EU water protection strategy in the future will be based on the Frame Work Directive developed by EU Commission. For the first time in EU a comprehensive basic document lays down the legal frame-work which links together a series of already existing special directives for the protection of all surface and ground waters. One of these special directives is the Urban Waste Water Directive 271/91 which is especially interesting in regard to the future nutrient management in the Black Sea Catchment. Most of the countries within the Danube Catchment aim to become members of the EU at the same time the International Convention for the Protection of River Danube has already came into force, where EU will play an important role. The paper tries to outline the consequences of the "Combined Approach" contained in the EU Frame-work directive for the implementation of pollution reduction policy in regard to receiving water protection problems for tributaries (country level), the Danube River and the Black Sea. It turns out that for many tributaries the environmental standard principle will be decisive while for the large catchments and for the abatement of eutrophication in the Black Sea a strong precautionary principle will be advantageous at least for the next decade. It is also clear that for eutrophication abatement diffused sources of nutrients play a decisive role which implies that agriculture has to be included into water protection strategy from the beginning

Thesis (M.Env.Dev.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1999. | The study investigated the involvement of primary and secondary schools in waste management through recycling and composting, and the perceptions of teachers and pupils with regard to waste management. It also investigated the local municipality's attitude towards using schools to inculcate the culture of own waste management. It further investigated some of KwaZulu Natal's recycling industries/agents' attitudes toward using schools as "mini" depots for collection of recyclable materials. It was found that according to teachers perceptions most of the primary schools are engaged in waste management practices through recycling and composting, while secondary schools are less involved in waste management practices through recycling and composting. The results revealed that 53% of primary schools are involved in recycling projects, while only 10% of secondary schools are involved. It was also found that both primary and secondary school teachers are willing for their schools to be involved in waste management practices. Primary school pupils are more enthusiastic in collection of recyclable materials and composting projects as means of waste management as compared to secondary school pupils who are less interested. The results further revealed that there are no educational programmes that are initiated by the Pietermaritzburg-Msunduzi Municipality to inculcate the culture of waste management among the school pupils. There are a few industries that collect recyclable materials from schools in Greater Edendale by putting paper banks in some of the schools. It was also found that the Keep Pietermaritzburg Clean Association has an educational programme for waste management with some of the schools in Greater Edendale. This programme is called Environmental Award System for Youth (EASY), whereby schools receive awards for activities that they are involved in to manage waste. It is recommended that organisations such as the Greater Edendale Environmental Network be encouraged to establish educational programmes to help motivate and make pupils aware of the value of waste management. Recycling industries should also target primary and secondary schools for collection of recyclable materials, rather than only focusing on tertiary institutions. If this is done children will gradually become aware of the concept and value of recycling. Through the involvement of schools in waste management the public can be educated more to the role of responsible waste disposal and management.

The high metal contents of pig slurry spread on agricultural fields can bring large amounts of metals to the environment. This work is part of a large study aimed to determine the impact of land pig slurry applications on soil and water quality, with emphasis to metal distribution and speciation within such systems, and to soil retention capacity. This paper presents the main results of field and laboratory investigations about copper accumulation in a soil after high loads of pig slurry spreading. Samples were regularly collected on an experimental specially equipped field so-called "Solepur". On this field, numerous pig slurry applications were performed from 1991 to 1995, approximately corresponding to the amount which might have been spread over one century. The "Solepur" process can be considered as a simulation model for what happens to metals in pig slurry under normal field conditions over a long period of time. Total concentrations and speciation data of copper were measured during five years within four compartments: pig slurry, soil, drainage water and plants. It was then possible to calculate metal fluxes and budgets. The results showed accumulation of copper in bioavailable form in the soil surface layer, in the same form than in pig slurry, i.e. mainly "bound to organic matter", and very little downward metal movement was observed. Copper concentrations in drainage water were low and confirmed metal retention in the soil. Laboratory experiments carried out on copper soil retention capacity showed an enhanced adsorption of copper in the soil after high pig slurry applications. This result supports the idea that saturation of soil by copper from pig slurry is unlikely. | Les teneurs élevées en éléments métalliques contenus dans les lisiers épandus en agriculture peuvent entraîner des apports conséquents à l'environnement. Le but de ce travail est de déterminer le devenir de ces métaux issus des épandages de lisiers et de préciser les éventuels risques de pollutions des sols et des eaux par ces éléments en abordant l'aspect de la spéciation métallique et de la capacité de filtration du sol. Cet article présente les principaux résultats d'un travail au champ et en laboratoire sur l'accumulation de cuivre dans un sol soumis à des doses importantes apportées par les épandages de lisier de porc. Les échantillons ont été prélevés régulièrement sur un dispositif expérimental appelé SOLEPUR. Sur cette parcelle, de nombreux épandages de lisiers de porcs ont été effectués entre 1991 et 1995, correspondant globalement à ce qui serait épandu en 100 ans. Les concentrations totales en cuivre ainsi que la spéciation ont été mesurées sur 4 compartiments : lisier de porc, sol, eau de drainage et les végétaux. Les résultats montrent que l'accumulation du cuivre dans le sol s'effectue sous une forme biodisponible et dans une fraction liée à la matière organique. Il n'est pas observé de migration du cuivre en profondeur. Les concentrations en cuivre dans les eaux de drainage étaient très faibles, ce qui confirme la rétention de cet élément par le sol. Un essai en laboratoire sur l'évaluation de la capacité de rétention du sol en cuivre montre une capacité supérieure dans le sol soumis à des épandages intensifs.

