The effect of salt stress on growth proximate analysis, amino acid profile, protein quality and fractionations in 3 days etiolated clover sprout samples was investigated. Sterilized and non-sterilized clover seeds were sprouting using tap water 1000 ppm and 2000 ppm NaCl solution. The results showed reduction effect of clover sprout characters with higher NaCl concentration. Clover seed sprouting increased the crude protein content using tap water or saline water for sprouting as compared with dry seeds. However using non-sterilized clover seeds for sprouting recorded the higher values of protein (44.73%), lipids (6.21%) and energy (318.51 kcal/g) in etiolated sprouts, while using sterilized seeds recorded higher carbohydrate (21.28%), fiber (14.57%) and  ash (4.46%). For amino acids, aspartic acid followed by glutamic acid were the most abundant, while Cysteine and methionine were the least in clover etiolated sprouts. Using saline water for clover seed sprouting caused increases in all amino acid compared with tap water except Methionine, aspartic acid and cysteine. For protein efficiency ratio (PER), essential amino acid index (EAAI%) and biological value (BV), from using saline water for sprouting had the higher values than sprouts from using tap water, but the values are less than dry seeds. On the other hand nutritional index (NI) recorded the higher values in salt stress compared with both using tap water and dry clover seeds. For protein fraction in etiolated clover sprouts albumin was the major protein fraction extracted from NaCl 2000ppm sprout fallowed by prolamin from tap water sprouts, glutelin from NaCl 1000 ppm sprout and globulin from tap water sprout. The clover sprout protein isolated and its fractions could have excellent applications for future product development by virtue of their nutritional and functional properties.

Food is a vital necessity for humans. Providing food in quantity and quality is not only necessary to meet biological needs or to achieve a decent standard of living, it is also an essential step for civilizational leapfrogging. The results indicate that the total Egyptian fish production increased at a statistically significant annual rate estimated at 57.2 thousand tons per year. The quantity of fish consumption in Egypt increases annually at a statistical average of 62 thousand tons per year. At a statistically significant annual rate of 0.44 kg per year, and the fish gap shows its fluctuation between the rise and fall during the period considered and the most important results of the consumer spending functions of the animal protein group in Egypt and the expenditure elasticities of these groups according to the economic and social factors that the expenditure on the animal protein group is generally higher. The results also showed the effect of both urban and rural on the consumption patterns of the animal protein group. The results indicate that the consumption expenditure patterns on the animal protein group in both rural and urban areas will be affected. In addition, the expenditure on urban animal protein will decrease in general from 2013 to 2015, countryside. The results showed that the household expenditure in Egypt has different and significant differences according to the annual expenditure categories of the private household, income, expenditure and consumption 2012-2013-2015-2016.

Due to the expansion of strawberry nursery cultivation, transplant production has become an important industry in Egypt. Nitrogen and phosphorus are the most important nutrients affecting the number and quality of strawberry transplants. However, no empirical research exists addressing the optimal requirements of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization rates for strawberry nurseries in Egypt, until now. This study was conducted at a private farm in Abo Ghalib, Giza Governorate, Egypt during the two successive summer seasons of 2015 and 2016 to determine the optimal requirements of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizations for Festival strawberry cultivar nurseries via evaluating the influence of four nitrogen rates (83, 100, 117 or 134 kg N/feddan) and five phosphorus rates (38, 62, 74, 86 or 98 kg P2O5/feddan) in a factorial experiment. Results revealed that increasing the rates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizations increased the number of main runners/mother plant and number of marketable transplants/m2, and enhanced all vegetative growth parameters, leaf SPAD readings, leaf relative water content, crown diameter, crown carbohydrates, and leaf mineral content in both growing seasons. On the contrary, both elements had an inverse effect on leaf total soluble phenols. Thus, the study recommends to the nurserymen of Festival straw-berry cultivar to apply 117 or 134 kg N with 98 kg P2O5 per feddan under pure sandy soil condition which gave the highest number of transplants with high quality and subsequent high quality crop in the field.

