, no Distrito de irrigação Jaguaribe -Apodi, DIJA, sob delineamento em blocos completos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação de quatro proposições de irrigação (M1 - manutenção de 100% da capacidade de água disponível no solo (CAD); M2 - 80 %; M3 - 60%; e M4 - lâmina modal dos irrigantes) nas parcelas, e quatro sub-parcelas, compostas por três condições de cobertura no solo (coberturas com casca de arroz, com “mulching” branco e com “mulching” preto, denominadas C1, C2 e C3), e uma sem cobertura, denominada C0. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e quando significativos, à regressão (lâminas), a teste de médias (coberturas) e a gráficos de tendência (interação entre os fatores). Concluiu-se que os irrigantes não praticam o manejo correto da irrigação, pois aplicam, durante todo o ciclo da melancia, mais água do que a indicação de maior lâmina do ISAREG (100% da CAD). As plantas irrigadas pela lâmina M1 em solo coberto por casca de arroz e “mulching” branco demonstraram melhores características produtivas e de pós-colheita. | ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to assess the pulp resistance, soluble solids and yield of watermelon fruits grown under different irrigation managements (determined by the ISAREG model) and mulches, and their interactions. After a survey carried out on local producers, two experiments were conducted, using a completely randomized block design in split-plot arrangement with four replications, in the Teaching, Research and Extension Unit (UEPE) of the Federal Institute of Ceara (IFCE), Jaguaribe-Apodi Irrigation District (DIJA), State of Ceara, Brazil. The treatments consisted of four irrigation managements in the plots, M1 (100% of the available-water capacity (AWC) of the soil), M2 (80%), M3 (60%) and M4 (average water depth used by local producers) and four mulch types in the sub-plots, without mulching (C0) with rice husk (C1), white plastic (C2) and black plastic (C3) as mulches. The results were subjected to analysis of variance, and significant results were subjected to regression (irrigation managements), average test (mulches) and trend graphs (interaction between the factors). The irrigation management practiced during the watermelon crop cycle by the local producers of the Irrigation District of Jaguaribe-Apodi (DIJA) in the State of Ceara, Brazil, is not appropriated, since they usually apply more water than the highest water depth determined by the ISAREG model (100% of the AWC). The plants grown under irrigation water depth of 365.20 mm (M1) and soils with mulches of rice husk or white plastic had the highest yields and fruits with better quality of soluble solids and pulp resistance.

The objective of this work was to assess the pulp resistance, soluble solids and yield of watermelon fruits grown under different irrigation managements (determined by the ISAREG model) and mulches, and their interactions. After a survey carried out on local producers, two experiments were conducted, using a completely randomized block design in split - plot arrangement with four replications, in the Teaching, Research and Extension Unit (UEPE) of the Federal Institute of Ceara (IFCE), Jaguaribe - Apodi Irrigation District (DIJA), State of Ceara, Brazil. The treatments consisted of four irrigation managements in the plots, M1 (100% of the available - water capacity (AWC) of the soil), M2 (80%), M3 (60%) and M4 (average water depth used by local producers) and four mulch types in the sub - plots, without mulching (C0) with rice husk (C1), white plastic (C2) and black plastic (C3) as mulches. The results were subjected to analysis of variance, and significant results were subjected to regression (irrigation managements), average test (mulches) and trend graphs (interaction between the factors). The irrigation management practiced during the watermelon crop cycle by the local producers of the Irrigation District of Jaguaribe - Apodi (DIJA) in the State of Ceara, Brazil, is not appropriated, since they usually apply more water than the highest water depth determined by the ISAREG model (100% of the AWC). The plants grown under irrigation water depth of 365.20 mm (M1) and soils with mulches of rice husk or white plastic had the highest yields and fruits with better quality of soluble solids and pulp resistance.

