In this study, water samples were collectedfrom the effluent of a treatment plant wastewater during the months of January to July 2012. The objective was to determine the concentration ofheavy metals, as well as evaluating the agricultural quality of the treated wastewater. The results of analysis of elements: cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn), show that the concentration of these metals was low, so which, according to NOM-001-SEMARNAT-1996 the treated wastewater complies with the permitted concentrationfor download on receiving bodies. Using variables: Ca²+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, CO3(2-), HCO3-, Cl-, SO4(2-), pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) was determined agricultural quality. The salinity indicators show that water is not suitable for irrigation. The SAR values were lower than 5.5 meq L-1, the joint EC-SAR values show that water use is restricted by salinity risk when applied to irrigation. | En este estudio se recolectaron muestras de agua en el efluente de una planta de tratamiento de agua residual durante los meses de enero a julio de 2012. El objetivo fue determinar la concentración de metales pesados, así como evaluar la calidad agrícola del agua residual tratada. Los resultados del análisis de los elementos: cadmio (Cd), cobre (Cu), cromo (Cr), níquel (Ni), plomo (Pb) y zinc (Zn), muestran que la concentración de estos metales fue baja, por lo que, de acuerdo con la NOM-001-SEMARNAT-1996 el agua residual tratada cumple con la concentración permitida para su descarga en cuerpos receptores. Mediante las variables Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, CO3(2-), HCO3-, Cl-, SO4(2-), pH, conductividad eléctrica (CE) y relación de adsorción de sodio (RAS) se determinó su calidad agrícola. Los indicadores de salinidad muestran que el agua no es adecuada para la irrigación. Los valores de RAS fueron menores de 5,5 meq L-1, y los valores conjuntos CE-RAS sugieren la clasificación del agua como C4-S1, lo que indica que el agua tiene restricciones de uso por el riesgo de salinidad al aplicarla al riego agrícola.

El uso eficiente del agua determina el futuro del cultivo de arroz en Colombia frente a los tratados de libre comercio, ya que es un factor que condiciona el área sembrada, el rendimiento de la cosecha y los costos de producción, además de su sostenibilidad en el tiempo. Por lo tanto, se presenta una revisión de las tecnologías desarrolladas a nivel mundial enfocadas al ahorro del agua en el cultivo de arroz en condiciones aeróbicas y anaeróbicas. Se resaltan tecnologías alternativas que superan al sistema convencional en rendimiento y en la cantidad de arroz cosechado por metro cúbico de agua invertido. En la reflexión para Colombia, se destacan aspectos importantes para la construcción de la agenda de investigación y la apropiación social de las tecnologías alternativas con miras a la optimización del recurso hídrico en el cultivo de arroz; se recomienda priorizar el arroz aeróbico y la medición efectiva del consumo de agua, indispensable para controlar su uso, planear, dirigir y entender cómo estas tecnologías alternativas conducen a la recuperación de la inversión de los agricultores y a la rentabilidad del cultivo.

Água-mel (honey–water) is a typical honey-based product produced by the Portuguese beekeepers, particularly in southern Portugal. Água-mel was characterized by mineral content and volatiles contents. Mineral content evaluation was performed based on a random sampling of 14 samples from a total of 16 samples provided by local producers. Mineral content showed that potassium predominated in água-mel samples (1270–4105 mg/kg). The concentration of aluminium in one sample was tenfold higher (5.8 mg/kg) than in the remaining samples (0.3–0.6 mg/kg). Água-mel volatiles were isolated by hydrodistillation and analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) from a subset of eight samples. Cluster analysis showed two poorly correlated clusters (S cₒᵣᵣ < 0.3). Cluster I only sample was dominated by trans-β-ocimene (19 %), γ-terpinene (15 %) and 2-furfural (9 %). Cluster II that included the remaining seven samples showed two moderately correlated subclusters (S cₒᵣᵣ < 0.5). The six samples with high correlation from subcluster IIa were dominated by 2-furfural (18–41 %) and benzene acetaldehyde (12–39 %). n-Nonadecane (14 %), n-heneicosane and 2-furfural (both 13 %) were the main components of subcluster IIb sample. Although the presence of some volatile compounds can help in the correlation between água-mel and honey botanical source, the final product varies largely according to the preparation process even for the same producer, in different years. Água-mel detailed characterization may assist in bringing added value to this typical Portuguese honey-based product.

