Assessing persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Sicily Island atmosphere, Mediterranean, using PUF disk passive air samplers
2016
Pozo, Karla | Palmeri, Margherita | Palmeri, Valeria | Estellano, Victor H. | Mulder, Marie D. | Efstathiou, Christos I. | Sará, Gian Luca | Romeo, Teresa | Lammel, Gerhard | Focardi, S. (Silvano)
In this study, PUF disk passive air samplers were deployed at eight sites, during two sampling periods, on the Island of Sicily in the Mediterranean basin. Samples were screened for a number of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (n = 28 congeners), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) (n = 16 compounds), and polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs n = 28) using GC-MS. PCB concentrations in air ranged ~10–300 pg m⁻³. The PCB pattern was dominated by lower to middle molecular weight PCBs (Cl₃–₅) and PCB-28 and PCB-52 were the most abundant congeners. α- and γ-Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) concentrations in air were relatively high ~420 ± 320 (50–1000) and 460 ± 340 (30–1000) pg m⁻³, respectively, with an average α/γ ratio of 1 ± 0.5, indicating a tendency of higher use of lindane than of technical HCH. Among DDTs, only p,p′-DDT 90 ± 15 (~10–800) and p,p′-DDE 60 ± 60 (20–400) were frequently detected. DDT/DDE = 0.4–3.0 (1.0 ± 0.7 for both periods) suggesting past and fresh inputs of DDT at the sampling sites. α-Endosulfan, recently included in Annex A of the Stockholm Convention, fluctuated between 120 ± 50 (50–1000) pg m⁻³. In contrast, PBDE levels were very low (0.2–2 pg m⁻³). Back trajectories of advection suggest that POP levels are mainly related to local sources (primary or secondary) from Sicily (50–70 % contribution of air masses), Southern Italy, and Sardinia (20 %). This study provides new information for POP levels in the atmosphere of the Mediterranean region.
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