ABSTRACT In arid and semi-arid regions, the quality of irrigation water varies in geographic terms and during the year, and the occurrence of water with high concentrations of salts is common. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the emergence, growth and production of sesame, cultivar CNPA G3, irrigated with saline water and fertilized with N of different carrier proportions by the ratio of nitrate and ammonium ( NO --N and NH +-N) in an experiment conducted in lysimeters arranged in a greenhouse in the municipality of Campina Grande-PB, Brazil. The treatments were distributed into randomized blocks using a 5 × 5 factorial scheme relative to levels of irrigation water salinity (ECw; 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4 and 3.0 dS m-1) and five proportions of NO3 -N/NH4 -N (200/0; 150/50; 100/100; 50/150 and 0/200 mg of N kg-1), with three replicates. The increase in ECw compromised the emergence, growth and production of sesame, cultivar CNPA G3, and the production components were the most sensitive variables. The highest growth in diameter was obtained with the proportion of 200/0 mg kg -1 of NO3 -N/NH4 -N. An ECw level of 3.0 dS m and fertilization with 0/200 mg kg of NO3 -N/NH4 -N promoted deleterious effects on the total mass of sesame fruits and mass of seeds. The interaction between water salinity levels and NO3-/NH4 proportions significantly affected the number of leaves (at 50 and 70 days after sowing), the total mass of fruits and the mass of seeds. | RESUMO Nas regiões áridas e semiáridas a qualidade da água usada na irrigação varia em termos geográficos e ao longo do ano, sendo comum a ocorrência de águas com elevada concentração de sais. Neste contexto, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a emergência, crescimento e a produção do gergelim cv. CNPA G3 irrigado com águas salinas e adubado com proporções de N pela relação nitrato e amônio (N-NO - e N-NH +) em ensaio conduzido em lisímetros dispostos em casa de vegetação no município de Campina Grande, PB. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em blocos ao acaso usando o esquema fatorial 5 x 5 relativos aos valores de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação - CEa (0,6; 1,2; 1,8; 2,4 e 3,0 dS m-1) e cinco proporções de NO -N/NH4 N (200/0; 150/50; 100/100; 50/150; 0/200 mg de N kg ), com três repetições. O aumento da CEa comprometeu a emergência, o crescimento e a produção do gergelim cv CNPA G3, sendo os componentes de produção as variáveis mais sensíveis. O maior crescimento em diâmetro do caule foi obtido com proporção de 200/0 mg kg-1 de NO3 -N/NH4 -N. Nível de CEa de 3,0 dS m e adubação com 0/200 mg kg de NO3 -N/NH4 -N promoveram efeito deletério sobre a massa total de frutos e na massa de sementes do gergelim. A interação entre os níveis salinos das águas e as proporções de nitrato e amônio afetou significativamente o número de folhas (aos 50 e 70 dias após a semeadura), a massa total de frutos e a massa de sementes.

In arid and semi - arid regions, the quality of irrigation water varies in geographic terms and during the year, and the occurrence of water with high concentrations of salts is common. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the emergence, growth and production of sesame, cultivar CNPA G3, irrigated with saline water and fertilized with N of different carrier proportions by the ratio of nitrate and ammonium ( NO 3 - - N and NH 4 + - N) in an experiment conducted in lysimeters arranged in a greenhouse in the municipality of Campina Grande - PB, Brazil. The treatments were distributed into randomized blocks using a 5 × 5 factorial scheme relative to levels of irrigation water salinity (ECw; 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4 and 3.0 dS m - 1 ) and five proportions of NO 3 - - N/NH 4 + - N (200/0; 150/50; 100/100; 50/150 and 0/200 mg of N kg - 1 ), with three replicates. The increase in ECw compromised the emergence, growth and production of sesame, cultivar CNPA G3, and the production components were the most sensitive variables. The highest growth in diameter was obtained with the proportion of 200/0 mg kg - 1 of NO 3 - - N /NH 4 + - N . An ECw level of 3.0 dS m - 1 and fertilization with 0/200 mg kg - 1 of NO 3 - - N /NH 4 + - N promoted deleterious effects on the total mass of sesame fruits and mass of seeds. The interaction between water salinity levels and NO 3 - /NH 4 + proportions significantly affected the number of leaves (at 50 and 70 days after sowing), the total mass of fruits and the mass of seeds.