Neste trabalho, são apresentadas as princípais técnicas de captação de água de chuva" in situ", adequadas aos produtores do semi-árido brasileira. | Editado por Johann Gnadlinger, Everaldo Rocaha Porto, Eduardo Assis Menezes, Paulo Roberto Coelho Lopes, Ines Reder. 20.

Abstract: A series of microhabitats related to freshwater, and their respective classification habitalogical identified by proposing a scientific discipline called Habitalogy. They are grouped into a set of systems: system residual leaf litter, runoff system, phytotelmata system, thermal system, troglobitic system morichal system and anthropogenic system and kept those already established as the limnic systems (lentic and lotic). A number of different wet rooms in aquatic ecosystems of Venezuela is studied, based on the collection and semi aquatic insects, mostly beetles is studied. Three natural freshwater wetlands are discussed in Venezuela as the coastal, marsh and lake, plus wet spaces generated by human action. Among the wet rooms they were differentiated: Anpógeno, Atrix, Axis, Caenum, Caulae, Ediscon, Folia Decidunt, Glarea, Hercircum, Hygropetric, Humu, Madidu, Petra, Rabpet, Radix, Ramentum, Raupet, Spaqua, Spathis, Supaqua, Termali, Trogli, and Xilonaq. And they characterized individually association evident overlap and location of each system is shown. A classification table is presented from the point of view of Habitalogy and scheme habitalogical the microhabitats as well as photographs of microhabitats. | Resumen: Se identifican una serie de microhábitats relacionados con las aguas dulces, y su respectiva clasificación habitalógica, mediante la propuesta de una disciplina científica denominada habitalogía. Se agrupan en un conjunto de sistemas: sistema de manto residual de hojarasca, sistema de escorrentía, sistema fitotelmata, sistema termal, sistema troglobio, sistema morichal y sistema antropógeno y se mantienen los ya establecidos como los sistemas limnicos (léntico y lótico). Se estudia una serie de diferentes espacios húmedos presentes en los ecosistemas acuáticos de Venezuela, basados en la recolección de insectos acuáticos y semiacuáticos, en su mayoría coleópteros. Se analizan tres humedales naturales de agua dulce en Venezuela como el ribereño, palustre y lacustre, además de los espacios húmedos generados por la acción antrópica. Entre los espacios húmedos se diferenciaron: Anpógeno, Atrix, Axis, Caenum, Caulae, Ediscon, Folia Decidunt, Glarea, Hercircum, Higropétrico, Humu, Madidu, Petra, Rabpet, Radix, Ramentum, Raupet, Spaqua, Spathis, Supaqua, Termali, Trogli, Xilonaq. Se caracterizan individualmente y se demuestra una asociación, superposición y la localización evidente de cada sistema. Se presenta un cuadro clasificatorio, desde el punto de vista de la habitalogía y un esquema habitalógico de los microhábitat, así como fotografías de los microhábitats.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [TR1_IRSTEA]QUASARE | This paper presents the main results of the study of water balance and surface heat balance in the Doñana marshlands. The study was based on a broad base of hydrometeorological data taken at 10 minute intervals from 2006 to 2011 by a network of six measuring stations located in areas of vegetation-free marsh. This information is used to characterize, at different time scales, the thermal behaviour of the marsh by analysing its hydrometeorology centering on the surface heat fluxes. Thus, we have modelled and analysed the heat flux between the water and flooded soil and the processes of heat transfer between the water surface and the atmosphere. Special attention has been paid to evaporation, on which the marsh draining process depends. | Este trabajo expone los principales resultados del estudio de los balances hídrico y térmico de la marisma de Doñana. El estudio se ha basado en una amplia base de datos hidrometeorológicos tomados a intervalos de 10 minutos entre los años 2006 y 2011 por una red de seis estaciones de medida localizadas en áreas no vegetadas de la marisma. Esta información ha permitido caracterizar, a diferente escala temporal, el comportamiento térmico de la marisma mediante la modelización y análisis de los flujos de calor entre el agua y el suelo inundado, así como los procesos de transferencia de calor entre la superficie libre del agua y la atmósfera. Se ha puesto especial atención en la cuantificación de la evaporación, de la que depende en gran medida el proceso de vaciado de la marisma.

