This investigation was conducted for two successive seasons (2013 and 2014) in a private vineyard located at 64 Km of Cairo-Alexandria desert road to study the possibility of using organic products to reduce powdery mildew, which it is reflect in reducing yield and fruit quality of King Ruby grapevines. The chosen vines were ten-years-old, grown in a sandy loam soil, spaced at 1.5 X 3.0 meters apart and irrigated by the drip irrigation system, trained to bilateral cordon with spur pruning, and trellised by the "Y" shape system. The vines were pruned during the last week of January with bud load of (60buds/vine). Application of different biocontrol agents Trichoderma harziamum, Trichoderma viride, Bacillus subtilis as well as blight stop a commercial biocide which contains different isolates of Trichoderma forms in Arabic gum and potassium soap) were obtained kindly from central lab. of organic agriculture, ARC. Giza, in an attempt reduces powdery mildew of the plants. The results showed that all vital bioagents treatments significantly were reduced the powdery mildew disease compared with micron sulphur and control in both season. However, spraying mixture of Trichoderma harziamum + Trichoderma viride and blight stop gave the least disease incidence and severity which it is reflect to increase yield, achieve the best physical characteristics of bunches as well as improving the physical and chemical properties of berries.

Tomato crop is considered one of the most important strategic green crops at the national level. It is one of the food and manufacturing crops that some food industry uses it as pasle, it is alse an important source in its contribution to the Egyptian national agricultural income. The research aims at estimating the response supply for winter tomato crop in Egypt to determine the most important variables that can affect the response of the cultivated area of this crop. In addition to estimating the flexibility of the response to these variables, and the amount of the annual response to tomato farmers, and thus reach to the appropriate period necessary to achieve complete response. The response functions show has been estimated in accordance with the model of Marc Nerlov, and the model of Robert Solow. The results of estimating the response supply of the winter tomato crop in Egypt using the model Marc Nerlov for partial adaptation during the period (1995-2013) have shown that the production of the tomato crop per feddan is one of the most variables impact on the farmer's response to the expansion for the cultivation winter tomato., it has Also been clear that there is a response from winter tomato growers to the relative prices between the winter tomatoes and both of the sugar beet and beans. Besides that the results of estimating the response functions show for the winter tomato crop have shown according to the model of Robert Solow that the production of the winter tomato crop per feddan is considered one of the best variables impact on farmer's response to the expansion for the cultivation winter tomato. It has also, been clear that there is a response from the winter tomato growers to the relative prices between the winter tomatoes and both of the sugar beet and beans crops. The research recommends the need to activate the role of agricultural guidance and expansion of the establishment of the indicative fields in order to encourage farmers to use tomato varieties with high productivity. The research, also, recommends the expansion in tomato manufacturing so that it can make a kind of balance between the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied and thus the possibility of maintaining the price stability.

The study aimed basically at identifying the determinants of agricultural modernization in Siwa oasis through: identifying the level of agricultural modernization in the study area, determining the correlation between the level of farmer’s agricultural modernization and some of the studied variables, identifying the effects of the studied independent variables on the level of respondent farmers’ agricultural modernization and identifying the most important problems facing the agricultural modernization efforts in the study area and suggestions  to solve them from the perspective of respondent farmers. The study was conducted in Siwa oasis, Matrouh governorate on a random sample of farmers located in the area. Data were collected through personal interviews using a questionnaire. The statistical analyzing tools used in the study were: Pearson’s correlation coefficient, Chi square test, Cramer’s coefficient, stepwise multiple regression in addition to frequencies, percentages, arithmetic mean, standard deviation and alpha coefficient. The findings showed that about 18.2% of respondent farmers had a low level of agricultural modernization, 48.2% of them had a moderate level and about 33.6% of respondent farmers had a high level of agricultural modernization. The findings showed also that there was a positive significant relationship at the probability level of 0.01 between the level of respondent farmers’ agricultural modernization and the following variables: family size, farm holding size, organizations’ membership, geographic openness, utilization of extension information sources, the level of ambition and social affiliation. There was also a negative significant relationship at the probability level of 0.01 between the level of respondent farmers’ agricultural modernization and farmers’ ages. Finally, there were four independent variables contributes in explaining the total variance of the level of respondent farmers’ agricultural modernization, these variables were: educational level, family size, organizations’ membership and farm holding size.