RESUMO Óleos essenciais vêm sendo intensamente utilizados em diversas aplicações comerciais, dentre elas como anestésicos. Avaliou-se o efeito de soluções com óleos extraídos de quatro tipos vegetais (melaleuca, cravo, eucalipto e menta) na sedação, na recuperação e no comportamento de estresse de tilápia-do-Nilo. Utilizaram-se soluções sedativas (óleo essencial:etanol, 1:4) na água de manejo dos peixes na dosagem de 7,4 mL/L sob delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e sete repetições. Os resultados foram submetidos ao teste Scott-Knott (P < 0,05). De acordo com os resultados, o mais indicado para a imobilização de tilápia-do-Nilo é o óleo de cravo, no entanto as observações comportamentais indicam o óleo de melaleuca como o mais eficiente na redução do estresse. | ABSTRACT Essential oils have been extensively used in many commercial applications, one of them being anesthetics. The effect of four essential oils (tea tree, clove, eucalyptus, and mint oils) on the sedation, recovery, and behavioral stress of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) was evaluated. The sedative solutions, prepared with essential oils and anhydrous ethanol (1:4), were used for fish management procedures at a dose of 7.4 mL L-1 in a completely randomized block design with four treatments and seven replicates. The means were compared using Scott-Knott test (P < 0.05). Clove oil was found to be the most suitable oil for the immobilization of Nile tilapia; however, behavioral observations indicate that tea tree oil was the most efficient in reducing stress.

Essential oils have been extensively used in many commercial applications, one of them being anesthetics. The effect of four essential oils (tea tree, clove, eucalyptus, and mint oils) on the sedation, recovery, and behavioral stress of Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ) was evaluated. The sedative solutions, prepared with essential oils and anhydrous ethanol (1:4), were used for fish management procedures at a dose of 7.4 mL L - 1 in a completely randomized block design with four treatments and seven replicates. The means were compared using Scott – Knott test (P < 0.05). Clove oil was found to be the most suitable oil for the immobilization of Nile tilapia; however, behavioral observations indicate that tea tree oil was the most efficient in reducing stress.

RESUMO O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o pegamento de enxertia de tomateiro, em diferentes espécies de solanáceas e por diferentes métodos de enxertia. Foram produzidas para enxerto mudas de tomateiro da cultivar Santa Cruz Kada®. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 9 x 2, avaliando-se como porta-enxerto: os acessos de minitomate 0224-53, RVTC 57, RVTC 20 e 6889-50 (Solanum lycopersicum L); as espécies silvestres de tomateiro Solanum habrochaites var hirsutum ‘PI-127826’ e Solanum pennellii ‘LA716’; duas outras espécies Solanum, cubiu (Solanum sessiliflorum) e fisales (Physalis peruviana); e o tomateiro cultivar Santa Cruz Kada® como testemunha (auto-enxertia), e avaliados dois métodos de enxertia: fenda cheia; e encostia. Aos quinze dias após a enxertia, as plantas foram avaliadas quanto ao: índice de pegamento de enxertia; comprimento de raiz; altura das plantas; número de folhas; área foliar; massa seca das raízes, do caule e das folhas; e relação massa seca da parte aérea/massa seca das raízes. Com base nos resultados obtidos, foi possível verificar que o índice de pegamento e o desenvolvimento vegetativo das plantas após a enxertia em tomateiro foi influenciado significativamente pela interação (porta-enxerto x método de enxertia). Dentre os porta-enxertos avaliados, todos podem ser recomendados, exceto o acesso de minitomate 6889-50 (S. lycopersicum L.) e a espécie S. pennellii. Para os porta-enxertos cubiu e fisales recomenda-se a utilização do método de enxertia por fenda cheia, e para os porta-enxertos acesso de (minitomate 0224-53, RVTC 57 e RVTC 20; e espécie S. habrochaites) o método de encostia. | ABSTRACT This paper aimed to assess tomato grafting on different solanaceous species through two grafting methods. Scions were cut from cultivar Santa Cruz Kada seedlings. A fully randomized experimental design was carried out with treatments in a 9 x 2 factorial scheme. As rootstocks, four accessions of mini-tomatoes (0224-53, RVTC 57, RVTC 20 and 6889-50 - Solanum lycopersicum L); two species of wild tomato (Solanum habrochaites var hirsutum ‘PI-127826’ and Solanum pennellii ‘LA716’); other two tomato species [Solanum, cocona (Solanum sessiliflorum) and physalis (Physalis peruviana)] and a control with cultivar Santa Cruz Kada (auto-graft) rootstocks were used. In addition, two grafting methods were evaluated full cleft and approach graft. Fifteen days after grafting, plants were assessed for graft-take percentage; root length; plant height; leaf number; foliar area; root, stem and leaf dry matter; and ratio between shoot and root dry matter. Based on the results, we may state rootstock and grafting interaction had effect on both graft -take rate and plant development. Overall, the studied plants should be recommended as rootstock, except for 6889-50 mini-tomato (S. lycopersicum L.) and S. pennellii. Full cleft grafting was most suitable for cocona and physalis, while the approach method showed better results for the mini-tomato accessions 0224-53, RVTC 57 and RVTC 20, as well as for S. habrochaites.