Campus Chiritza suffers from problems of water quality permanently sharpen, the inhabitants of the sector have hypotheses address this appeal, calling it as unsafe for human consumption, why is needed Research entitled: Assessment water quality through quality Index water (ICA) enclosure Chiritza, parish Pacayacu province of Sucumbios, using the methodology of the Index water quality (ICA) through software ICAtest As computer tool for the Analysis and Assessment of Water Quality. Field research was to establish three sampling points d'Drinking Water System (water catchment, storage tank and taps property) and engage in physical, chemical and microbiological analysis of water in function ICA Methodology , parameters stories Were compared to Table I, Annex I, Book VI, Unified Text of Secondary Environmental Legislation (TULSMA). Finally if you set the Water Quality for Public Supply ES Terms ICA itself classified as Quality means: at source capture the index value is 66.53; Storage tank The value of the index is 63.21 and property index value is 52.37 titrating As unfit for human consumption. The measured parameters defined the condition f Resource That Were dissolved oxygen being and compared with TULSMA checks that do not reach the permissible limit given by the standard. As an active response to the problem if you develop a proposed Environmental Management Plan with activities that help improve the conditions of this resource, Self which consists of four programs: Community Relations (PRC), Environmental Education and Training (PECA), Protection and Conservation (PPC ), monitoring and Control (PMC) | El Recinto Chiritza adolece de problemas de calidad de agua que en permanencia se agudizan, los habitantes del sector presentan hipótesis frente a este recurso, calificándola como insegura para el consumo humano, razón por la cual es necesario realizar la investigación denominada: Evaluación de la calidad de agua mediante el Índice de Calidad del Agua (ICA) del recinto Chiritza, parroquia Pacayacu, provincia de Sucumbíos, mediante la metodología del Índice de Calidad del Agua (ICA), a través del software ICAtest como herramienta informática para el análisis y valoración de la calidad de agua. La investigación de campo consistió en establecer tres puntos de muestreo del sistema d agua potable (captación de agua, tanque de almacenamiento y en los grifos de los inmuebles) y realizar análisis físico, químico y microbiológico del agua en función de la metodología del ICA, tales parámetros fueron comparados con la Tabla I, Anexo I, Libro VI, del Texto Unificado Legislación Secundaria Medio Ambiente (T.U.L.S.M.A). Finalmente se establece que la calidad del agua para abastecimiento público en términos ICA se clasificó como calidad media: en la fuente de captación el valor del índice es de 66,53; tanque de almacenamiento el valor del índice es de 63,21 y en los inmuebles el valor del índice es de 52,37 valorándola como inadecuada para el consumo humano. Los parámetros medidos que definieron la condición del recurso fueron el Oxígeno Disuelto que al ser comparados con el TULSMA se comprueba que no alcanzan el límite permisible dados por la norma. Como una respuesta activa al problema se desarrolla una propuesta de Plan de Manejo Ambiental con actividades que ayudan a mejorar las condiciones de este recurso, mismo que consta de cuatro Programas: Relaciones Comunitarias (PRC), Educación y Capacitación Ambiental (PECA), Protección y Conservación (PPC), Monitoreo y Control (PMC).

