Manual on sea level: Measurement and interpretation, Volume 4 - An update to 2006

2. The Nature of Sea Level Variations 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Surface Waves 2.3 Seiches 2.4 Tides 2.4.1 Tidal Analysis 2.5 Storm surges 2.6 Tsunamis 2.7 Mean Sea Level and Trends 2.8 Estimation of Extreme Sea Levels 2.8.1 Introduction 2.8.2 The Annual Maximum Method (AMM) 2.8.3 The Joint Probabilities Method (JPM) 2.8.4 The Revised Joint Probabilities Method (RJPM) 2.8.5 The Exceedance Probabilities Method 2.8.6 Spatial Estimation of Extremes 3. Instruments for the Measurement of Sea Level 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 The Choice of a Tide Gauge Site 3.2 The Stilling Well 3.2.1 Datum Switches 3.3. Pressure Gauges 3.3.1 Pneumatic Bubbler Gauges 3.3.2 Pressure Sensor Gauges 3.3.3 The Datum of a Pressure System 3.3.4 Multiple Pressure Transducer Systems (‘B’ gauges) 3.3.5 Pressure Transducers in Stilling Wells 3.3.6 Bottom-mounted Pressure Gauges 3.4 Acoustic Tide Gauges 3.4.1 Acoustic Gauges with Sounding Tubes 3.4.2 Acoustic Gauges without Sounding Tubes 3.5 Radar Gauges 3.6 Summary of the Merits of Different Technologie 4. Datum Control and Levelling 4.1 Datums and Benchmarks 4.1.1 Tide Gauge Benchmark (TGBM) 4.1.2 GPS Benchmark (GPSBM) 4.1.3 Gauge Contact Point (CP) 4.1.4 Tide Gauge Zero (TGZ) 4.1.5 Revised Local Reference (RLR) Datum 4.1.6 National Levelling Network 4.1.7 Chart Datum 4.1.8 Working Datums 4.2 Levelling Between Local Benchmarks 4.3 Levelling Between Wider Area Marks 4.4 Geodetic Fixing of Tide Gauge Benchmarks 4.4.1 Introduction 4.4.2 GPS Measurements 4.4.3 DORIS Measurements 4.4.4 Absolute Gravity Measurements 4.4.5 Geocentric Co-ordinates and Vertical Land Movements of Tide Gauge Benchmarks 5. Real Time Data Transmission 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Choice of a System 5.3 Data Transmission Systems 5.3.1 Systems already well established 5.3.2 Systems now being applied or considered for application in the transmission of sea level data 5.3.3 The Global Telecommunications System (GTS) 5.4 Data Transmission Formats 6. Quality Control of Data 7. Training Materials and Contacts 8. New Techniques for Sea Level Measurements 8.1 GPS on Buoys 8.2 GNSS Reflectometry

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