Several field trials and laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the impact of the implementation of the activities and processes of the development of the field irrigation systems at ElMahmoudia area, El-Beheira Governorate, Egypt, during the successful growing seasons winter 2016/17 and summer 2017 to investigate the effect of irrigation systems improvement projects on water productivity. The measurements were conducted in a tertiary canal (Mesqa) at the head of Nekla canal (Arafa Mousa Mesqa). Water consumption values for different crops were calcaulated, and water application was calculated through calibrating the capacities of the pumps and recording the operation hours. The most important results were as follows: Applied irrigation water decreased after irrigation improvement. Applied irrigation water for wheat, rice, maize, sweet potatoes and watermelon before irrigation improvement were higher than the corresponding values after irrigation improvement by 9.0%, 15%, 11%, 15% and 10% respectively. The productivity of wheat, rice, maize, sweet potatoes and watermelon increased after irrigation improvement by 7.0%, 4.0%, 3.0%, 8.0% and 9.0% respectively. Water productivity increased after irrigation improvement, and the increase ratios for wheat, rice, maize, sweet potatoes were 14.0%, 16.0%, 13.0%, 20.0%, and 18.0% respectively.

The problem of research is limited to how to rationalize the use of water in the agricultural sector under the current situation, such as the construction of the Nahdha Dam, which will affect Egypt's share of the Nile River. On the other hand, the increase in water demand, the misuse of water resources in Egyptian agriculture and the inefficient use of water resources Which is reflected in the return of the water unit.  The research aims at identifying the efficiency of water transport and delivery in Egyptian agriculture from its main source in the southern region of Egypt at Aswan until it reaches the fields in all the governorates of the Republic. The research aims in particular to study the development of irrigation water quantities and their losses in Egyptian Agriculture The amount of water used on the waste. The study showed that the average amount of irrigation water used in the field, at the completion of the canals, and in Aswan was about 36457, 41042 and 51515  million m3  respectively during the study period. In the study of the general trend of the development of irrigation water used in the field, when the canal was completed, and in Aswan during the study period, the increase of these quantities was estimated at an annual average of 96.38, 46.3  and 73.9  million cubic meters respectively. The average annual loss of water from Aswan to the field, from Aswan to the fins of the canals, and from the canal and field fillers reached 15057, 10477  and 4380  million cubic meters respectively during the study period. A study of the general trend of the development of water losses from Aswan  to the field, and from Aswan to the dams of the canals, showed that the water losses decreased by a statistically significant annual increase of about   21.9, 273.9  million cubic meters respectively during the study period. While water losses from canal and field fill increased by a statistically significant annual increase of 272.0  million cubic meters dThe results of the statistical estimation of the relationship between the quantity of water losses as a dependent variable and the quantity of water used as an independent variable during the period: .

Liver fluke are common parasites of herbivores in most of Middle East countries as Egypt. The chronic and acute infections with 10 & 20 metacercaria of this parasite cause biliary liver cirrhosis in rabbits that lead to huge economic losses. This cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence of fascioliosis in slaughtered rabbits in Giza governorate. In Egypt Fasciola gigantica was responsible for V-Line and Black Baladi rabbits total liver condemnations in infected groups. The infection impacts on female rabbits were more than males (p<.0001) in most groups for both strains.  Liver condemnations due to fascioliasis were more affected in body weight and feed consumption, feed conversion, heart, kidney and carcass characterestic, so it`s low economic efficiency. Blood parametars showed high significant (p<.0001) between treated groups of strains.