The interaction of pulsing in preservatives, growth regulators and cold storage on vase life and quality of Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora) cut flowers was investigated. Chrysanthemum cut flowers were treated with benzyl adenine (BA), silver nitrate (AgNO3), cobalt sulfate (CoSO4) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and then were placed in cold storage at 5ºC for periods of 1, 2 and 3 weeks. Vase life, fresh weight, total chlorophyll and total carbohydrate were determined. Cold storage for one week and pulsing with BA and AgNO3 showed longest vase life, the lowest chlorophyll decrease and highest total carbohydrate content.

Although Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) is chiefly known as a vegetable herb, little information about the botanical characteristics of such plant are available. Therefore, it is aimed in this study to bring light more information about the morphological, anatomical and some important chemical contents of vegetative and reproductive organs of the plant, throughout the consecutive stages of its entire life span under the local conditions. Seeds of Asparagus (cv. Mary Washington 500 W) were sown 2nd Feb. 2013. The field experiment was carried out at the Experimental and Research Station of Fac. of Agric., Cairo Univ., Giza, Egypt during the two successive growing seasons 2013 and 2014. Asparagus is a herbaceous, perennial plant that grows up to 1.5- 2 m height. The plant posses aerial stems (ferns) and much- branched feathery foliage. The leaves are triangular scales like, 3-7 mm in length. The cladodes (modified stems) arise in the axis of scale leaves . Cladodes are found in fascicles (3-6) on each node. The flowers are bell- shaped, greenish –white to yellowish, 4.5-6.5mm long, with 6- tepals,single or in clusters of 2-3. Anatomical studies were carried out for various organs of Asparagus plant including, apex of the aerial stem, visible internode below shoot apex, median portion of the aerial stem, the cladode , median portion of spear, scale - like leaf, rhizome, adventitious root. The major chemical metabolites contents of spear were determined.

The objective of this research is to estimate price (direct and cross) and expenditure elasticities for major food commodities in Egypt. The food commodities are divided into six sub-models depending on the homogeneity within each group of commodities and the data availability quantities consumed and the corresponding retail prices for each individual item. Some commodities are aggregated in groups such as other beans, other vegetables, fruits(1), fruits(2) and oils.  The Linear Almost  Ideal  Demand  System  (LAIDS)  model  is  applied  in  estimating  a  system  of demand equations for each group of food commodities. To avoid the invalid inference and spurious regression problems that may be created by non-stationary data series, the Fully Modified Least Squares (FMLS) estimator is utilized.  The demand parameters satisfy the Engel aggregation, cournot aggregation, homogeneity and symmetry conditions.  The results indicate that expenditure elasticities of the majority of food commodities/groups are less than the unity except fot the fruits2 (1.110), indicating necessity effects. This can be also interpreted as following the increasing of consumptions of these commodities is strongly connected with increasing of all income levels. The results also show that the own price elasticities for food commodities/groups are inelastic. For fruits 2, its inelastic own price elasticity still indicates that it tends to be very sensitive to price changes. The relative high cross price elasticities in all sub-models illustrate the strong substitute or complementary effects of the price change of one commodity one quantities consumed from other commodities in the same sub-models. Therefore, structural implications from the estimated elasticities are important. The estimated own and cross price and expenditure elasticities must be analyzed during the economic reform for better understanding all economic changes affecting prices as well as consumption and expenditures.