Two field experiments were carried out at a private farm (newly reclaimed soil) at Somusta city, Bani-Suif governorate, Egypt, during 2014 and 2015 growing seasons. These experiments aimed to evaluate the application of different nitrogen sources and their combinations for increasing the productivity and quality of yellow maize (zea mays). Results showed that:                 Maize plants fertilized with120 kg MN/fad. recorded the greatest leaves number/plant (12.67) and number of green leaves /plant (12.67) after 45 days from sowing, however, the applied application of 60 kg MN/fad + 60 kg ONP /fad gave the maximum number of leaves /plant (15.17 and 17.83) and number of green leaves /plant (15.17 and 16.33) at stages of vegetative growth after 60 and 75 days from sowing, respectively. application of 60 kg MN/fad + 60 kg ONP /fad gave the highest values of leaf area index (LAI) at all stages of vegetative growth 3.16, 3.98 and 6.39 from 45, 60 and 75 days from sowing, respectively.                 At harvest maize plants fertilized with 60 kg MN/ fad + 60 kg ONP /fad recorded the highest value of grains number/row (32.83) followed by 60 kg MN/fad + 60 kg ONC/fad. the highest values of ears number/plant were recorded with the treatments 60 kg MN/ fad + 60 kg ONC /fad, 60 kg MN/fad + 60 kg ONP/fad and 60 kg MN/fad + 60 kg ONF/ fad with the same value (2.00). Data also revealed that the highest value of grain weight/plant (274.49) was recorded at 60 kg MN/fad + 60 kg ONP/fad treatment.                 Application of 60 kg MN/fad + 60 kg ONP/fad produced significant maximum grain yield (3.05 ton/fad.), biological yield (6.37 ton/fad) and grain crude protein yield (296.83 kg/fad).                 Maize plants treated with 60 kg MN/fad + 60 kg ONP/fad gave the highest values of grain and straw nitrogen percentage by 1.17 and 0.42% respectively. In addition the highest values of grain and straw phosphor percentage (0.49 and 0.20 %) and potassium percentage (4.30 and 1.90%) respectively were recorded with 120 kg ONP/fad.

This study was carried out in two successive seasons (2014-2015 and 2015-2016) at SEKEM company Farm (Bilbase, Sharkya Governorate) on chia (Salvia hispanica) plant which is  a new crop introduced lately to Egyptian cultivation as  a medicinal plant. The effect of three irrigation levels of different reference evapotranspiration (80, 100 and 120 % ETo) with foliar application of three levels of proline (100, 200 and 300 ppm), salicylic acid (200, 400 and 600 ppm) and putrescine (10, 15 and 20 ppm) in addition to the control treatment (tap water) was investigated on growth and yield of Salvia hispanica cultivated in sandy loam soil with drip irrigation system. The results of the two years experiments indicated that the highest values of plant growth parameters and seeds yield of S. hispanica were obtained from 100 % ETo. While 120 % ETo resulted in the maximum value of roots fresh and dry weights. Foliar-spray application of proline (100 ppm.), salicylic acid (200 ppm) and putrescine (10 ppm) resulted in optimum fresh and dry weights of herbage and roots. Seed yield was higher in plants sprayed with proline (100 ppm) and putrescine (10 ppm), although the differences between them and salicylic acid (200 and 400 ppm) or putrescine (15 ppm) were insignificant in both seasons. This leads us to recommend irrigation of S. hispanica accordingly with 100 % ETo coupled with foliar-spray application of salicylic acid (200 ppm) from the economic point of view.

