Experiments in this investigation indicated that the tomato cv. 035 is moderately resistant to Meloidogyne incognita (Mi) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) since it supports a low population of Mi nematode and retarded fusarial damage in single infections while the plant vigor was unaffected adequately. This resistance was decreased as increased of inoculum levels (from 100 to 2000 IJ2) of Mi and (from 102 to 1010 propagules) of Fol indicating that this resistance is mainly density-dependent. However, co-infection by both pathogens a lesser margin of simulative effect on root galling and wilt severity was occurred. Therefore, wounding by invading IJ5 of Mi proved to be unimportant for establishment of Fol wilt fungus. The results indicated also that, the sequence of infection by nematodes and fungus can predispose the host plant to attack by the other. As with Mi pre infection, nematode causes changes in host that predispose it to fungal attack leading to severe wilt expression. Likewise, pre-infection with for allowed not only more nematode penetration but also more nematode developed than in fungus. Accordingly, the present results led to the fact that, the interactions between Mi nematode and Fol wilt fungus are physiological rather than physical.

Plants and plant by-products are now gaining attractiveness in treatment of bacterial infections and food preservation. The objective of this study was to assess antibacterial activity of some Egyptian plant and plant by-products against the locally pathogenic isolates from patients having infectious diseases in our country. Screening of antibacterial activity of ethanol, methanol and hexane extracts of some plants: grape leaves (Vitis vinifera), mulberry leaves (Morus alba), mallow leaves (Corchorus olitorius) and lemon leaves (Citrus limon) toward Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella sp., were investigated. Antibacterial activity was performed by the agar disc diffusion method. The ethanol and methanol extract of tested plant leaves showed promising antibacterial activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative tested bacterial isolates due to its great ability to extract those polyphenolic and biological active compounds from natural sources which effectively act against broad spectrum bacteria. Ethanol followed by methanol were found to be the best solvents of choice to extract natural products to get maximum health and medicinal benefits. The results revealed that the extraction efficiency increase with polarity increasing of the solvents, hence the highest extraction done with ethanol and methanol and the lowest extraction with nonpolar solvent n-hexanedid not exhibit any activity against all the tested bacteria. Irradiation at 5 and 10 kGy did not significantly affect the antibacterial activity of all tested plant leaves. Results indicate the potential of these plants for further work on isolation and characterization of the active compounds responsible for antibacterial activity and its exploitation as therapeutic agents

Achieving food security is one of the main objectives of the national strategy to promote national production. The Egyptian food basket suffers from a lack of protein content. Animal production is an integral part of agricultural and national activity as a whole. The average value of Egypt's production of red meat (livestock and slaughtered animals) during the period (2000-2015) was estimated at about 24.7 billion Egyptian pounds, representing about 38.9% the value of animal production of about 63.4 billion Egyptian pounds on average, Of the value of agricultural production of about LE 179.4 billion for the same period. In the light of the results of the case study carried out in the Dina farms in 2015, it can be said that if this method is circulated using the seminal fluid at the level of the Republic 2015 for female cattle in the age group more than two years at the level of the Republic in 2015 it is expected that the number of males about 43,450 thousand head and number Females were 266,9 thousand, 13.9% and 86.1% respectively. The net realized revenues were estimated at LE 129 million for male production, while the net return on females was LE 7.87 billion, which resulted in increased female production of meat and milk, for livestock breeders in Egypt and then increase Agricultural, livestock and national agricultural income as a whole. While in the case of 2015, at the level of the Republic of the same number of cattle in the age group more than two years (at the age of the first vaccination) in the case of artificial insemination and the application of the costs and revenues of the output obtained, it is clear that the net expected return of male production in this year is about 517 million pounds While the net return on female output was LE 5.12 billion, which showed that there was a significant difference between the percentage of profits obtained. The higher the number of female herds through artificial insemination and the consequent increase in female output and the increase in meat and dairy production. Thus, the application of the method of natural vaccination of livestock in Egypt on all females expected for 2020, which is about 603.72 thousand head, the rate of milk production will be about 9100 kg per head during the production season, noting that the average milk production for the head a day about 35 kg and the number The dairy production season is about 260 days average depending on the state of the animal and the environmental and climatic conditions and the method of nutrition and care. Thus, it is expected that the total value of milk production for livestock is about 27.5 billion pounds in 2020, indicating that the increase in milk production in this way than the following method of vaccination The average value of dairy production in this case was estimated at 17.4 billion pounds for the year 2020, an increase of about 10.1 billion pounds by about 63.3%. This is in favor of the method of artificial insemination, resulting in great economic returns for individual farms, commercial farms and the national level as a whole. In the case of artificial insemination, the number of females in 2020 was estimated at 381.6 thousand. The difference is in favor of artificial insemination, with an increase of about 222.1 thousand females. In the case of artificial insemination, the number of males increases by 304,641 thousand head. And fattening of calves due to inheritance of genetic factors affecting the rate of food conversion. Since the average live weight of a live animal at slaughter is about 400 kg for females, about 450 kg for males, it is expected that the amount of meat for females in the case of artificial insemination is about 249.1 million kg in 2020 while the male meat is about 34.6 million kg. Of males in this way, and this is in favor of dairy farms. The expected amount of meat expected for females in the case of IVF is about 152.6 million kg for the year 2020, while the amount of meat from males is about 171.7 million kg. Milk production is noted in this way and is more important for meat farms So as to increase the number of males. In both cases, there is a clear difference between the profits achieved by these two techniques compared to natural vaccination, where there was a significant difference in the rate of net profit, which proves the effectiveness of artificial insemination in the achievement of self-sufficiency of meat and dairy and the promotion of the livestock sector.

