The aim of this study was to investigate the use of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) (27.11% CP) and Foots (20.84% CP) as corn processing by-products in monosex Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus diets to replace yellow corn as an energy source and its effect on growth performance, nutrients utilization, whole body proximate composition, nutrients digestibility and economic efficiency. Three hundreds and seventy five fingerlings of Nile tilapia (10± 0.05 g) were randomly distributed into 15 circular plastic tanks (1000 L), representing 5 treatments. Isonitrogenous (25 to 25.84%) and isocaloric (4174.79 to 4364.65 Kcal GE/kg) experimental diets were prepared with substitution levels of DDGS 0% (T1), 20% (T2) and 40% (T3) and Foots 20% (T4) and 40% (T5). The experimental period lasted for 18 week. Results showed that both of DDGS and Foots have higher in all measured amino acids content than those in yellow corn except cysteine. Moreover, DDGS and Foots have higher content of linoleic, oleic, stearic and palmitic acids than those in yellow corn. Also DDGS and Foots covered the nutrient requirements of the essential fatty acid linoleic (18:2 ω 6) for Nile tilapia. Feed intake was significantly decreased as corn partially replaced by Foots more than the DDGS. Apparent digestibility coefficient of CP, EE, NFE and energy recorded the highest values for the T4 (75.76, 89.86%, 57.48 and 68.71%), respectively, followed by T3 with significant differences. The increasing in substitution levels of yellow corn by DDGS did not significantly (P˃0.05) had an effect on Nile tilapia performances. However weight gain and specific growth rate SGR were gradually decreased with increasing the substitution levels of Foots. The CP content of Nile tilapia carcass was significantly increased with increasing the substitution levels of DDGS (T3) and Foots (T5). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the fish fed diets T4 (20% Foots) was the best followed by T5 (40% Foots). The cheaper feed cost gain was obtained from T5(40% Foots) followed by T4(20% Foots).

Еssеntial oils (ЕOs) from cinnamon (Cinnamon zylanicum), clovе (Syzygium aromaticum) camphor (Еucalyptus globulus), and rockеt (Еruca sativa), wеrе еvaluatеd for thеir botryocidal еffеct. In-vitro, Botrytis cinеrеa was еxposеd to 4 diffеrеnt concеntrations of ЕOs, using thrее diffеrеnt tеchniquеs, i.е. amеndеd mеdium, vapourisation, and volatilising.  Cinnamon and clovе ЕOs wеrе thе highеst tеstеd concеntrations found to bе thе most еffеctivе in all tеchniquеs which complеtеly inhibitеd 100% of radial growth for B. cinеrеa in vitro. A post-harvеst trial to control grеy mould on grapе bunchеs of Flamе sееdlеss and Supеrior sееdlеss cvs. were conductеd using cinnamon and clovе oils in sеasons 2014 and 2015. Both of the two ЕOs wеrе usеd at concеntrations of 25, 50 and 100 µL./L-1air v/v, еxposеd as vapour trеatmеnt significantly supprеssеd grеy mould during thе cold-storagе. Thеrе was not a significancе diffеrеncеs obsеrvеd among both ЕOs trеatmеnts. Howеvеr, cinnamon at 100 µL.1L-1air v/v was thе most еffеctivе trеatmеnt to control grеy mould of both grapе cultivars