This study was conducted to determine the present of Ochratoxin (A) (OTA) to the number of 50 samples of wheat grain from varieties of soft wheat (Tricticm astivum) and hard (T. durm), and its products from some Libyan Mills (from the north-west and south-east and north) by using a technique (IAC) immunoaffinity columns cleaning and HPLC-FD to detect, with an overall average rate of recovery of the samples of wheat and grain products and fungal isolates 86.59 ± 0.03% and 89.19 ± 0.01%, respectively. The results showed that 96% of the samples were positive for OTA, with the average concentration of OTA from different regions reached the highest concentration of 0.0928μg/kg for soft wheat. The average concentration of the OTA in the different areas that have been grain assembly resulted the highest concentration of 0.0918 μg kg-1 for soft wheat for the Western Region, followed by 0.0783 and 0.020 < μg kg-1 for the eastern and southern region respectively, while the average concentration of the OTA for hard wheat 0.0307 and 0.3316 μg kg-1 of eastern and western region respectively. However all the samples contain levels of OTA are below the limit recommended by Libyan Standards Specification and European Commission Regulation Standard. Results of statistical analysis also showed no significant differences of (P≤ 0.01) of the concentration of the for hard and soft types wheat between regions , and for soft wheat products between regions while there was significant differences between hard wheat products at level of (P≤ 0.01).  The results showed that the overall average for the moisture content of the samples by region ranged between 10.6, 11.10% for soft wheat for the southern region and western region respectively, 9.54 and 10.08% for hard wheat to the western and eastern region respectively. Results also showed that the overall average for the moisture content of soft wheat products (flour) between different regions was (13.03, 11.78, 8.58%) to the north-east, north-west and south-west respectively. Hard wheat products did not exceed 13.33, 10.76% for the southern- west and north-east reigions of semolina and pasta respectively, while was within the limit to the Codex Alimentarius Commission. the results of the statistical analysis and the presence of highly significant for moisture content between types of soft wheat and hard within regions and this also applies to soft wheat and hard products between the regions at the level of (P≤ 0.01).

Prices reflect the relative scarcity of resources in terms of planning is based under the free-market mechanisms for price and market signals as an essential mechanism in the allocation of resources and guidance system, Price is also working on consumer directed toward maximizing satisficing  the resources available to them, which leads to maximizing the well-being of the community. The research problem is in direct government intervention in price policy, which may give rise to a variation in the local and indirect world prices lead to non-optimal utilization of the resources used in the production process, which affects the welfare of producers and consumers, as well as on government revenue and the outcome of the state foreign trade. research aims to identify the price differences between local and world prices resulting from price, The policies fish and by estimating the partial equilibrium model to examine the effect influence of the policies of government intervention at all stages of fish flow in the market, by measuring the efficiency of the product, the consumer, the community level, and measurement of well-being at the community level, as well as measurement of government revenues and this may help to measure the efficiency of these policies in achieving its objectives and examine the effects on producers, consumers and the overall economy. The results showed the following   The average nominal protection for fish rate during the study period (1998-2013) amounted to 0.67 i.e. it is greater than zero, which means that the state supports the producers of fish by about at 67% in favor of the producers of fish on the expense of the consumer represented in the higher domestic price for the world price, The results indicate that the concern of the State on promoting fish producers to reduce the size of the gap and reduce the import of foreign currency into force. The study showed also that the expansion of fish production leads to increased foreign exchange earnings by reducing imports and reduce the food gap, where the maximum fish production reached amounted to 1372.0, 1454.4 during the years 2012.2013, respectively, while the maximum foreign exchange earnings reached a maximum in 2012, 2013 amounted to 27067.03. The results of the welfare check gains in producer excess as the average change in the product excess amounted to 3.1336 billion pounds, which reflects the impact of price policy applied, while under the negative values of consumer excess has been achieved loss in consumer surplus, bringing the average loss during the study period of about 5566.88 million pounds. Decline in consumer surplus was due to the local consumer bear the superiority of market forces and the presence of protectionist policy to support the product and taxing the consumer, leading to increased consumer spending as a result of the purchase of small quantities at high prices, leading to lower prices of consumer welfare.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of biological treatments to improvement on the in vitro digestibility disappearance for rice straw.  The parameter used in this study includes; gas-production, IVDMD, IVMOD and pH value. The experiment was divided into seven treatments: 1st treatment: considered as control group was used 3g from straw only. 2nd treatment: Fibrolytic enzymes group 0.3g with 3g from straw. 3rd treatment: Fibrolytic enzymes group 0.4g with 3g from straw. 4th treatment: Saccharomyces cerevisie group 0.3g with 3g from straw.   5th treatment: Saccharomyces cerevisie group 0.4g with 3g from straw. 6thtreatment: The mix group between fibrolytic enzymes group 0.3g and Saccharomyces cerevisie group 0.3g with 3g from straw. 7thtreatment: The mix group between fibrolytic enzymes group 0.4g and Saccharomyces cerevisie group 0.4g with 3g from straw.   The results showed a significant increase (P<0.05) of 6th group in gas production as compared with 3rd group at the beginning of the experiment. Also the 3rd group showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in gas production as compared with 5th group after 10 hrs. from the period of incubation. It has been observed that there was a significant increase (P <0.05) in the 3rd group in gas produced as compared with 4th  and 5th  group after 12 hrs from the period of incubation. The result also showed a significant effect (P <0.05) in the 2nd and 6th groups in the gas production as compared with 5th group after 24 hrs the period of incubation. It has been observed after 48 hrs the period of incubation, there was a significant effect (P<0.05) in gas produced in all treated groups as compared with 5th group. It has been noticed from the experiment that there was result a significant increase (P<0.05) in 5th, 6th groups of pH value as compared with 2nd and 4th groups. The results showed a significant effect (P<0.05) in the 3rd group in IVDMD as compared with 6th group, Similarly, there showed a significant effect (P<0.05) in the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 6th, 7th groups in the IVDMD as compared with 4th group. There was also a significant effect (P<0.05) in the 3rd in IVMOD value than that with 6th group. It has been shown that there was a significant effect (P <0.05) in the 6th group of IVMOD value as compared with 2nd, 4th and 7th groups. Finally it has observed that there was a significant effect (P <0.05) in the control group (1st), 5th and 7th groups in IVMOD value as compared with 4th group. It was concluded from this study that addition of fibrolytic enzymes and a combination of fibrolytic enzymes and saccharomyces cerevisie could improve digestibility of rice straw in vitro.