Food security is the main objective of all countries that seek through their various economic policies to try to achieve their social and economic security and stability. The agricultural sector is one of the leading sectors of the national economy and one of the main pillars of economic development. The agricultural production in Egypt includes three main activities: plamt production Livestock production fish production, and the value of animal production in Egypt is about 36.5% of the total value of agricultural production. Undoubtedly, the heat stress on livestock under Egyptian conditions is one of the most important constraints for the production of milk In Egypt at various levels of cattle breeding in general and at the level of commercial farms in particular, which requires studying the economic return of the use of this technique and study the impact on the economics of dairy production. the objectives of the study were to study the current status of the development of the number of cattle producing milk in Egypt, as well as the development of the production quantities of dairy cows, the relative importance of each dairy production and the numbers of warheads, and to see the impact of the use of technology has been studying the statistical estimate of the production functions of milk sample study, as well as the statistical estimate of the terms of use of these costs Technology study sample. The most important results of what has resulted in the following: there is a growing trend year for the number of cows wholesale heads in Egypt during the study period, as they have increased by amounted to 104.24 thousand head annually, has been estimated coefficient of determination about 0.266, meaning that 26.6% of the changes occurring to the number due to Factors that reflect the effects of time. It may be shown that the increase in the number of dairy cattle heads in Egypt during the study period as an average is due mainly to the number of mixed cattle heads due to the apparent stability in the numbers of domestic and foreign cattle. It also shows that there is an increasing general trend of milk production for cows Wholesale in Egypt during that For a period, increasing by about 84.597 thousand tons per year. The R2 is estimated to be about 0.324, which means that 32.4% of the changes occurring in the milk production of cows are due to the factors that reflect the time component. Egypt. Scenarios for the statistical estimation of the cow dairy production function were carried out in the sample of 100 cows before using the technique and 100 cows after using the technology. The elasticity of production prior to the use of the technology was about 0.24, after the use of 0.22 technology. Finally, return m Milk production for dairy cows increased by 27.7 kg / day after the use of the technology at an increase rate of about 18.7% with an expected yield of about 97.7 pounds per cow per day for 87.4 pounds per cow before using the technology. the impact of the use of clear technical and increase the expected return of the cows used our farms under study, which requires dissemination of the use of the technology on the rest of the cattle farms in all parts of the country because of its great economic returns.