The study aimed at estimating feed efficiency of milk production systems in Urban and Peri-urban areas in three main provinces in Egypt. The targeted provinces were: Cairo, Giza and Qaloubeya. A questionnaire has been developed to cover the variables related to the production systems. The total number of interviewers was 72, included the districts: Manshiat Elbakary; Saft Elaban and Shalaquan as peri-urban, and Elmarg; Elomrania and Dar Elsalam as urban areas. As a result of the great significant in the selected samples, a typology has processed gathering similarities in two main groups of producers: land-access and landless producers. Three crop-livestock systems have been classified due to the concepts: land capacity and herd size (group 1, 2 and 3). Dairy systems have been identified as two main urban dairy specialized systems (group 4 and 5) oriented to dairy activities. In order to measure feed efficiency for each system were represented in the groups, the most significant obtained results were: the small and the micro crop-livestock producers related land-access producers (group 2 and 3) which have small herd appear to be more efficient in valorizing feed in relation to milk production per head per year, and as well as milk production per feddan allocated to fodder crops. On contrary, the landless producers (group 4 and 5) have the lowest feed efficiency due to the amount of concentrates included in their feed strategy (intensive feeding system) and inability to produce fodders.             The large mixed crop-livestock system (group 1) represents an intermediate status that producers cultivate fodders inside farm, but remain low economic efficiency in terms of their intensive feed strategy. The results of the study indicated that the small and the micro crop-livestock (group 2 and 3) achieved the highest feed efficiency regarding milk production in Urban and Peri-urban areas and thus the importance of improving productive performance by creating supposed scenarios or technical packages using simulation systems. Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and extension programs are essential in performing records and marketing which help to raise product price as well as producers` income and the Gross Domestic Products (GDP).

The present study was carried out during 2015 and 2016 seasons on Kitt mongo  trees to evaluate the effect of three irrigation water management (4000  m3 of irrigation water were applied to the four physiological stages of mango tree growth as 15 & 20 & 40 & 25 % ,  30 & 15 & 35& 20 % and  35 & 20 & 30& 15 % m3 / tree/ year,  respectively) as well as  four concentrations  of potassium silicate on avoiding cold injury and  improvement yield of kitt mango .                 Irrigation Mango tree by  the second program water management (30, 15, 35 , 20) recorded The highest values of vegetative growth in terms of number of shoot /tree  and lower values of leaves percentage   affected with cold injury, Also, an evident increase in the content leaves of N  & K elements , C/N ratio  and final fruit set % total yield by divided  irrigation water at the four physiological stages of mango  trees  (30, 15, 35, 20) was recorded compared with  the other two water managements. No significant differences between the second and third irrigation water management programs (30%,  15%, 35%, 20% and  35%,  20%,  30%, 15%) on values of  leaf area, P% and  total carbohydrates as well as on TSS,  acidity and L-ascorbic acid content  of fruits .                 Spraying trees with potassium silicate in three times during the period from October to January at the rate of 1000 ppm  give the highest values of quality characteristics at mango trees and their fruits. While sprayed with potassium silicate at 2000 ppm achieve moderate values of the mentioned characteristics                 It could be recommended from the obtained data that irrigation water management at the four physiological stages (30, 15, 35, 20) of Kitt mango  trees and spraying 1000 ppm potassium silicate in dormancy period is considered  a good treatment to avoid cold damage on leaves and fruits as well as in giving the highest yield and quality of kitt fruit.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of a mixture of  (ZAD) and (Lacto bacillus plantarum) on chemical composition of green corn stover and corn stalks and the effect of  these treatments in a metabolism trial on digestibility coefficients , rumen fermentation and some blood parameters. One ton of either green corn stover or corn stalks was chopped into (2-3 cm) and  its mixed with 0. 5 cubic metre of water or one cubic metre of water, respectively. They were then mixed with 3%w/w molasses and 1.5%w/w urea and incubated for six weeks. The experiment included six treatments, three of them were on green corn stover and the rest were on corn stalks. The treatments on green corn stover were as follows: (T1) Untreated green corn stover (control). (T2) corn stover + lactobacillus palantarum + ZAD (2litres of ZAD + 1 liter of lactobacillus palantarum / 1ton). (T3) corn stover + ZAD ( 2 liters of ZAD/ 1 ton). The treatments on corn stalks were as follows: (T4) Untreated corn stalks (control). (T5) corn stalks + lactobacillus palantarum+ ZAD (2litres of ZAD +1 liter of lactobacillus palantarum /1ton) (T6) corn stalks + ZAD (2 liters of ZAD/ 1 ton). Eighteen Ossimi male lambs were divided to six group rations for 15 days in metabolism trials. Results indicated that biological treatment on T2 and T3 treatments  on green  stover and T5 and T6 on  dry corn stalks decreased CF and NDF, ADF, ADL contents and increased CP content compared to the control.   Feeding lambs on treated green corn stover or treated dry corn stalks significantly (P<0.05) improved all of nutrients digestibility compared with those fed on control. The nutritive values as TDN,  DCP and N balance for lambs fed treated green stover or treated dry corn stalks showed significant(P<0.05) higher than those fed untreated and it had the same trend of nutrient digestibility . Adding lactobacillus palantarum + ZAD improved digestion coefficients of nutrients and TDN values compared with control. Results of blood parameter indicated that T2 of green corn stover and T5 of corn stalks had a significant (P<0.05) effect on (Tp, Alb, Glb, A/G) compared to the control and T3 of corn stover and T6 of corn stalks. All values of plasma ALT and AST for all treatments were in normal rang where all treatments had no effect on ALT. However, T2 of green corn stover and T5 of corn stalks had a significant (P<0.05) effect on AST compared to the control and T3 of corn stover and T6 of corn stalks. All values of plasma creatinine and urea for biological treatments appeared to significant(P<0.05) higher values. However, these values were in normal range.   Results of rumen parameters indicated that all treatments had no effect on pH and NH3-N. On the other hand T2 of  green corn stover and T5 of corn stalks significantly (P<0.05) increased TVF'S. Generally, Adding enzyme with or without lactobacillus  to green corn stover or dry corn stalks tended to improved nutrient components , digestibility coefficients, feeding values and nitrogen balance with no adverse effect of animal health .