The agricultural sector is one of the most important national sectors of the economy as it provides food for humans, raw materials for the industrial sector, in addition to its contribution in Egyptian export. Facing the agricultural sector, losses of more than 16% of the total value of production, and aims of this research estimating were estimated as about tomatoes at the farm area. Nubaria level during the stages of production and marketing. The research used data of a sample of farms in Nubaria area in addition to secondary data from published and unpublished  data as used by various government agencies of the Ministry of Agriculture as well as agricultural management centers in Nubaria area records,  findings of the research were  that average loss of production per acre  during agricultural operations estimated was about 3.35, 2.7 tons of  summer and winter tomatoes  losses we are due to two main reasons,  bad weather and  bad of service operations, the responsibility of each was about 0.856, 2.50 tons per acre of summer tomato and about 0.478, 2.24 tons per acre of winter tomatoes crop, respectively, and losses  bad  operations service,  resulted from of pest control, fertilization, and spacing intervals between plant, irrigation, poor performance of mechanical operations, the average waste of summer tomatoes were about 2.22 tons per feddan, representing about 7.5% of the average production per feddan amounting to 29.5 tons, has resulted in the losses during in marketing operations conducted by farmers , such as collection, packaging, transportation, sales in the wholesale markets, and the average loss amounted for winter tomatoes about 1.99 tons, representing about 7.05% of the average production per acre amounting to 28 tonnes, and this loss resulted to the same previous reasons, and reached the resulting loss the cost of the production losses incurred by the farmers sample to produce the quantity that has been lost for tomato summer 95.5 thousand pounds, tomatoes winter 49.9 thousand pounds, and amounted to a loss in the growers sample income due to the loss of about 76.7,160 thousand pounds for each of tomato summer tomatoes winter on respectively, and amounted to loss of irrigation water as a result of this loss of about 55.18, 24.62 thousand cubic meters for each of tomato summer tomatoes winter, respectively, and the most important recommendations concern operations Pest Control to limit the spread Tota Zisiluta worm which leads to high losses in tomato, work on the existence of centers marketing grouped close to reduce the period between harvesting and transportation, to develop the collection, packaging, transportation and choose a trained labor for harvesting methods. Key words: loss and water amount and economic estimation and cost.