Three irrigation water resources were chosen at Kafr-Saqr district, El-Sharkia Governorate to assess their qualities and their impact on soil properties. The chosen irrigation water were fresh, mixed, and drainage water applied during the two successive seasons of winter-summer of (2013 and 2014). Soil samples were collected from each location at four depths (0-20, 20-40, 40-60 and 60-100 cm). Results showed EC values of mixed and drainage water were above the normal range (which should be < 0.7 dS.m-1)). Also, the mixed and drainage irrigation waters had approximately 3.5 and 5.6 folds the salinity of the fresh water. Mean pH values of the collected irrigation water samples were within the permissible limits (6.5 to 8.4). TDS values of the fresh water were within the normal range (< 450 mg.L-1). Meanwhile, mixed and drainage water were classified as of slightly and moderately salinity hazards. The highest values of turbidity were found in the drainage water, then mixed and fresh water. SAR values of fresh water were < 1.0.  The SAR values for mixed and drainage waters ranged from 2.62 to 2.69 and from 3.68 to 3.76, respectively. BOD and COD values violated the standard limits of law 48/1982 (10 mg.L-1 for drainage water and 6 mg.L-1 for fresh water) except for the BOD values of fresh water. The increase in pH values for the soil irrigated with the mixed and drainage. The continuous irrigation of soil by wastewater resulted in continuous increase in EC values. As well as, increase the amount of total soluble salts in all layers. The application of the different irrigation waters led to increase in soluble ion.

The poultry production sector occupies an important position among the animal production sectors, as one of the main sources of animal protein in Egypt, with a value of about 32.4 billion pounds, representing about 28.9 % of the value of animal production in 2014. This is due to the features of this sector of the short production cycle, the speed of capital turnover, as well as the high economic return. The problem of the study is the large variation in poultry prices between production areas and consumption areas, Indicating an inefficient transport system, which is considered one of the most important marketing services for this fast food commodity death under the prevailing climatic conditions, thus ensuring that they reach the consumer as quickly as possible. The study aimed is to propose the best transportation model to transport poultry production from surplus with poultry to those of shortage with poultry governorates, to reach the shortest distance marketing to minimize transport costs and time. The study used the transportation problem as one of the operation research tools to rationalize the poultry redistribution between surplus and shortage governorates during three scenarios. The study showed under the assumption of the first scenario (production and consumption are expected firming), that the expected quantity to be transported to the shortage governorates to be about 817.4 thousand tons represent about  25.3% of the total production of the republic during the year 2020, Under the proposed model, the least cost of the transfer is estimated at 69.9 million units/km / ton, are estimated quantities transported about 2.5 million tons, represent about 78.1% of the total production at the level of the republic of that model estimated at 3.2 million tons during 2020. The study also showed that under the assumptions the second scenario (lower production 10% and consumption firming), that the expected quantity to be transported to the shortage governorates to be about 850.7 thousand tons represent about  29.2% of the total production of the republic, Under the proposed model, the least cost of the transfer is estimated at 76.9 million units / km / ton, are estimated quantities transported about 2.2 million tons, represent about 75.8% of the total production at the level of the republic of that model estimated at 2.9 million tons. Under the assumption of the third scenario (Production firming and lower consumption 10%) that the expected quantity to be transported to the shortage governorates to be about 702.3 thousand tons represent about 21.7% of the total production of the republic, Under the proposed model, the least cost of the transfer is estimated at 573. million units / km / ton, are estimated quantities transported about 2.5 million tons, represent about 78.1% of the total production at the level of the republic of that model estimated at 3.2 million tons. The study recommended the use of scientific methods to rationalize the transport process between the governorates thus achieving cost and time to transfer at least on the side and the other side reduce wastage circulation which serves to provide the appropriate poultry prices.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNFα) is a cytokine signaling protein which has an important role in the immune system regulation and affect female reproductive performance. The objective of this study was investigation the TNFα gene polymorphism and its potential effects in female buffaloes fertility. The DNA was extracted from the blood of 81 buffalo females and a 592 bp fragment contains the full coding region of TNFα-exon 4 was amplified by PCR which subsequently treated with RsaI restriction enzyme. The PCR-RFLP pattern showed that all the animals had fixed CC genotype and T allele was not detected. Sequencing of amplified fragment (GenBank accession No. KY885010) flowed by sequence alignment with GenBank database revealed that the river buffalo target sequence was homologues to cattle than goat, sheep, human and mouse on DNA and amino acids levels. Comparison of TNFα amplicon with homologues Bubalus bubalis records in the GenBank detected 3 SNPs in exon 4. Two of these SNPs were synonymous while the third located in the 3` UTR. Different effects of some of discovered SNPs on RNA cis-regulatory elements and hn mRNA and mature mRNA secondary structures were predicted.