This study was carried out during three successive seasons of 2010/2011, 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 in a private orchard at 76 km Cairo, Alex. Desert road  to investigate the effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilization treatments and shading with white net on yield, and fruit quality of three-years-old mango (Mangifica indica L.) cv. Keitt grafted on sucary seedling rootstocks planted at 2.5×2.5 meters apart grown in sandy soil under drip irrigation system with wells water .This experiment included nine treatments of fertilization: T1= N 80+ K2O 80 Kg/Fed., T2= N 80+ K2O 100 Kg/Fed., T3= N 100+ K2O 80 Kg/Fed., T4= N 100+ K2O 100 Kg/Fed., T5= N 120+ K2O 80 Kg/Fed., T6= N 120+ K2O 100 Kg/Fed.,T7= N 150+ K2O 80 Kg/Fed., T8= N 150+ K2O 100 Kg/Fed. and control (T9) = N 133+ K2O 90 Kg/Fed.. The results cleared that mango Keitt cv. trees grown under white net shading condition significantly increased yield (kg)/ tree, number of fruit set/ panicle, fruit weight, TSS and ascorbic acid content. Trees supplied with 150 Kg/Fed. nitrogen + 100 Kg/Fed. potassium exhibited the highest yield (kg)/tree, number of fruit set/panicle and  fruit weight under shade . Moreover, the best fruit peel color was achieved with trees received 100 kg/feddan of nitrogen +100 kg/feddan of potassium and grown under screenhouse conditions during the three studied seasons. The higher significant value of acidity and TSS were recorded in trees supplied by 120 units of nitrogen + 100 units of potassium during first and third season. Whereas, the control treatment attained a maximum ascorbic acid content.

rosemary and its oil were used to investigate their effects on diabetic and liver malfunctional rats by administrating them with STZ or CCl4 for three weeks. The therapeutic effects of rosemary extracts (alcoholic and aqueous) and its oil against acute hyperglycemia induced by STZ in rats showed a decrease in the levels of fasting and postprandial blood glucose of rats treated with alcoholic extract of rosemary. In addition, results showed a restoration of these levels of the rats treated with aqueous extract or oil to their normal ranges after 3 weeks. There is a significant difference in lipid profile between rats treated with alcoholic or aqueous extracts and the negative control, where, the HDL in group administrated rosemary oil is significantly higher than both positive and negative control.                  The protective effects of rosemary extracts (alcoholic and aqueous) and its oil against liver toxicity induced by CCl4 in rats showed a significant difference between both (negative and positive control) and the activity of AST and ALT in the rats treated by alcoholic and aqueous extracts of rosemary. The protective effects of the plant extracts against liver toxicant occurred by decreasing the activities of these enzymes. Oil rosemary had restored effect more than both ethanolic and aqueous extracts, but not significant. This protective effect occurred by decreasing the activities of AST, ALT and Alp enzymes. No significant (p≤0.05) differences were noticed among the levels of serum total protein for all treatments compared to the negative and positive controls. The levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides recorded high values for the positive controls compared to the negative control. The protective effects of rosemary extracts against liver toxicant occurred by restoring the levels of these parameters to their normal values.

Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don is a medicinal plant rich in many alkaloids that are used in treatment of many diseases. It is unique in the production of vinblastine and vincristine compounds, which are used in treatment of several cancers. There are many genes in the biosynthesis pathway that produce these anti-cancer compounds, including the gene Crwrky1 which is a regulatory gene that codes for the transcription factor in the monoterpene indole alkaloid (MIA) pathway. In this study, the effect of yeast extract on crwrky1 gene expression levels from treated calli was studied. Quantitative RT-PCR (QRT-PCR) using SYBR Green I/ROX was used to analyze the changes in the expression level of this gene in response to different treatments of yeast extract. Crwrky1 expression increased to 3.6 folds in treated callus obtained under 0.4 mg/l yeast elicitor for 4 hours (YE2) treatment to compare with the control (untreated) callus.

calorie crop and commercially used as a non-caloric sweetener for diabetic patients. It is also used as cosmetic ingredient, pickling agent, and dentifrice. Four cultivars (Spantia, Shou2A3, China, and High Sugar) of stevia were included to optimize in vitro micropropagation. Four different combinations of hormonal treatments were investigated [6-benzylamino purine (BAP) + Kinetin (Kin) (0.25 + 0.25 mg/l); Forchloefenuron (Cppu) + Kin (0.25 + 0.25 mg/l); Cppu+ Kin (0.5+0.25 mg/l); and the control medium (hormone-free)]. Out of the different media components, the hormone-free medium produced the best performance of explants. The analysis of variance showed that the control treatment was the most significant for all traits except the number of branches per cutting. Hardening of rooted plants was performed in plastic pots with 70% survival percentage during acclimatization. Molecular characterization, of the four stevia cultivars, was conducted using 11 SCoT primers. The SCoT analysis resulted in 122 amplicons, of which, 62 amplicons (51%) were polymorphic. The range of polymorphism was between 6 % and 91 %. The range of polymorphic amplicons per primer was between one and 12 amplicons. The SCoT-16 produced the highest number of polymorphic bands (12). Meanwhile, the SCoT-24 produced the least polymorphism (6 %). The current study provides a new micropropagation system with low cost, high efficiency, and hormone-free application. Additionally, the study provides the first molecular characterization of stevia using SCoT marker system. Finally, SCoT markers associated with cultivars having high and low contents of stevioside can further be validated by marker-assisted breeding studies.

The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of season on growth performance traits, leptin hormone concentration and gene expression for innate immunity in response to vaccination against pasteurellosis. A Total of 384 weaned rabbits were used in this study. They were from females of APRI line, a local population. Rabbits weaned at 33-35 days and introduced in the experiment at weaning. Arbitrarily, weight at beginning was considered as the "5 weeks" weight. All rabbits were weighed every 7 days and the feed consumption measured at the same weekly interval until all rabbits were 12 weeks old. Leptin hormone level in serum was assayed. Vaccination with Pasteurella multocida was studied in a challenge experiment. Gene expressions for interleukin-6 (IL-6) and toll-like receptor-4 (TR4) were assayed by Real Time-PCR. Parameters of the antioxidant status were included reactive oxygen species, (ROS) expressed as H2O2, Lipid Peroxide, expressed as malondialdehyde and glutathione peroxidase. Blood samples were taken at 8, 10 and 12 weeks of age, respectively. The body weights in winter at W5, W8and W12 of age were higher than those in others seasons. Season had a significant (P≤0.05) influence on daily gain and feed intake. Season had no significant influence on Leptin hormone level in growing rabbits. Vaccination with Pasteurellamultocida led to an increase in gene expression for IL-6 in autumn and winter. Expression for IL-6 in spring has the lowest values. Gene expression of TR4 in rabbits under different seasons was not significantly different. It is can cluded that vaccination by Pasteurellamultocida needs some additives to enhance immunity especially during summer and spring seasons.