Contiene: La desinfeccion. Desinfeccion solar. Cloro. Radiacion ultravioleta. Filtracion lenta. Minifiltracion. Metodos alternativos de desinfeccion. Desinfeccion especial. Datos comparativos.

Uno de los principales aspectos a controlar en la potabilización del agua para consumo humano es la generación de subproductos de la desinfección como cloro (DBP), entre los que cabe destacar los trihalometanos (THM). La utilización de ozono como desinfectante principal en las plantas potabilizadoras reduce notablemente la cantidad de trihalometanos formados tras la cloración final. El presente trabajo pretende estudiar los principales factores que afectan a la acción del ozono para conseguir dicho objetivo: el tiempo de espera entre ozonozación y cloración, la dosis aplicada de ozono y la presencia de ion bromuro en el agua; dichos factores se han estudiado tanto sobre aguas naturales (Embalse de Uzquiza, Burgos) como sobre aguas sintéticas (solución de ácidos fúlvicos y húmicos extraídos del mismo Embalse)

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of ozone in doughs and breads made with ozonated water. Different treatments were analyzed, control with an improver that included ascorbic acid (CM), control without improver (C) and 4 different doses of ozone in water: Oz1 (0.47-0.48 ppm); Oz2 (0.64-0.68 ppm); Oz3 (0.89-0.91 ppm); Oz4 (> 2 ppm). The results have shown that high doses of ozone (Oz4) in the doughs caused a decrease in the maximum height of the doughs during fermentation (Hm, measured with a Rheofermentometer) and in their alveograhic properties strength (W) and tenacity (P), causing a decrease in their ability to maintain the desired shape (height and lenght) of the bread. This might be due to excessive oxidation of gluten proteins. Furthermore, the breads obtained from these doughs showed higher values in hardness, gumminess, chewiness and a lower cohesiveness values and, after 24 h, a faster staling process than the control breads. Medium doses of ozone in water (0.30-0.80 ppm) provided bread more similar than control samples for texture properties. Beside this, it was observed that the kneading time could be decreased because the development time of the doughs made with ozone was faster than controls. Varying this kneading time (using 0.80 ppm ozonated water) it was found that Hm in doughs, height and length as well as hardness, gumminess, chewiness and cohesiveness at 0 and 24 h of the bread resembled those of the doughs and control breads kneading with standard times. The results of this work indicate that the use of ozonated water may be a useful alternative to the addition of chemical oxidants to the bread dough. For this to be effective, it seems to be necessary to use moderate doses of ozone and adjust the intensity and time of dough mixing. | Máster Universitario en Tecnología y Calidad en las Industrias Agroalimentarias por la Universidad Pública de Navarra | Nekazaritzako Elikagaien Industrietako Teknologiako eta Kalitateko Unibertsitate Masterra Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoan

The design and construction of a modulated system for water purification aimed at human consumption and supported by various technologies for water treatment is the objective of this research. Four modules compose the system: magnetic treatment; softening and filtering in activated coal; sterilization with ultraviolet lamp and ozone; and a final filtering with microfilters and inverse osmosis. As a result of this process, more pure healthy water, free from chlorine and microorganisms is obtained. Purified water has the minimal iron, lead, nitrates, sulphates, and calcium and magnesium salts, which are excessive in Ciego de Ávila waters. The researches done demonstrate that the consumption of purified water avoids infectious diseases caused by microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi and other parasites), improves the renal system functioning and digestion because it reduces kidney gallstones and heartburn, creates a relaxing effect and increases the blood circulation, with the consequent improving in life quality among the population. | El diseño y la construcción de un sistema modular de purificación de agua para el consumo humano apoyado en varias tecnologías de tratamientos de agua es el objetivo del presente trabajo investigativo. Componen el sistema 5 módulos: tratamiento magnético, suavizado, filtrado en carbón activado, esterilización con lámpara ultravioleta y ozono; y un filtrado final con microfiltros y ósmosis inversa. Con lo cual se obtiene un agua más saludable y pura, libre de compuestos químicos, microorganismos y con el mínimo contenido de hierro, plomo, nitratos, sulfatos, sales de calcio y magnesio, estas últimas excesivas en el agua avileña por provenir de un manto freático cálcico. Las investigaciones realizadas permitió demostrar que el consumo de esta agua, fisiológicamente más apta para los requerimientos del organismo humano, previene enfermedades infecciosas causadas por microorganismos (virus, bacterias, hongos y otros parásitos), mejora el funcionamiento del sistema renal al combatir la litiasis, contribuye al buen funcionamiento digestivo al reducir la acidez gástrica, permite mayor flujo sanguíneo al limpiar arterias obstruidas mejorando la calidad de vida de la población.