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) has gained increased a worldwide attention since 1970s when it has been revived as a new food crop, due to the attractive nutritive value and potential health benefits as well as to its exceptional tolerance to several environmental stresses. It is considered as a new non-traditional leafy vegetable crop newly introduced to Egypt. Nitrogen requirements for quinoa plants are not clarified yet and the numbers of studies is still quite limited. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of nitrogen sources as ammonium sulfate 20.6% or calcium nitrate 15.5% used at rates of 40, 60 or 80 kg N/feddan on leaf chemical compositions and yield of two quinoa cultivars of Cica and Hualhuas harvested after 40 days from sowing date. A field experiment was carried out at the Experimental Farm of the Horticulture Dept., the Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra El-Kheima, Cairo, Egypt, during the two winter seasons of 2015 and 2016. The treatments were laid out in a split plot design, with three replicates. The obtained results revealed that Cica cultivar was superior to Hualhuas concerning all measured chemical parameters of leaves and leaf yield during both seasons, except for leaf contents of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll, ash, fats, Ca and Fe, where Hualhuas cultivar was superior to Cica in these parameters. However, no significant differences were detected between both cultivars regarding leaf carbohydrates content in both seasons. Re garding nitrogen rates and sources, quinoa plants received 80 kg N/feddan as calcium nitrate gave the highest significant values of carotenoids, nitrate, proteins, ash, N, K and Fe contents in both seasons of the study. Whereas, nitrogen treatment of 80 kg N/feddan from ammonium sulfate gave the highest values of leaf contents of Ca and leaf yield in both seasons. Nitrogen treatment of 60 kg N/feddan from calcium nitrate showed the highest significant values of chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll contents during both seasons. No significant differences were realized among all nitrogen treatments (rates and sources) on P content in both seasons. In relation to the interaction effect, the results clearly revealed that leaves of Cica plants received 80 kg N/feddan either from ammonium sulfate or calcium nitrate recorded significant increases in carotenoids, nitrate, proteins, ash, N, P, K and Na contents as well as yield without significant differences between them. On the other hand, the best values of chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll in both seasons were attained when Hualhuas plants received 60 kg N/feddan from calcium nitrate. Moreover, there were no significant differences noticed among nitrogen treatments applied to Cica plants in both seasons on Na. Furthermore, the best values of Zn content were obtained when Cica plants treated with 40 kg N/feddan from ammonium sulfate or 60 kg N/feddan from calcium nitrate without significant differences between them in both seasons of the study.  Given the experimental conditions of this study, it is concluded that Cica plants received 80 kg N/feddan either from ammonium sulfate or calcium nitrate gave the highest yield of leaves with acceptable quality attributes.

Two famous Citrus rootstocks sour orange (C. aurantium.) and volkamer lemon (C. volkamariana.) were tested as interstocks at the stage of transplant production to investigate their mutual effects on the scion growth characteristics, mineral content, carbohydrates, total indols and phenols from side; and rootstock growth traits. nitrogen content, carbohydrates, indols and phenols from the other side. Also the results indicated that Navel orange budded on C. volkamariana grafted on C. volkamariana achieved significantly the highest scion height, root length, leaf number. The highest content of N, P, K, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn and total phenols in scion stem. Moreover, the mentioned treatment gained the highest significant carbohydrates in roots.

In the current research, wheat grains were used to study the effect of grain soaking and sprouting using tap water and saline water (NaCl solution) on sprout growth, proximate analysis, minerals content, anti-nutritional and antioxidant compounds of sterilized grains (soaked for 0.33h) and soaked grains for imbibition (12h) and sprouted grain for 24h old. Results revealed that the longest radical of 24h old wheat sprout was observed at 2000 ppm NaCl, and shortest was observed at 4000 ppm NaCl. Soaked wheat grains (12h) for imbibition recorded the highest moisture content (10.2 to 10.9%) while soaked for 20 min (0.33h) in calcium hypochlorite for sterilization recorded medium content (8.8 to 9.9%) and the lowest one recorded in 24h  old wheat sprouts (6.9 to 7.2%). The low moisture content the high total carbohydrate, total fats and energy and vice versa. Soaked grains for sterilization period (0.33 h) and imbibition (12h) increased zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and calcium (Ca) while non-sterilized only potassium (K). Tap water increased sprout magnesium (Mg), and manganese (Mn) content while saline water increased sprout magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca) content. Grain sprouting was effective in reducing phytic acid, oxalate and alkaloids anti-nutrient in wheat sprouts especially when using sterilized grains. Soaking non sterilized grains for imbibition (12h) in saline water contained higher total phenol, flavonoids and total antioxidant. Etiolated wheat sprouts contained lower total  flavonoids and antioxidant compared with soaked grains in saline water.

