This paper critically analyses the potentials and frontiers of an agribusiness model developed along the arid coastal area of Peru. To make this model work, water from Andean rivers and lakes have been dammed and transferred to the coastal area through sophisticated and highly expensive hydraulic infrastructures. Although this ‘water transfer-agribusiness’ (WATA) model has attained its objectives to let the desert bloom and increase agro-exports from Peru, it does so at the cost of local environmental degradation, social unrest and gender disparities. These unintended consequences arose, in part, because the WATA model is anchored in ideologies of domination of nature and colonization of empty territories. The construction of water infrastructure, namely ‘Large Scale Irrigation’ (LSI) left aside the sociocultural, gender and environmental aspects that these kinds of interventions should include. Based on studies of water transfer from the Colca River to the ‘Pampas de Majes’ in the Arequipa region in the south-west of Peru, this paper analyses, from an interdisciplinary perspective, the consequences of such interventions on the food/water security and environmental health of the affected population.

En este estudio se ha planteado la necesidad de evaluar el funcionamiento de proceso biológico utilizando tecnología MBR con el objeto de establecer las condiciones operacionales que permiten obtener un proceso de filtración en las diferentes circunstancias que puedan presentarse. | This study has raised the need to evaluate the performance of the biological process in order to establish operational conditions to obtain filtration process in different circumstances that may arise.

El propósito de esta investigación fue determinar el perfil microbiológico de alimentos de baja actividad de agua (Aw) y a su vez conocer el comportamiento de Salmonella en estos productos. Frutos secos (nueces y cacahuetes), frutas deshidratadas (pasas y jitomates secados al sol) y muestras de chocolate. Se recolectaron 350 muestras de productos vendidos a granel en mercados de la ciudad de Querétaro. Se cuantificó el contenido de bacterias mesófilas aerobias (BMA), coliformes totales (CT), Escherichia coli, hongos y levaduras, así como la detección por métodos convencionales, de Salmonella enterica y Staphylococcus aureus. Adicionalmente, se realizó la estandarización de una técnica de detección molecular para norovirus en muestras de cacahuates, nueces, pasas y jitomate secado al sol. Los valores de las medianas de los microorganismos indicadores en los cinco productos oscilaron entre 3.1 a 5.2 Log UFC/g para BMA, 0.6-1.2 Log NMP/g para CT, 0.5-0.9 Log NMP/g para E. coli, 1.7-2.4 Log UFC/g para los hongos, 2.0-2.8 Log UFC/g para levaduras levaduras. En ninguna muestra se detectó S. aureus. Por el contrario la presencia de Salmonella de detectó en cacahuates (31 %), nueces (40 %), pasas (30 %), tomate secado al sol (56 %) y chocolate (26 %). El método que resultó efectivo para la detección de Norovirus Murino (MNV-1) consistió en extracción de RNA seguida por RT-PCR; se lograron detectar concentraciones de 2.6, ~0.6, <1 y <1 Log PFU/g en cacahuates, nueces, tomates secados al sol y pasas. | The purpose of this investigation was to determine the microbiological profile of low water activity food items and to know the surveillance of Salmonella in these products. Nuts (pecans and peanuts), dehydrated fruits (raisins and sun-dried tomatoes) and chocolate samples (a total of 350) sold in bulk were collected in city markets. Aerobic Plate Count (APC), Coliforms (TC), E. coli, molds and yeasts quantifications and Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus detection were carried out by conventional methods. In addition the standardization of a molecular detection technique for norovirus from peanuts, pecans, raisins and sun dried tomato samples was carried out. For the determination of indicator microorganisms the medians observed for the five products are between the values 3.1-5.2 Log CFU/g for APC, 0.6-1.2 Log MPN/g for TC, 0.5-0.9 Log MPN/g for E. coli, 1.7-2.4 Log CFU/g for molds, 2.0-2.8 Log CFU/g for yeasts; there was no detection of positive thermonuclease S. aureus in any sample. Salmonella spp was detected in all the analyzed products: peanuts 31 %, pecans 40 %, raisins 30 %, sun-dried tomato 56 %, and chocolate 26 %. RNA extraction followed by RT-PCR was able to detect the minimum MNV-1 concentrations: peanuts and pecans up to 2.6 Log PFU/g and up to ~0.6 Log PFU/g, respectively. Sun-dried tomatoes showed detection to <1 Log PFU/g and raisins to <1 Log PFU/g.

This paper proposes a framework for the identification, assessment and analysis of the water–energy–food nexus at a basin scale. This methodology is applied to the Duero river basin in Spain to detect the most important conflicts derived from water, food and energy interdependencies. Some of the most important issues are the limitations posed by rising energy prices for irrigated agriculture due to modernization, limitations to water treatment, and the possible emergence of new water demands for energy by hydraulic fracturing for oil and gas and enhanced bioenergy.

