Transferability of 25 rye and 20 wheat simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were examined across Secale spp. to elucidate their genetic relationships. One hundred percent of rye and 75% of wheat SSR markers could be amplified in weedy and wild forms of Secale. However, only 84% of rye SSR markers were amplified in S. sylvestre indicating that this species had the furthest relation to the cultivated rye. The PCR products resulting from rye SSR tended to have similar size as the original size, while wheat SSRs tended to have a shorter size than that of the original size. Polymorphism in the allelic number and size was found in 68% of the rye and 40% of the wheat SSR markers. Several alleles were unique for the annual and perennial rye taxa, which were counted for 22 and 15%, respectively. Some SSR markers also produced specific alleles that could be used to identify certain taxa. The genetic relationships within the genus Secale based on SSR markers were discussed.

Rodent tuber (Typhonium flagelliforme Lodd.) is an Indonesian native plant that potential as anticancer. Even though the potential use of bioactive compounds from T. flagelliforme is very high, its genetic variation in Indonesia is low. Gamma irradiation can be used to increase genetic variation. The objective of this research was to obtain the first generation mutants (M1) of T. flagelliforme resulting from gamma irradiation of normal mother plantlets with different plant height and number of shoots. T. flagelliforme was irradiated at the doses of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 Gy. The percentage of plant death was then calculated to determine the Lethal Dose (LD) 50. T. flagelliforme was then re-irradiated at LD50 dose to obtain M1 mutant. The plant height and number of shoots variation was observed after eight weeks of culture. The analysis of T. flagelliforme radiosensitivity resulted in LD50 at 25 Gy. Observation at six weeks after irradiation showed significant differences between the normal mother plant, 20 Gy mutants, and 25 Gy mutants with an average plant height of 9.57, 3.41, and 2.43 cm respectively, and the average number of shoots produced was 7.85, 6.03, and 5.00 shoots respectively. Irradiation at 20 and 25 Gy produced 49 and 37 mutant plantlets. This research showed that gamma irradiation at LD50 dose could generate plant height and number of shoots variation of M1 mutant plantlets that are different from normal mother plantlets.

The aim of this research was to obtain the different characteristics of haemoglobin molecules in subjects under hypoxic condition, namely eel, catfish, suckermouth fish, green sea turtle using an electrophoresis technique. We used human umbilical cord blood and thalassemia patient blood, as well as a normal adult-human blood as controls. The proteins obtained after electrophoresis process were stained with two different colouring techniques, each based on different principles. Both staining techniques gave practically identical results. Subject that live in hypoxic condition has a different haemoglobin in comparison to the one found in adult human live in normal oxygen condition (normoxia). These hypoxia-adapted or -needed hemoglobin migrate slower than adult human hemoglobin from normoxia. This observation suggests that hemoglobin which is needed to live in hypoxic condition or environment is a different molecule. Whether this hemoglobin from hypoxic condition has a higher affinity to oxygen is not yet known. Further study is needed to clarify this issue.

Thiamine has fundamental role in energy metabolism. The organs mostly sensitive to the lack of thiamine levels in the body are the nervous system and the heart. Thiamine deficiency causes symptoms of polyneuritis and cardiovascular diseases. Because of its importance in the metabolism of carbohydrates, we need to measure the levels of thiamine in the body fluids by using an easy and inexpensive way without compromising the sensitivity and selectivity. An option to it is thiamine measurement based on the principle of which is analogous to ELISA, in which a thiamine binding protein (TBP) act by replacing antibodies. The presence of TBP in several seeds have been reported by previous researchers, but the presence of TBP in mung beans has not been studied. This study was aimed to isolate and purify TBP from mung bean. The protein was isolated from mung bean through salting out by ammonium sulphate of 40, 70, and 90% (w/v). TBP has a negative charge as shown by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. The result obtained after salting out by ammonium sulphate was further purified bymeans of DEAE-cellulose chromatography and affinity chromatography. In precipitation of 90% of salting out method, one peak protein was obtained by using affinity chromatography. The protein was analyzed by SDS PAGE electrophoresis. The result of SDS PAGE electrophoresis showed that TBP has a molecular weight of 72.63 kDa.

