El cultivo de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.), una de las hortalizas más cultivadas en el mundo, se enfrenta a diferentes patógenos del suelo que afectan su morfología, fisiología, bioquímica y regulación genética de las plantas. El hongo fitopatógeno Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) agente causal de la marchitez vascular del tomate causa pérdidas superiores al 60% en este cultivo. En esta revisión se presentan los mecanismos fisiológicos, bioquímicos y moleculares desarrollados en la interacción tomate – Fol. La co-evolución entre plantas y patógenos ha facilitado el desarrollo de mecanismos de defensa en las plantas que les permite protegerse frente a los efectos nocivos de la invasión por parte del patógeno, mientras que los patógenos implementan estrategias para imponerse frente a la resistencia de las plantas. Las consecuencias fisiológicas del ataque por Fol incluyen respuestas al déficit hídrico, regulaciones en la conductancia estomática, cambios en la fotosíntesis, así como alteraciones en los contenidos de clorofila y su fluorescencia. Estos cambios pueden ser explicados, en parte, con base en respuestas oxidativas, producción de metabolitos secundarios y activación de vías de señalización hormonales que hacen parte de una compleja red bioquímica activada tras la infección por el patógeno. | Tomate-Solanum lycopersicum

La muerte progresiva de los árboles de lima Tahiti en etapa productiva fue ocasionada por la fisiopatía Wood pocket (WP) observada en la región productora del centro-norte del Tolima (Colombia) en 2012, lo que provocó un detrimento significativo en la producción de frutos del 79,98% en relación con el año 2011. La presencia y nivel de daño causado por WP se ha asociado a condiciones de clima cálido seco relacionado principalmente con altas temperaturas, condición similar a la que ocurre en esta zona productora. Se sabe poco sobre las causas de la disminución del intercambio gaseoso y el potencial hídrico de las hojas en plantas afectadas por WP, por lo tanto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar las relaciones entre los parámetros fisiológicos (potencial hídrico foliar e intercambio de gases foliar) de las plantas de lima de Tahití con síntomas de WP con las condiciones hidrodinámicas y humedad del suelo en la región de cultivo de Lima. El efecto de WP y las condiciones hidrodinámicas y humedad del suelo, sobre los parámetros fotosintéticos y el potencial hídrico foliar se determinó en un ensayo experimental en una plantación comercial de Lima Tahití ubicada en el municipio de Flandes. Los valores en parámetros fotosintéticos y potencial hídrico foliar incluso en plantas sanas fueron inferiores a los reportados para esta especie y la presencia de WP los disminuyo en mayor proporción. Nuestros resultados indicaron que las propiedades hidrodinámicas, la baja disponibilidad de agua en este suelo y las condiciones climáticas son favorables para el desarrollo de WP. Planteamos la hipótesis de que el constante déficit hídrico y las altas temperaturas provocan la rotura de las traqueidas y la cavitación en el xilema deteriorando el sistema vascular provocando la muerte de la madera o WP. | Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural - MADR | Lima-Citrus aurantifolia

El presente estudio se realizó con el objeto de conocer los requisitos de calidad para la comercialización de los frutos de berenjena en las principales ciudades de consumo en Colombia. Para ello, se realizaron encuestas semiestructuradas que contemplaban aspectos sobre la comercialización, mercado, uso, consumo y calidad de los frutos en relación con las preferencias de los comercializadores de la fruta y los restaurantes de comida árabe y sirio-linabesa. Se realizó estadística descriptiva, análisis de componentes principales y correspondencias múltiples. Los resultados permitieron identificar las características de los comercializadores, procedencia de frutos, precios, presentaciones, mercados de destino y aspectos más relevantes asociados a la calidad extrínseca del fruto. Se encontró que, aunque existe un mercado para todo tipo de frutos, en las ciudades del interior del país prefieren frutos de color negro, brillante, firmes y con forma aperada, mientras que en la región Caribe se prefieren frutos de color lila o morado, más largos que anchos, con forma tipo bombillo. Los resultados permitieron concluir que los aspectos de calidad que más determinan las decisiones de compra en los restaurantes son el tamaño, la firmeza, forma y brillo de los frutos, mientras que, en las plazas de mercado y centros de acopio, son el color, tamaño y la sanidad de los frutos. Se recomienda que los programas de mejoramiento genético en el país se orienten hacia la obtención variedades con colores, forma y tamaño, acordes a las preferencias del mercado regional y local, resaltando la importancia de obtener frutos con mayor firmeza con el fin de mejorar la vida de anaquel. | Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria - (AGROSAVIA) | Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural - MADR | Berenjena-Solanum melongena

