Focusing on Adenosine Receptors as a Potential Targeted Therapy in Human Diseases
2020
Wiwin Is Effendi | Tatsuya Nagano | Kazuyuki Kobayashi | Yoshihiro Nishimura
Adenosine is involved in a range of physiological and pathological effects through membrane-bound receptors linked to G proteins. There are four subtypes of adenosine receptors, described as A<sub>1</sub>AR, A<sub>2A</sub>AR, A<sub>2B</sub>AR, and A<sub>3</sub>AR, which are the center of cAMP signal pathway-based drug development. Several types of agonists, partial agonists or antagonists, and allosteric substances have been synthesized from these receptors as new therapeutic drug candidates. Research efforts surrounding A<sub>1</sub>AR and A<sub>2A</sub>AR are perhaps the most enticing because of their concentration and affinity; however, as a consequence of distressing conditions, both A<sub>2B</sub>AR and A<sub>3</sub>AR levels might accumulate. This review focuses on the biological features of each adenosine receptor as the basis of ligand production and describes clinical studies of adenosine receptor-associated pharmaceuticals in human diseases.
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