Thousands of years of development have made the production and consumption of water, energy, and food for urban environments more complex. While the rise of cities has fostered social and economic progress, the accompanying environmental pressures threaten to undermine these benefits. The compounding effects of climate change, habitat loss, pollution, overexploitation (in addition to financial constraints) make the individual management of these three vital resources incompatible with rapidly growing populations and resource-intensive lifestyles. Nexus thinking is a critical tool to capture opportunities for urban sustainability in both industrialised and developing cities. A nexus approach to water, energy, and food security recognises that conventional decisionmaking, strictly confined within distinct sectors, limits the sustainability of urban development. Important nexus considerations include the need to collaborate with a wide spectrum of stakeholders, and to “re-integrate” urban systems. This means recognising the opportunities coming from the interconnected nature of cities and metropolitan regions, including links with rural environments and wider biophysical dynamics.

It is a reality now that climate is changing and measures are to be taken to do something about its impact on agriculture. Policy makers and Scientists at the international and national level have been suggesting certain measures to be followed to adapt to the climate change, which has to be taken up seriously. Good farming practices need to be promoted that are compatible with changing climatic conditions. Water management and water storage practices is also an important aspect to be considered as it forms an essential part of the agriculture sector.

International agri-food trade has expanded rapidly during the past decades and changed considerably in structure with important implications, especially for developing economies. One of the main environmental concerns regarding international trade is the exploitation and redistribution of water resources. In this paper, we use the virtual water approach for analyzing the relationship between global agri-food trade, its structure and virtual water flows in the period of 1986–2011. Specifically, for five regions and the world, we calculate growth rates of interregional trade values and virtual water volumes, the contribution of different product groups to trade and the economic water efficiency of imports and exports. Our findings show that, over time, trade values have generally increased more rapidly than virtual water volumes. In Africa and Southern America, virtual water outflows have roughly quadrupled since 1986. In all regions, staples and industrial products account for the largest share in virtual water trade. The recent shift towards high-value exports is beneficial for low-income countries from a regional economic water efficiency perspective due to high trade values and low associated virtual water volumes. Economic water efficiency of trade has increased in all regions since 2000 and the return to virtual water outflows is especially high in Europe.

The crucial challenge for smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa is feeding a growing population while preserving the natural resource base of the agricultural system. In future, this challenge will be exacerbated by soil degradation and climate change. Conservation Agriculture (CA) has been promoted as a strategy that can improve yields, soils and effective water use. CA thus has potential to increase the resilience of farming systems facing the mentioned challenges. However, CA since its introduction in sub-Sahara Africa has not moved from the invention to the innovation stage: the CA innovation seen as a package is not meeting the farmers’ needs, capabilities and opportunities. Overall, the attempt to transfer this innovation in a conventional linear way from science to farm has been disappointing. The INCAA project is designed as an action research process aimed at targeting the challenging (and often missing) interfaces of science-driven technology and local realities in innovation systems. The overall objective of INCAA is to mentor and analyse a learning process that supports the innovation of CA in sub-Saharan Africa. The case studies of the project are Laikipia County, Kenya and Koumbia District, Burkina Faso. Building on the experiences of past projects, INCAA will (1) map benefits and adaptations of CA in innovation systems around the partner projects; (2) foster joined learning of stakeholders to test and validate CA tools; and (3) develop learning strategies for an innovation process towards CA including institutional and individual dimensions. This project will start from those who take the final decision on the fate of CA - the farmers. By assessing how farmers have actually adapted and implemented CA, we can derive lessons on the benefits and losses related to such CA modes for all stakeholders involved in the agricultural system. This contribution will 1) introduce the overall conceptual, methodological and structural design of the project and 2) highlight its first preliminary results which so far show high influence of gender aspects towards the adoption decision process. Differing roles of and expectations towards men and women within the farming communities are often an invisible obstacle for further adoption of CA.

This work aims at simulating a retort sterilization process of flexible packaging, performed in autoclave. ANSYS CFD© software has been used in this study to simulate the heat transfer inside the retort chamber. Flexible packaging filled with a pumpkin soup has been modelled. Three-dimensional (3D) geometrical configuration of the equipment has been designed and then simulated to evaluate the sterilization level achieved by each packaging inside the retort chamber. In particular, the internal temperature of the product situated in the cold spot of the chamber has been monitored during 5 min of the process (after reaching 85°C inside the product) in order to monitor the time/temperature trend. Experimental tests have been finally performed to validate the simulation model of heat exchange. The sterilization process takes place in a retort chamber by means of “overheated water sprayed” at 403 K and a pressure of 5 atm. Results show a good agreement between the simulated results and the real retort process and confirm the potential value of the simulation model to evaluate the process performance.