La structure des fuimers présente de grandes variations en raison de la diversité des animaux, des stockages et des moyens de manutention. Les performances des épandeurs de fumier dépendent des propriétés du produit épandu. Il est donc nécessaire pour le Cemagref de déterminer les principales propriétés physiques du fumier lors des essais d'épandeur ou en vue de recherches sur l'épandage. Le « Swedish Institute of Agricultural Engineering » a défini une méthode de caractérisation. La mise en oeuvre de cette méthode nous a montré le besoin d'augmenter le nombre de critères à mesurer et de choisir des moyens de mesure utilisables au champ. Nous avons défini et testé des appareils de mesure spécifiques. Un ensemble de 6 mesures a été retenu pour chaque tas de fumier : densité : pesée de seaux. Cohésion : utilisation du pénétromètre ; résistance au cisaillement : utilisation du scissomètre ; taux de matière sèche : séchage à l'étuve ; richesse en paille ; coefficient de frottement : plan incliné. Ces mesures ont été effectuées sur 25 fumiers différents. Nous avons défini un coefficient d'hétérogénéité, à partir des courbes du pénétromètre sur une profondeur de 20 à 65 cm. Les résultats ont été comparés afin de dégager les propriétés générales des types de fumier correspondants. Pour justifier l'intérêt de ces mesures de caractérisation, nous avons cherché leur relation avec les performances d'un épandeur. Trois relations principales ont fait l'objet de vérifications:densité et débit; résistance au cisaillement et couple d'entraînement; hétérogénéité et précision d'épandage. | The great variability of animal manure characteristics is due to the large diversity of livestock, storage type and handling equipment. The performance of a spreader is directly related to the physical properties of the material being spread out. When testing a spreader or researching spreading techniques, it is necessary to know the main physical characteristics of the manure. The Swedish Institute of Agricultural Engineering has already developed a characterisation method. The implementation of their method has highlighted the necessity of increasing the number of factors measured and selecting equipment that may be used easily in the field. Cemagref have designed and tested measuring equipment specific for this purpose. A combination of 6 measurements has been set up for each heap of manure: Bulk density : weight of a bucket; cohesion : use of a penetrometer; shear stress resistance : use of a scissometer. Dry matter content: use of an oven; Straw content; friction coefficient : use of an inclined plane. These measurements have been carried out on 25 different types of manure. An heterogeneity coefficient has been determined based on several points of the graph obtained with the penetrometer at depths from 25 centimetres to 60 centimetres below the surface. Results were then compared to determine the main characteristics of each type of manure. To confirm the usefulness of these measurements we analysed the relationship between these measures and the performance of the spreader. Three main relationships have been verified; density and discharge rate; shear stress resistance and drive torque; heterogeneity and spreading precision.

Un pilote de laboratoire a été développé afin d'étudier le devenir de l'azote au cours du traitement aérobie du lisier. Différents procédés aérobies, l'aération en continu et l'aération séquentielle, ont été évalués. Pour chacune des 4 séquences testées, un bilan azoté incluant la mesure des formes azotées gazeuses (ammoniac et protoxyde d'azote) a été effectué. L'aération continue a permis d'obtenir une élimination d'azote de l'ordre de 95% de l'azote ammoniacal du lisier brut (contrôle rédox = 0 mVAg/AgCl). L'élimination a été moins importante avec un contrôle rédox = -50 mVAg/AgCl à cause de la limitation en oxygène pour la nitrification. L'aération séquentielle, avec des séquences d'aération de 9 à 15 heures par jour, a permis une élimination d'azote d'environ 82% de l'azote ammoniacal du lisier brut. Environ 30-33% de l'azote ammoniacal du lisier brut a été émis sous forme de N2O pendant l'aération continue tandis que les émissions de N2O ont pu être réduites, pendant l'aération séquentielle, de 30% (aération: 2.5 hours, anoxie: 1.5 hours) à 0% en utilisant des périodes anoxiques plus longues (aération: 1.5 hours, anoxie: 2.5 hours). | A laboratory treatment system was designed to study the fate of nitrogen during aerobic treatment of pig slurry. Different aeration processes, continuous and intermittent, were evaluated. For each of the four runs evaluated, the nitrogen mass balance was determined including measurement of the gaseous nitrogen forms (ammonia and nitrous oxide). For continuous aeration, nitrogen removal could rise up to 95% of the total ammoniacal content of the raw slurry (redox control = 0 mVAg/AgCl) but was less important (45.7%) with redox potential control = -50 mVAg/AgCl due to oxygen limitation for ammonium oxidation. Concurrently, intermittent aeration with aeration sequences of 9 and 15 hours/day led to a nitrogen removal of about 82% of total ammoniacal nitrogen content of the raw slurry. Between 30-33% of total ammoniacal nitrogen content of the raw slurry was emitted as N2O during continuous aeration while N2O emissions could be reduced from 30% of the total ammoniacal nitrogen content of the raw slurry during intermittent aeration (aeration: 2.5 hours, anoxic: 1.5 hours) to 0 using anoxic period longer (aeration: 1.5 hours, anoxic: 2.5 hours).