This study was conducted to examine explant density and source on production of in vitro potato microtubers, as well as survey of different newly-introduced potato cultivars for their microtuberization capacity at the Plant Tissue Culture Facility of the Department of Horticulture, Suez Canal University between 2014 until 2016. Results indicated that as culture density from single node explants increased, microtuber number and yield/petri dish were also increased. However, at the lowest density (10 explants/petri dish), the % tuberization and the average microtuber weight increased significantly over the higher densities (20, 25 and 30 explants/petri dish). Potato microtuber production from plantlets grown in vitroon microtuberization induction medium (liquid over solid media) was also studied using 5, 10 and 15 plantlets per jar.Results showed that microtuber number and yield/jar increased gradually with increasing plantlet density. However, on per plantlet basis, microtuber number increased at the lowest density. Microtuber yield/jar increased significantly at the highest density (1099 mg/jar) compared to 563.6 mg/jar at the lowest density. Average microtuber weight was also affected by culture density and genotype. At the lowest density, microtubers were significantly heavier than at the high density, and the cv. 'Safrane' recorded the highest weight per microtuber. Regarding the effect of explant source on microtuber production, results indicated that the use of single node explants derived from the top of the plantlet produced more microtubers than those taken from the basal part, or 3 node segments. Explant source also affected microtuber yield/dish. Single nodes from the top produced the highest yield compared to 3-nodes segment from the top (205 vs. 104.8 mg). The highest mean microtuber fresh weight was obtained from the culture of 3-node layered segment from the plantlet base, while single nodes from the top recorded lower microtuber fresh weight. The highest microtuber fresh weight was recorded in cv 'Universa' (114.3 mg) using single nodes from the plantlet base. Differences among the tested potato cultivars in microtuber production were detected.

The current study aims to: 1) identify role's perceptions, expectations and behavior within the family from gender perspective in the study area, 2) identify the differences of perceived, expected practice roles of men and women in rural family, 3) identify the interrelationships between role of gender in rural family and 4) identify factors influencing role perceptions, expectations and behaviors from a gender perspective in rural families. Data were collected from a sample of 110 families in the village of Palestine in the El-Kharga district in The New Valley Governorate using a questionnaire form prepared to achieve the objectives of the study. Data were collected during October and November 2016. The frequencies, percentages, mean, Pearson's simple correlation coefficient, and (T) test in the presentation and analysis of results. Findings revealed that the relative weight of men's 'perceptions of their role in the household reached 77.88% while the relative weight of women's perceptions of their roles reached 73.03%. 96.36% and 69.09% for role expectations while 71.15% and 68.79% for role behavior of men and women in rural family. The results also indicate significant differences between men and women with regard to perceptions, expectations and behaviors of the social role within the rural family. The results also indicate that there are 11 significant correlations between the levels of the role according to the gender in the rural family. Regarding the factors affecting role perceptions, expectations and behaviors within the family, the results indicate a significant correlation between the type of family as an independent variable with the role perceptions and behaviors of women, the number of family members and the expected role of women, the number of female and role expectations of women in the family. Regarding the social role of men, the results indicate the significance of the correlation between the wives' work status and participation in family expenditure as independent variables with the role perceptions and behavior of the of men within the family.

Two experiments were carried out at the Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate (CLAC), Agricultural Research Center and the Experimental Research Station attached to the Faculty of Agriculture, Ain shams Univ., Shalakan, Qalyubyia Governorate. The experiments were conducted for two summer seasons in 2015 and 2016 under unheated multi span plastic house and under open field conditions. Both experiments aimed at investigating the effect of certain weather conditions on the impact of three insecticides used for the control of the cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) nymphs on four cucumber cultivars. The aims of the plastic house experiment and open field experiment were to investigate the impact of certain climatic conditions (Temperature (Co), Relative humidity (%) on different insecticides efficiencies used for whitefly control compared to untreated  check (without any insecticide application). Lex (Dinotefuran) insecticide was the more effect on the nymphs of B.tabaci inside the plastic house or in the open field followed by Oshin (Thiamethoxam) insecticide. However Bernastar was the lowest efficiency. Concerning effect of climatic conditions, air temperature and relative humidity affected the performance of the three tested insecticides especially during the days with temperature over 35°C.