O contexto de crise hídrica atual, associado às projeções de crescimento das demandas no futuro, evidencia uma condição de escassez iminente e, por conseguinte, a necessidade de adoção de políticas eficientes de planejamento e gestão que atuem de modo a disciplinar o uso dos recursos hídricos. Uma estratégia nesse sentido é a efetiva adoção da cobrança pelo uso da água, que, subsidiada pelo estabelecimento de critérios de uso adequado, tem um potencial regulador. Dentro desta perspectiva, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver uma metodologia para valoração da água com base na disponibilidade sazonal de recursos hídricos e aprimorar um critério de valoração da água na agricultura irrigada com base na efetiva demanda hídrica das culturas, sendo, para o desenvolvimento das proposições, utilizada a bacia do Paracatu. O desenvolvimento do critério relacionado à disponibilidade sazonal dos recursos hídricos baseou-se na consideração de que a água deve estar associada a uma diferente valoração ao longo do ano, de acordo com seu nível de disponibilidade em condições a fio d‘água. Para a caracterização dessa variação na hidrografia, foi considerada uma relação entre os valores de Q 10 mensais e de Q 10 anual, denominada RVM M/A . Visando à identificação de possíveis discrepâncias nos valores da RVM M/A, foi utilizada a técnica de box plot, seguida, posteriormente, pela análise de agrupamento visando a identificação de regiões homogêneas. Para a região homogênea considerada, foram estimados os valores médios mensais da RVM M/A e os respectivos intervalos de confiança inferiores, com 95% de probabilidade. O estabelecimento do critério fator de sazonalidade (F s ) foi dividido em três aproximações, que representam os ajustes feitos aos valores médios da RVM M/A . O fator de uso da água na irrigação foi criado por IBIO e Funarbe (2013) como incentivo ao uso eficiente da água na irrigação, e se baseia em uma relação entre a vazão unitária outorgada (q u i unitária tabelada (q u i tab out ) e um valor de vazão ), estimado com base na efetiva demanda hídrica das culturas e em valores de vazão unitária prefixados. O aprimoramento desta metodologia para valoração da água na agricultura irrigada consistiu na substituição dos valores q u i outorga de irrigação q u i hídrica da cultura (q u i tab ref. out máx. por uma vazão unitária de referência para , estimada com base na máxima demanda ), associada a um fator de desestímulo, que agrega maior valor à água quando o período de maior demanda para a irrigação das culturas temporárias coincide com o período de menor disponibilidade hídrica superficial a fio d‘água o qual foi estabelecido por um valor limite de RVM M/A igual a 1,5. A obtenção dos valores de q u i ref. out foi precedida por um estudo de identificação de regiões homogêneas quanto ao balanço hídrico entre evapotranspiração de referência e precipitação provável com 80% de probabilidade de ocorrência. Os valores q u i máx. corresponderam à máxima vazão unitária mensal estimada, considerando 12 calendários de cultivo ao longo do ano, com datas de plantio correspondentes ao primeiro dia de cada mês. | The water crisis context, associated with the growing projections of future demands, show a condition of imminent scarcity and therefore the need to adopt effective planning and management policies that aim to discipline the use of the water resources. In this sense, a potential strategy is to attribute value for the water resource, which, supported by the establishment of appropriate use criteria, has a regulator potential. Within this perspective, the present study aimed to develop a methodology to estimate the water cost based on its seasonal availability, and to improve an water valuing criteria for irrigated agriculture based on effective water demand of the crops, within the Paracatu watershed. The development of the criteria related to the seasonal availability of the water resources was based on the consideration that different costs should be attributed to this resource throughout the year, according to its availability under run-of-river conditions. In order to characterize the water value variation in the hydrography, a relationship between monthly Q 10 (low flow observed for seven consecutive days with a returning period of ten years) and annual Q 10 streamflow values named RVM M/A were considered. In order to identify possible discrepancies in the RVM M/A values, a box plot technique was used, followed by the cluster analysis to identify homogeneous regions. For the considered homogeneous region, average values of monthly RVM M/A and its lower confidence intervals were estimated, with 95% probability. The establishment of the seasonality factor criteria (F S ) was divided into three approaches, representing the adjustments made to the average RVM M/A values. The water use factor for irrigation was created by IBIO and Funarbe (2013) as an incentive to encourage efficient water use for irrigation, and is based on a relationship between the unitary granted discharge (q u i discharge (q u i tab. out. ) and an unitary tabulated ), estimated based on the effective water demand of the crops and prefixed unitary discharge values. The improvement of this methodology to determine the water value for irrigated agriculture consisted in the replacement of q u i grant q u i ref. out tab. values for a unitary reference discharge for irrigation ). The irrigation grant estimation was based on the culture maximum water demand (q u i máx. ), associated with a discouraging factor, which adds greater value to water when the highest irrigation demand of temporary crops coincides to the period of lowest run-of-river surface water availability, which was established by a RVM M/A limit value of 1.5. In order to obtain the q u i ref. out values, a study to identify the homogeneous regions, relating the water balance between reference evapotranspiration and probable precipitation with 80% of occurrence probability was developed. The q u i máx. values correspond the estimation of the maximum monthly unitary discharge, considering 12 cultivation calendars throughout the year, with planting dates corresponding to the first day of each month. | Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico