Survival, Development, and Size of Larval Tiger Beetles: Effects of Food and Water
1988
Knisley, C Barry | Juliano, Steven A.
We manipulated the amount of food and water (soil moisture) available to natural populations of larval tiger beetles in Arizona. Supplemental food increased survivorship of first instars to the second instar in all species in at least one of two years. Supplemental soil moisture usually increased, but sometimes decreased, survival of first instars. Interaction of food and water treatments was significant in a few cases, but the nature of the interaction varied greatly among species and years. Significant mortality of first instars from natural enemies occurred, and may explain the anomalous cases of first—instar survival with food exclusion (since enemies were also excluded by this treatment). Food supplementation increased first—instar—to—adult survivorship for all species and third—instar—to—adult survivorship for most species; in contrast, water supplementation had no effect on most species. Food manipulation, but not water manipulation, also affected development time or size of adults (usually both) for all seven species tested. Supplemental food produced larger adults and resulted in more rapid maturation. Reduced food resulted in delayed development, and this usually resulted in death. The results of this study provide one of the few cases in which simultaneous effects of two major ecological factors have been analyzed for a large set of similar species in an array of habitats. The prevalence of food limitation and the frequent lack of a detectable consistent interaction between food availability and water availability in this system indicate that food limitation and resource competition may be the dominant factors controlling these organisms.
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