The fabrication and use of compost are accepted thoroughly as a sustainable practice. In the "UCTB Soils Cienfuegos", Cuba, a research was carried out with the objective of evaluating the composting process starting from different combinations of plant residues with the addition of a microbial inoculant. A complete randomized block design with five treatments, and three replicates was used. The temperature was measured during the whole process, the decomposition and the chemical composition of the obtained compost was determined. Temperature maintained, indistinctly, for all treatments the sequence of the phases: Mesophyll, Thermophile and Mesophyll II, with a duration of the composting process between 105-110 days, and a percentage of decomposition of 78,2%, 84,6% and 88,6% respectively in the treatments 1, 2 and 3. In treatments 4 and 5, the duration of the process extended between 135-140 days, with a decomposition of 68% and 69,4% respectively, without effect on the decomposition level. The results allow to conclude that all compost types obtained are viable for use provided based on compost properties. Treatment 3 showed the lergest nitrogen value (1,55%), potassium (1,87%), organic matter (62,8%), phosphorus content of 0,53%, carbon/nitrogen (C/N) rate 23,29 and the highest percentage of decomposition.

The progressive death of Tahiti lime trees in productive stage was evidenced in the production region of north-central Tolima in 2012, which led to significant detriment in fruit production of 79.98% in relation to the year 2011. Tree deterioration caused by progressive death of tissue or wood was attributed to the presence of the physiopathy known worldwide as Wood pocket (WP) because its damage was not associated with the presence of a pathogen in diagnostic tests in the laboratory. The presence and level of damage caused by WP has been associated with dry warm climate conditions related mainly to high temperatures, a condition similar to that which occurs in this producing area. The effect of WP on the photosynthetic parameters and leaf water potential was determined in an experimental trial in a commercial plantation of Lima Tahiti located in Flandes. In this area, hydrodynamic properties and the moisture content of the soil were characterized, and monitoring of climate conditions was also carried out. Our results indicated that the hydrodynamic properties, low availability of water in this soil and climatic conditions are favorable for the development of WP. The values in photosynthetic parameters and leaf water potential even in healthy plants are lower than those reported for this species, indicating that the plants are in constant condition of water stress that can be increased by the high average temperature. The presence of WP decreases in greater proportion the photosynthesis efficiency and water potential in leaf tissue. We hypothesized that the constant water deficit and high temperatures cause rupture of tracheids and cavitation in the xylem deteriorating the vascular system causing the death of wood or WP.

The heavy metal mercury among other toxic metals can accumulate in plant organs in large quantities toxic to humans. Carpinus betulus is a most species from Caspian hyrcanian Mixed Forests, in this research it was studied that how much mercury absorbed from the environment . Twenty five trees were randomly selected, and the distances between trees (Hornbeam) were 10 to 15 meters in industrial park in North of Iran . From each tree selected, 15 grams leaves and 15 grams root were harvested with horticultural scissors and 15 g of soil from 30 cm depth. Four stations were selected near steel factory. A control station, located 2 km from the steel factory was selected and three stations were located near the steel factory. Samples of leaves, soil and roots are prepared after encoding, placed in paper envelopes and transferred to the lab. The amount of mercury in plant samples was prepared by dry digestion with atomic absorption spectroscopy. To compare the effect of mercury concentration on leaf and stem and root, Tukey's test was used. The average concentration of mercury in soil is 0.96 mg / kg, root 0.551 mg / kg, leaf 0.28 mg / kg. With increasing mercury, observed in the amount of leaf chlorophyll content is decreased. According to conducted investigations in study the Carpinus betulus tree can be concluded that the accumulation amount of heavy metal, mercury, and hornbeam is suitable for absorbing the contamination of mercury of soil pollution