In Latin America and in Asian countries, the apple snail Pomacea canaliculata is one of the most destructive pests present in rice plantations, which is why it is considered among the 100 invasive species in the world. The present work is an experimental laboratory test where different doses of copper and ozone chelate for the control of apple snail are applied with 4 treatments, 1 control and 6 repetitions. For the evaluation of the applied molluscicides, the WHO method (1965) was used. The percentage of mortality of T4, which corresponds to the dose of 2 L / ha of copper chelate mixed with ozonized water with 2 ppm concentration, was the treatment that best controls apple snail, resulting in 97.67% of mortality, however, in T5 (control) a 6.33% of mortality was obtained. The results suggest that the copper chelate mixed with ozonated water can be used in the effective control of the apple snail. | En Latinoamérica y en los países asiáticos el caracol manzana Pomacea canaliculata es una de las plagas que más daños ha causado en las plantaciones de arroz, por eso está considerada entre las 100 peores especies invasoras del mundo. El presente trabajo es un ensayo experimental en laboratorio donde se aplicaron diferentes dosis de quelato de cobre y ozono para el control del caracol manzana con 4 tratamientos, 1 testigo y 6 repeticiones. Para la evaluación de efectividad de los tratamientos aplicados se utilizó el método de la OMS (1965). El porcentaje de mortalidad del T4, que corresponde a la dosis de 2 L/ha de quelato de cobre mezclado con agua ozonizada con 2 ppm de concentración, fue el tratamiento que mejor controla el caracol manzana resultando un 97.67% de mortalidad, al contrario del tratamiento T5 (testigo) donde se obtuvo un 6.33 % de mortalidad. Los resultados sugieren que el quelato de cobre mezclado con agua ozonizada podría ser usado en el control efectivo del caracol manzana. | Na América Latina e em países asiáticos, o caracol de maçã Pomacea canaliculata é uma das pragas mais destrutivas presentes nas plantações de arroz, razão pela qual é considerado entre as 100 espécies invasoras do mundo. O presente trabalho é um teste experimental de laboratório onde são aplicadas diferentes doses de cobre e quelato de ozono para o controlo do caracol de maçã com 4 tratamentos, 1 controlo e 6 repetições. Para a avaliação dos moluscicidas aplicados, foi utilizado o método da OMS (1965). A percentagem de mortalidade de T4, que corresponde à dose de 2 L/ha de quelato de cobre misturado com água ozonizada com 2 ppm de concentração, foi o tratamento que melhor controla o caracol da maçã, resultando em 97,67% de mortalidade, no entanto, em T5 (controlo) obteve-se uma mortalidade de 6,33%. Os resultados sugerem que o quelato de cobre misturado com água ozonizada pode ser utilizado no controlo efectivo do caracol da maçã.Translated with DeepL