Subtilisin-like serine protease (MtSBT), serine carboxypeptidase (MtSCP), MtN5, non-specific lipid transfer protein (MtnsLTP), early nodulin2-like protein (MtENOD2-like), FAD-binding domain containing protein (MtFAD-BP1), and rhicadhesin receptor protein (MtRHRE1) were among 34 proteins found in the supernatant of M. truncatula 2HA and sickle cell suspension cultures. This study investigated the expression of genes encoding those proteins in roots and developing nodules. Two methods were used: quantitative real time RT-PCR and gene expression analysis (with promoter:GUS fusion) in roots. Those proteins are predicted as secreted proteins which is indirectly supported by the findings that promoter:GUS fusions of six of the seven genes encoding secreted proteins were strongly expressed in the vascular bundle of transgenic hairy roots. All six genes have expressed in 14-day old nodule. The expression levels of the selected seven genes were quantified in Sinorhizobium-inoculated and control plants using quantitative real time RT-PCR. In conclusion, among seven genes encoding secreted proteins analyzed, the expression level of only one gene, MtN5, was up-regulated significantly in inoculated root segments compared to controls. The expression of MtSBT1, MtSCP1, MtnsLTP, MtFAD-BP1, MtRHRE1 and MtN5 were higher in root tip than in other tissues examined.

Grevillea (Proteaceae) is native to Australia and is known as garden plant. The flowers have high diversity colors, which range over orange, yellow, pink, red and green. It is a large genus, consisted of 357 species. This genus is economically important and there are hundreds of Grevillea hybrids with beautiful color and shape of flower. Information of the genetic relationships of Grevillea hybrids is not yet available. Ten Grevillea hybrids were used in this study to evaluate the genetic relationships between hybrids and with their parents. PCR-RAPD technique was employed in this study with seven RAPD primers. The dendrogram of Grevillea hybrids was performed using Neighbor-Joining analysis based on genetic distance. The analysis revealed that ‘Moonlight’, ‘Caloundra Gem’, and Little Pink Willie’ were clustered with Grevillea banksii. The three hybrids were hybrid of G. banksii and other Grevillea species. ‘Superb’ was closely related to ‘Robyn Gordon’ as they are hybrid of G. banksii and G. bipinnatifida.

This research was conducted to identify volatile compounds of pluchea and basil essential oils and their antioxidant capacity to scavenge a DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhidrazyl) free radical and inhibit lipid peroxidation. Essential oil of pluchea and basil leaves was prepared by hydrodistillation method and then their volatile compounds were identified by GC-MS. The volatile compounds in the essential oil of pluchea leaves consist of 66 components with (10S,11S)-Himachala-3-(12)-4-diene (17.13%) made up the highest proportion of volatile compounds. Basil leaves had 70 volatile components in which the major components were (E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal (23.98%) and (Z)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienal (17.35%). Total phenol levels in pluchea and basil essential oils were 275 and 209 ppm, respectively. DPPH scavenging activity of the essential oil of pluchea leaves was lower than that of basil leaves, conversely inhibition activity of lipid peroxidation in palm oil of pluchea essential oil was higher than that of basil leaves.

Malaria is a serious global disease and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in tropical and sub-tropical countries. Radiation attenuated vaccines have been demonstrated to be an effective means of controlling certain parasitic infections such as malaria. Our previous research showed that irradiation dose of 150-175 Gy to Plasmodium berghei were enable to suppress the infected erythrocyte cells and irradiation dose at 150 Gy was more effective compared to 175 Gy in attenuate the parasites based on parasitemia index. Aim of this research was to investigate the most suitable irradiation dose to attenuated P. berghei based on the the histological changes in the liver mouse malaria model. Histological changes in mice liver because of Plasmodium is congestion in the sinusoids and masses of hemozoin. Fourty Swiss mice were randomly assigned to four equal groups. First group of mice were inoculated with the unirradiated malaria parasites as a positive control while negative control group represented uninfected normal control. The third group of mice was inoculated with the irradiated malaria parasites with dose 175 Gy. Last group were inoculated with the irradiated malaria parasites with dose 150 Gy. Mice were sacrificed at day 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 post inoculation for liver histological study. Their livers processed for histomorphometric assessment of sinusoidal area, haemozoin area and hepatosomatic index as a quantitative measure of altered morphology. Hepatic sinusoidal area in mice infected with the unirradiated malaria parasites increased by 104% in day 24 post inoculated compared to day 6 post inoculated, whereas a smaller increase of 46% occurred in mice that were inoculated with the irradiated malaria parasites with dose 150 Gy. The difference between positive control and 150 Gy group was significant (P < 0.05). The highest average haemozoin area in all days post inoculation was in positive control whereas a smaller occurred in mice that were inoculated with the irradiated malaria parasites with dose 175 Gy, but the different was not significant (P > 0.05). For hepatosomatic index (HSI) at day 24 post inoculation the HSI value in group 150 Gy (5.33) was the smallest compared to other groups. Based on our research it can be concluded that irradiation dose at 150 Gy was more effective compared to 175 Gy in attenuate the parasites based on assessment of sinusoidal area, and HSI value at 24 day post inoculation.