This paper aimed to assess tomato grafting on different solanaceous species through two grafting methods. Scions were cut from cultivar Santa Cruz Kada seedlings. A fully randomized experimental design was carried out with treatments in a 9 x 2 factorial scheme. As rootstocks, four accessions of mini - tomatoes (0224 - 53, RVTC 57, RVTC 20 and 6889 - 50 - Solanum lycopersicum L); two species of wild tomato ( Solanum habrochaites var hirsutum ‘PI - 127826’ and Solanum pennellii ‘LA716’); other two tomato species [ Solanum, cocona ( Solanum sessiliflorum ) and physalis ( Physalis peruviana )] and a control with cultivar Santa Cruz Kada (auto - graft) rootstocks were used. In addition, two grafting methods were evaluated full cleft and approach graft. Fifteen days after grafting, plants were assessed for graft - take percentage; root length; plant height; leaf number; foliar area; root, stem and leaf dry matter; and ratio between shoot and root dry matter. Based on the results, we may state rootstock and grafting interaction had effect on both graft - take rate and plant development. Overall, the studied plants should be recommended as rootstock, except for 6889 - 50 mini - tomato ( S. lycopersicum L.) and S. pennellii . Full cleft grafting was most suitable for cocona and physalis, while the approach method showed better results for the mini - tomato accessions 0224 - 53, RVTC 57 and RVTC 20, as well as for S. habrochaites .

ABSTRACT The use of nitrogenous fertilizer coated by polymers may reduce losses caused by volatilization, thus exposing this element to plants for a longer period of time. The objective of this work was to evaluate the residual effects of nitrogen in the form of conventional urea and urea coated by polymers in the production components and grain productivity of the first and second corn crops. The experiment was conducted in Selvíria - MS in a clay-type Oxisol during the corn crops of 2011/12 and 2012. The experiment was arranged as a randomized block design with four replications, with a factorial 4 x 4 treatment arrangement as follows: 4 doses of N (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha-1) and 4 forms of urea (conventional urea and urea coated by three different polymers). Treatments were applied at the time of corn sowing in the first season (2010/11) and second season (2011). The residual effects of nitrogen fertilization in the corn grown in the first crop season (2011/12) and the second crop season (2012) were then assessed. The polymer -coated urea did not differ compared to the conventional urea. | RESUMO A utilização de fertilizantes nitrogenados revestidos por polímeros pode permitir a redução das perdas por volatilização, disponibilizando assim, esse elemento para as plantas por maior período de tempo. Neste contexto, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito residual de doses de nitrogênio na forma de ureia convencional e ureias revestidas por polímeros, nos componentes de produção e na produtividade da cultura do milho primeira e segunda safra. O experimento foi conduzido em Selvíria - MS, em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico de textura argilosa, em 2011/12 e 2012. O experimento foi disposto em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, e os tratamentos em um esquema fatorial 4 x 4, sendo: 4 doses de N (0, 40, 80 e 120 kg ha -1) e 4 formas de ureia (ureia convencional e ureias revestidas por 3 diferentes polímeros). Os tratamentos foram aplicados na semeadura do milho na primeira safra (2010/11) e segunda safra (2011), sendo avaliado o efeito residual da adubação nitrogenada no cultivo sucessor de milho na primeira safra (2011/12) e segunda safra (2012). As formas de ureia revestidas por polímeros não diferiram em relação à ureia convencional.

The use of nitrogenous fertilizer coated by polymers may reduce losses caused by volatilization, thus exposing this element to plants for a longer period of time. The objective of this work was to evaluate the residual effects of nitrogen in the form of conventional urea and urea coated by polymers in the production components and grain productivity of the first and second corn crops. The experiment was conducted in Selvíria - MS in a clay-type Oxisol during the corn crops of 2011/12 and 2012. The experiment was arranged as a randomized block design with four replications, with a factorial 4 x 4 treatment arrangement as follows: 4 doses of N (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha-1) and 4 forms of urea (conventional urea and urea coated by three different polymers). Treatments were applied at the time of corn sowing in the first season (2010/11) and second season (2011). The residual effects of nitrogen fertilization in the corn grown in the first crop season (2011/12) and the second crop season (2012) were then assessed. The polymer -coated urea did not differ compared to the conventional urea.

ABSTRACT High temperatures and low rainfall characterize the Brazilian semiarid regions. This regional climate demands the adoption of practices that increase the efficiency and sustainability of local farming. This study aimed to assess the ability of two perennial herbaceous leguminous species, calopo and tropical kudzu, to provide permanent soil cover in banana plantations in Jequitinhonha Valley, northeast Minas Gerais state, Brazil. To this end, we evaluated the differences of calopo and tropical kudzu in soil cover capacity and the amount of senescent phytomass deposited on the soil surface, nutrient content in senescent phytomass, as well as their effects on temperature and soil moisture, compared with bare soil in two experimental sites. The results showed that, compared with tropical kudzu, calopo had a higher soil cover capacity and was more effective at increasing organic material and nutrients in the soil owing to the relatively higher amount of senescent phytomass deposited on the soil surface. However, both calopo and tropical kudzu reduced soil temperature and increase soil moisture compared with bare soil. Overall, we concluded that these species can deposit high levels of senescence in the soil, providing several benefits to the cultivation system of banana plants in the semiarid regions. | RESUMO Altas temperaturas e baixa precipitação caracteriza a região do semiárido Brasileiro. Este clima regional exige a adoção de práticas que aumentem a eficiência e sustentabilidade da agricultura local. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o comportamento de espécies leguminosas herbáceas perenes como cobertura permanente do solo sob pomar de bananeira, no Vale do Jequitinhonha, nordeste do estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Para esse fim, foi avaliado as diferenças entre as leguminosas, calopogônio e cudzu tropical na capacidade de cobertura do solo, quantidade de fitomassa senescentes depositada na superfície do solo, conteúdo de nutrientes na fitomassa senescentes, bem como seus efeitos sobre a temperatura e umidade do solo em comparação com solo sem cobertura. Os resultados demonstraram que, em comparação com o cudzu tropical o calopogônio obteve maior capacidade de cobertura do solo e, devido a maior quantidade de fitomassa senescente, foi mais eficaz no incremento de nutrientes. Além disso, ambas leguminosas reduziram a temperatura e mantiveram maior umidade do solo em comparação com o solo sem cobertura. Essas espécies podem depositar níveis elevados de material senescente sobre a superfície do solo, proporcionando várias vantagens para o sistema de cultivo de bananeiras em região semiárida.

High temperatures and low rainfall characterize the Brazilian semiarid regions. This regional climate demands the adoption of practices that increase the efficiency and sustainability of local farming. This study aimed to assess the ability of two perennial herbaceous leguminous species, calopo and tropical kudzu, to provide permanent soil cover in banana plantations in Jequitinhonha Valley, northeast Minas Gerais state, Brazil. To this end, we evaluated the differences of calopo and tropical kudzu in soil cover capacity and the amount of senescent phytomass deposited on the soil surface, nutrient content in senescent phytomass, as well as their effects on temperature and soil moisture, compared with bare soil in two experimental sites. The results showed that, compared with tropical kudzu, calopo had a higher soil cover capacity and was more effective at increasing organic material and nutrients in the soil owing to the relatively higher amount of senescent phytomass deposited on the soil surface. However, both calopo and tropical kudzu reduced soil temperature and increase soil moisture compared with bare soil. Overall, we concluded that these species can deposit high levels of senescence in the soil, providing several benefits to the cultivation system of banana plants in the semiarid regions.

ABSTRACT The precocity of cowpea is important because it indicates the possibility of increasing and/or stabilizing production in regions with long periods of drought. The aim of this study was to evaluate genetic variability and select extra-early cowpea progenies. Fifteen F3:6 progenies were evaluated in 2014 while sixty-two F7 progenies were evaluated in 2015. Two commercial cultivars were used in experiments performed in the irrigated perimeter of Baixo Acaraú, in Marco, CE. The following characteristics were evaluated: number of days for flowering (NDF), number of days for maturity (NDM), plant height (PH), pod length (PL), number of seeds per pod (NSP), number of grains per plant (NGP), weight of 100 grains (W100G) and total weight (MTOT). Data were analyzed in lattice and RBD, according to the methodology of mixed models by the REML/BLUP procedure. Also, the components of variance and genetic values were estimated. Variability among progenies, high heritability and high accuracy were identified for all traits. For NDF and NDM, the progenies presented higher behavior than the controls. The lattice arrangement contributed to a greater gain with the selection of NDF, NDM, PH, NSP, NGP and WTOT. The genotypes 12, 15, 30, 33, 41, 43 and 52 are among the top ten because they have high genetic values in three or more traits. The genotypes 12, 15, 30, 33, 43 and 52 highlight extra-earliness (precocity). | RESUMO A precocidade é importante para o feijão-caupi por representar a possibilidade de aumentar e/ou estabilizar a produção em regiões com longos períodos de estiagem. Objetivou- se avaliar a variabilidade genética e selecionar progênies de feijão-caupi extraprecoces. Foram avaliadas 15 progênies F3:6 em 2014 e 62 progênies F7 em 2015, juntamente com duas cultivares comerciais em experimentos conduzidos no perímetro irrigado Baixo Acaraú, localizado no município de Marco, CE. Foram avaliados os caracteres: número de dias para o florescimento (NDF), número de dias para a maturação (NDM), altura de planta (ALT), comprimento de vagem (CPV), número de grãos por vagem (NGV), número de grãos por planta (NGP), massa de 100 grãos (M100G) e massa total (MTOT). Os dados foram analisados em DBIL e DBC, segundo a metodologia de modelos mistos, via procedimento REML/BLUP. Foram estimados os componentes de variância e os valores genéticos. Identificou-se variabilidade entre as progênies, alta herdabilidade e elevada acurácia em todos os caracteres avaliados. As progênies apresentaram comportamento superior às testemunhas para NDF e NDM. O arranjo em látice apresentou maior eficiência que o DBC, pelo maior ganho obtido com a seleção nos caracteres NDF, NDM, ALT, NGV, NGP e MTOT. Os genótipos 12, 15, 30, 33, 41, 43 e 52 encontram-se entre os dez superiores, por apresentarem valores genéticos elevados em três ou mais caracteres. Os genótipos 12, 15, 30, 33, 43 e 52 destacam-se como os mais precoces.

The precocity of cowpea is important because it indicates the possibility of increasing and/or stabilizing production in regions with long periods of drought. The aim of this study was to evaluate genetic variability and select extra-early cowpea progenies. Fifteen F3:6 progenies were evaluated in 2014 while sixty-two F7 progenies were evaluated in 2015. Two commercial cultivars were used in experiments performed in the irrigated perimeter of Baixo Acaraú, in Marco, CE. The following characteristics were evaluated: number of days for flowering (NDF), number of days for maturity (NDM), plant height (PH), pod length (PL), number of seeds per pod (NSP), number of grains per plant (NGP), weight of 100 grains (W100G) and total weight (MTOT). Data were analyzed in lattice and RBD, according to the methodology of mixed models by the REML/BLUP procedure. Also, the components of variance and genetic values were estimated. Variability among progenies, high heritability and high accuracy were identified for all traits. For NDF and NDM, the progenies presented higher behavior than the controls. The lattice arrangement contributed to a greater gain with the selection of NDF, NDM, PH, NSP, NGP and WTOT. The genotypes 12, 15, 30, 33, 41, 43 and 52 are among the top ten because they have high genetic values in three or more traits. The genotypes 12, 15, 30, 33, 43 and 52 highlight extra-earliness (precocity).