This study was achieved at the Tissue Culture Laboratory of the Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Giza, Egypt during the period from 2013 to 2017, Direct embryo initiation and callus formation of date palm cv. Sewi from immature female inflorescences have been achieved on modified MS medium supplemented with 4 mg l-1 Picloram plus 3 mg l-1 2 iP and 2 g l-1 PVP. Results also showed that BA at 0.5 mg l-1 produce the highest number of differentiated embryos/culture, while kinetin at 0.25 mg l-1 significantly increased the average number of adventitious shoots/culture. NAA at 1.0 mg l-1 induced the highest rooting percentage and micro-shoot length. On the other hand the best survival percentage during the acclimatization stage was observed with plantlets produced from IBA at 0.5 mg l-1 during the rooting stage.

Plectranthus barbatus Andrew (Coleus forskolii) is one of the important species of the genus Plectranthus (Coleus) belonging to family Lamiaceae, with a many of traditional medicinal uses in India. C. forskolii is only known source of forskolin; a compound with a many uses in pharmaceutical industries. C. forskolii was lack in Egyptian flora. Moreover, there were no previously studies on this plant in Egypt. Therefore, the present study used tool of biotechnology to conserve the stocks of this plant by micropropagation. C. forskolii seedlings came from its native Thailand at June 2013 and were put in the greenhouse in Desert Research Center for creating an efficient micropropagation protocol. The study was carried out on the effect of growth regulators (cytokinins and auxins) on different micropropagation stages of the explants. In multiplication stage, initiated shoots were cultured on MS medium supplemented with various concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/L) of cytokinins (6-benzylaminopurine (BA), Kinetin ( KIN) and Thidiazuron (TDZ). The mean number of axillary shoots per explant of C. forskolii reached the highest value 6.19 ±0.573 on MS medium containing 2.0mg/L TDZ. Where, the highest value of mean length was 6.44± 0.310 cm on MS medium containing 1.0 mg/L KIN. The mean number of roots / explant of C. forskolii reached the highest value and the mean length were 30.00 ± 0.577 and 11.8±0.860 cm respectively, on 1/2 MS medium containing 0.5mg/L indole-3-butyric acid(IBA). While, the highest value of shoot length was 11.8±0.860 cm on 1/2 MS medium containing  2.0mg/L naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). A percentage of 83% of rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatized after four weeks and grown normally in the greenhouse in sterile soil mixture of garden soil,  vermiculate and sand (2:1:1/v/v/v). The protocol could be cost effective and useful in germplasm conservation and delivery of tissue cultured Coleus plants.

Seventeen bacterial isolates have been successfully isolated and purified from soil rhizosphere samples collected from different agricultural areas Buhayra, Sharqia and Alqilyubia of Egypt, and screened for production of chitinase enzymes had the highest chitinolytic activities amongst those investigated. Isolate S3-C and S1-C were Identified by biochemical, physiological tests and 16s rRNA gene primer as Bacillus cereus S3C, Gene Bank NCBI accession MK185696 and Bacillus cereus S1C accession MK185697. The production of chitinase by B.cereus S3C and Bacillus cereus S1C was optimized using colloidal chitin medium amended with 1% colloidal chitin at 30°C after five days of incubation. B.cereus S3C had potential for cell wall lysis of many phytopathogenic fungi tested such as Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani Potato phytopathogenic fungi by in vitro antagonistic test. The addition of B. cereus S3C chitinase was more effective than that of B.cereus S1C in increasing the resistance of Potato plants infected with various Soil- borne phytopathogenic fungi.

This study aims to study the estimation of production cost functions as it reflects the relationship between total costs and actual production. The main economic indicators that reflect the extent to which the agricultural production units achieved economic efficiency in their use of the productive resources involved in the production process as well as the extent to which they are achieved These units of maximizing the profits of the agricultural product, as well as the study of production costs and the associated indicators are important both on the productivity unit or at the national level, which can be used in the design and analysis of price policies and help the user Farmers in their productive decision-making, which would encourage producers to continue production or stop production. As well as to determine the volume of production that maximizes profits and thus achieve economic efficiency of the use of productive elements.