O Brasil é o sétimo maior consumidor mundial de águas engarrafadas. Os recipientes mais utilizados, galões plásticos de 20 litros, devem ser submetidos à inspeção individual e posteriormente a sanificação. Recentemente, enfermidades associadas a microrganismos emergentes têm despertado o interesse por novos sanitizantes. Entre estes, o gás ozônio é um dos mais atraentes em virtude da sua segurança e eficácia superiores aos desinfetantes convencionais, não gerando resíduos tóxicos. Neste trabalho, o ozônio foi avaliado como método alternativo na sanificação de galões de água de 20 litros, na cidade de Alfenas, MG. Trinta galões foram avaliados sem tratamento e trinta após a sanificação com água ozonizada (4mg/L/2minutos) quanto à contagem total de microrganismos aeróbios mesófilos heterotróficos, número mais provável (NMP) de coliformes totais e Escherichia coli, Staphyloccocus aureus e Pseudomonas spp. em 100mL de solução enxaguatória. A contagem média de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC) de microrganismos heterotróficos no estágio de pré-lavagem foi de 5,7/cm² enquanto que o tratamento com a água ozonizada reduziu este valor para 0,003/cm², além de promover a negativação das análises para coliformes Pseudomonas ssp. e somente 13,3% das amostras apresentaram-se positivas para Staphylococcus aureus após a sanificação. Concluiu-se que o tratamento com utilização de ozônio foi eficiente, nas condições testadas. | Brazil is ranked as the seventh in worldwide consumer of bottled mineral water. The mineral water bottles should be inspected regarding the physical integrity and then submitted to sanitization, using specific wash machines. Recently diseases associated with new microbial strains have increased interest in exploring different disinfectants in food sanitizing processing. Ozone is particularly attractive because of its high security and effectiveness than conventional disinfectants, without risk of toxic residues generating. The current work evaluated the ozone as an alternative method for sanitizing 20 liters mineral water gallons in Alfenas-MG (Brazil). Thirty gallons were analyzed before (pre-wash) and thirty after washing with ozonated water (4mg/L, 2 min.) (post-wash). The samples were evaluated regarding the number of aerobic mesophiles, Escherichia coli, total coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas spp. The data about the aerobic mesophiles at pre-wash was 5,7 colony forming units/cm² and post-wash was 0,003CFU/cm². The post-wash samples showed negative of total coliforms, E. coli and Pseudomonas spp. and only 13,3% samples presented grow of S. aureus. In comparison, all the pre-wash showed presence of total coliforms and S. aureus. E. coli and Pseudomonas spp. were present in 80% and 50% of the samples, respectively. Therefore, the sanitizing processing with ozone (4mg/L) was demonstrated in this study was an adequate alternative method for washing mineral water gallons in tested condition.

RESUMEN En Latinoamérica y en los países asiáticos el caracol manzana Pomacea canaliculata es una de las plagas que más daños ha causado en las plantaciones de arroz, por eso está considerada entre las 100 peores especies invasoras del mundo. El presente trabajo es un ensayo experimental en laboratorio donde se aplicaron diferentes dosis de quelato de cobre y ozono para el control del caracol manzana con 4 tratamientos, 1 testigo y 6 repeticiones. Para la evaluación de efectividad de los tratamientos aplicados se utilizó el método de la OMS (1965). El porcentaje de mortalidad del T4, que corresponde a la dosis de 2 L/ha de quelato de cobre mezclado con agua ozonizada con 2 ppm de concentración, fue el tratamiento que mejor controla el caracol manzana resultando un 97,67% de mortalidad, al contrario del tratamiento T5 (testigo) donde se obtuvo un 6,33 % de mortalidad. Los resultados sugieren que el quelato de cobre mezclado con agua ozonizada podría ser usado en el control efectivo del caracol manzana. | ABSTRACT In Latin America and in Asian countries, the apple snail Pomacea canaliculata is one of the most destructive pests present in rice plantations, which is why it is considered among the 100 invasive species in the world. The present work is an experimental laboratory test where different doses of copper and ozone chelate for the control of apple snail are applied with 4 treatments, 1 control and 6 repetitions. For the evaluation of the applied molluscicides, the WHO method (1965) was used. The percentage of mortality of T4, which corresponds to the dose of 2 L / ha of copper chelate mixed with ozonized water with 2 ppm concentration, was the treatment that best controls apple snail, resulting in 97.67% of mortality, however, in T5 (control) a 6.33% of mortality was obtained. The results suggest that the copper chelate mixed with ozonated water can be used in the effective control of the apple snail.