In Situ Bioremediation of Perchlorate in Vadose Zone Source Areas
2011
Diebold, Jay
Ammonium perchlorate (NH4ClO4 Biological treatment has been successfully applied for ex situ remediation of perchlorate in groundwater beginning in 1998, and in situ applications are rapidly emerging. During the past decade, a variety of microbial strains have been isolated with the ability to degrade perchlorate by using the molecule as a terminal electron acceptor (Coates and Achenbach, 2004; Coates et al., 1999; Rikken et al., 1996; Wallace et al., 1996; Logan, 1998; Wu et al., 2001). In general, these perchlorate-reducing bacteria (PRB) are facultative anaerobes, capable of utilizing oxygen, nitrate, and perchlorate as electron acceptors (Coates and Achenbach, 2004). Research suggests that these organisms are naturally-occurring in many environments, including groundwater aquifers, sludges, and raw wastewater, as well as in soils (Coates and Achenbach, 2004; Coates et al., 1999; Wu et al., 2001; Waller et al., 2004). Such strains have been successfully utilized in ex situ fluidized bed reactor systems to treat perchlorate-contaminated groundwater at five sites, including the Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant (Karnack, TX), Aerojet Corporation (Rancho Cordova, CA), Tronox LLC (formerly Kerr-McGee Corp production facility; Henderson, NV), and Jet Propulsion Labs (Pasadena, CA) (Hatzinger, 2005; McCarty and Meyer, 2005). Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactors (CSTRs) have also been successfully applied to biologically treat high concentrations of perchlorate in wastewater (Hatzinger, 2005). ) has been used for several decades in the United States as an oxidizer in solid propellants and explosives.
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