RESUMEN La planificación de la gestión integral de residuos sólidos municipales ha tomado importancia en los últimos años y se ha desarrollado y propuesto principalmente en las ciudades del primer mundo. La gestión integral ahí se ha caracterizado por incorporar alternativas de tratamiento de residuos con tecnologías de punta, desarrolladas a la luz de la minimización de los residuos y el aprovechamiento material y/o energético de los mismos. Siendo una prioridad la sostenibilidad del medio ambiente y la conservación de los recursos del planeta se hace fundamental difundir y aplicar por doquier los avances en la gestión integral de los residuos sólidos y líquidos generados por las actividades humanas. El presente documento hace una revisión exhaustiva de la bibliografía existente en el mundo, proporcionada principalmente por las organizaciones y asociaciones relacionadas con la gestión de los residuos sólidos municipales. De ahí propone la evaluación de la separación en la fuente y la recogida selectiva como el mejor camino para aplicar la gestión integral en las ciudades medias de los países en desan-ollo. Como resultado de la recogida selectiva de los residuos sólidos domiciliarios se producen corrientes de residuos orgánicos y residuos inertes de calidad. Los primeros son tratados por compostaje y vermicompostaje, dando por resultado compost y humus de lombriz de buena calidad. Los residuos inertes recuperados presentan condiciones aptas para su reciclaje, generando un potencial de recuperación muy por arriba de los obtenidos por segregación en los vertederos. Se consideran las experiencias obtenidas para proponer una metodología para la planificación de las gestión integral de los residuos sólidos en ciudades medias de los países en desarrollo y se presenta un caso práctico para la gestión de residuos sólidos en la conurbación Minatitlán- Cosoleacaque, en el sur de México. La metodología propuesta se finca en la recogida selectiva y el compostaje, como etapas iniciales de la implantación de la gestión integral. Las expectativas para la gestión de los residuos sólidos en los países en desarrollo y la generación de la normatividad de apoyo urgen de una plataforma de investigación y estudio de los residuos sólidos que permitan a bajo costo lograr el enfoque integral planteado en el primer mundo. ABSTRACT Integrated Municipal Solld Waste Management has taken importance at last years and it has been developed and applied mainly in first worid cities. Integrated Management at these cities is characterized for incorporating best technologies. These have been developed thinking about waste minimlzation and máximum utilization of their material components and energetic potentlal. Since conservation of natural resources and protection of environment is nowadays a priority, is very important to disseminate and apply by anywhere got progress at field of integrated solid and liquid waste management produced for human activities. This document makes a exhaustive bibliographic survey in issues, providing mainly by worId organizations and associatlons related with municipal solid waste management. Therefore, it is proposed the evaluation of waste source separation and selective recollection like the best way to promote and apply the integrated solid waste in médium cities of developing countries. The residential solid waste selective recollection produces streams of quality organic wastes and inert wastes. The first wastes are treating by composting and vermicomposting, getting good quality compost an vermlcompost. The recuperated inert wastes have good conditions to sell or send to the recycling companies. At this way is possible to elevating the recuperation and recycling potential and the materials has a better quality that recuperated wastes at the landfíll. Experiences of this research are used for proposing a methodology to planning integrated solid waste management for médium cities of the developing countries. Also is presented a case of study for solid waste management of one área at the South of México. The proposed methodology is based at the selective recollection of residential solid waste and composting for organic solid waste for the beginning of the plan. The future for the management of solid waste for developing countries and the normative about solid waste management are urged for a platform of investigation and study for solid waste able to incorporating the integral perception of the developed countries.