El cultivo de duraznero constituye el cuarto renglón agrícola de la provincia de Pamplona, Norte de Santander, Colombia, sin embargo, son escasos los resultados de investigación sobre los temas fitopatológicos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la influencia de diferentes momentos de poda sobre la dinámica estacional de las principales enfermedades del duraznero Prunus persica L. Batsch en el municipio de Cácota. Para lograrlo, se tomaron parcelas con tres momentos de poda del cultivar Gran Jarillo, evaluándose el porcentaje de incidencia, severidad y el Área Bajo la Curva de Progreso de la Enfermedad (ABCPE) de las principales enfermedades del follaje y de los frutos. Los lotes se evaluaron por un periodo de 11 meses. Al finalizar el ciclo productivo para cada variable se realizó un análisis estadístico de comparación de medias para muestras no relacionadas según la prueba de Z (p<0,05). Se utilizaron los paquetes estadísticos Statistix V4 y SPSS 23. Como resultado se evidenció que Taphrina deformans afecta principalmente las hojas y Sphaerotheca pannosa los frutos. La primera se evidencia desde el momento en que las primeras hojas se despliegan y alcanzó su máxima incidencia entre los 57 y 99 DDP para la poda de noviembre y marzo, respectivamente. S. pannosa obtuvo su mayor incidencia (98,76%) a los 166 DDP en de poda de noviembre, para este mismo tratamiento Monilinia fructicola alcanzó su incidencia más alta a los 260 DDP y solo afectó frutos en estado de maduración.

The edaphic fauna is a biological indicator of soil fertility. Knowing its diversity allows establishing functional relationships with it and making decisions to establish conservation practices. The objective of this work was to evaluate the richness (Ri), relative abundance (AR), and diversity of the edaphic fauna in four municipalities of the department of Nariño, La Union, Sandona, Consaca y La Florida. The samplings were carried out at three altitudes, which were considered as replicates. In secondary forests and coffee crops, Ri and AR were recorded in mulch, between 10 and 20 cm, and between 20 and 30 cm deep. In Consacá, were registered 19,836 individuals of 24 orders, of which 37.6% corresponded to forest and 62.4% to coffee. Florida showed 13,980 individuals from 16 orders of which 41.3% were located in the forest and 58.7% in coffee. In La Unión, were found 6,935 individuals in 17 orders, where 64.2% were located in the forest and 35.8% in coffee. The number of individuals in Sandoná was 10,436, of which 10.7% were located in the forest and 89.3% in coffee. In forests, there were higher values of diversity than in coffee crops. The systems x depths interaction was not significant, an exception of the Shannon-Weaver and Simpson indices in Sandoná. Hymenoptera, Acari and Coleóptera were the most prevalent with differences in Ri and AR between forest and coffee.

Water management of strawberry cultivation is one of the main problems of production in Colombia, reflected in the loss of fruit or deformation of the same. Plants of two strawberry varieties (Fragaria x ananassa Duch), were irrigated in optimum and slight hydric deficit conditions, in a high tunnel system at the Savannah of Bogotá. Environmental variables (temperature, relative humidity, PAR radiation and vapor pressure deficit) and physiological variables (canopy temperature, substrate moisture content, stomatal conductance) were monitored for five months, in order to validate the hydric status of the crop through use of water stress index – CWSI. It was concluded that the use of thermographic images is a valid tool to detect hydric stress in protected small crops, given its high correlation with other methods and is one of the most complete monitoring methods for water management, since it relates the physiological characteristics of the crop with the climatic variables that affect it.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a worldwide commercially important grown vegetable. Tomato plants are infected by different soil-borne pathogens that affect morphology, physiology, biochemistry and genetic regulation of plants. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) is the causal agent of Fusarium wilt of tomato and causes significant yield losses-up to 60%- in tomato crops. This review presents the physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms undertaken in the tomato-Fol interaction. The co-evolution between plants and pathogens has allowed the development of an immune system to protect plants against the pathogen invasion, while pathogens implement strategies to overcome plant defense responses. Physiological consequences of F. oxysporum infection include responses to water deficit, regulation of stomatal conductance, influence on photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll content. These physiological and molecular changes can be, at least, partially explained by the activation of different processes, such as oxidative responses, secondary metabolites production and induction of hormone signal pathways, as part of a complex biochemical network activated during the infection.