The present study aimed to justify the effects of restricted feeding periods during last month of pregnancy and initiation of lactation on growth rate of Maghrebi she-camel and their offsprings. Sixteen pregnant she- camels with an average body weight 512.74 kg were divided randomly into three groups. The first group (G1) was fed 100% of their daily requirements concentrates. The second group (G2) was offered 75% of their daily requirement of concentrates after delivery for one month, while the third group (G3) was fed on 75% of  their daily of concentrate requirements for two months (one month pre and another one post-partum). New born calves were divided after one month of lactation to four groups as following; calves born  G1 dams were divided randomly to two subgroups. The first one (G11) suckled their dams naturally, while the other (G12) was artificial reared on a milk mixture (50% natural camel milk and 50% cattle milk replacer). Calves born to G2 and G3 dams were artificial reared on a mixture 50% natural camel milk and 50% cattle milk replacer. Results obtained showed that she-camels of G1 gained insignificant more live body weight than that of G3 during the pre-calving period 49.09 vs. 42.05 kg, respectively. There were insignificant differences among the 3 groups in calves birth weight 30.44, 32.8 and 29.73 kg, respectively. During lactation period, she-camels of G1 produced insignificantly more daily milk in compare with the corresponding she-camels of G2 and G3 (3.78 liter vs. 3.32 and 3.4 liter/ animal), respectively. She-camel of G3 lost significantly (P˂0.05) more LBW from the beginning of the experiment to the end of the study in compare with both of G1 and G2 she-camels. Calves of one month of age and born to G1 dams indicate faster (P˂0.05) daily gain (0.326 kg / h/ day) than those to both of G2 and G3 dams. Three months old age calves of different groups, indicated nearly similar growth, regardless of their dams feed restriction and type of calves rearing (natural vs. artificial). Data obtained showed also that neither she-camels feed restriction practice nor type of calves rearing have any significant effect on either calves daily gain or dams final LBW after 3 months of treatments.

A total of 320 fertile eggs, were divided randomly into 4 treatments with four replicates and 20 eggs per each replicate. Treatments including: T1; control; without injection, T2; injected with 0.1ml saline solution; sham control, T3, injected with0.1 ml either containing 0.75 ppm inorganic or Nano – iron particles 75 ppm Fe-Nano inorganic, T4, injected with 75 ppm Fe inorganic  On the 7th day of incubation, 0.1 ml solution was In ovo injected into the egg .Body weight and body weight gain were measured at biweekly intervals, at 42d of age, three hens per replicate were weighted, sacrificed for slaughtering weights of carcass, internal organs(heart, liver, and lymphoid organs i.e. (spleen, thymus and Bursa) were recorded. Blood samples were collected at slaughtering bird at 42d of age. There were significant increase in body weight and body weight gain in treatments injected with75 ppm Fe-Nano inorganic and 75 ppm Fe inorganic compared with control. There were no significantly differences among all experimental groups in dressed carcass, gizzard, and heart, liver. Abdominal fat decreased in groups injectedwith75 ppm both iron forms. Compared with the control group. No variation was observed in the weight of bursa and spleen, however thymus weight was significantly higher in both Fe inorganic and Fe nano inorganic injected groups than un-injected control group. High density lipoprotein concentration and cholesterol were significantly decreased by different treatment as compared with the control group. These results suggest that, 75 ppm Fe inorganic or75 ppm Fe-Nano injection at the 7th im proved at the 7th day of incubation improved embryonic growth and development as well as decreasing post hatched chick's plasma cholesterol.

One day old wheat grain sprouts were used to study the effect of using saline water for sprouting on sprout characters, and changes of some chemical compounds after 2 years wheat grain storage of Gemmeiza 11 cultivar. Sprout characters showed no significant different in storage grain sprouts weight at all NaCl concentration while increased in fresh grains sprouts with increasing NaCl concentration. Sprouts chemical components as affected by storage revealed that storage Gemmiza II had the highest crude protein and the lowest carbohydrate content compared with dry fresh seeds. Non storage grains also had higher protein and lowest carbohydrate and energy content compare with dry fresh grains. The results of phytochemical analysis showed that wheat fresh grain sprouts increase phytochemical compounds and recorded the higher values when using saline water (37 compounds) followed by using tap water (33 compounds) compared with dry fresh grains (30 compounds). Saline water also enhanced the number of phytochemical compounds in two year storage grain sprouts (31 compounds vs. 28 compounds for tap water). Moreover, storage grains decreased the number of identified compounds during sprouting. It can be recommended that wheat grain sprouting is a procedure that has been developed to significantly increase the bioavailability of phytonutrients and phytochemical to ensure the nutritional security of population for Egypt.

This work was carried out to study the effect of using some natural dietary supplements; i.e. powders of date palm pits and pollen, ginseng roots, moringa leaves and royal jelly which giving orally in capsule to improve endurance of weightlifter athletes throughout 12 weeks in camp of sport Championship Sector belongs to the Armed Forces, Ministry of Defense, Future City, Cairo, Egypt. Collecting data showed that the suggested dietary supplement capsule had the highest value of the antioxidant activity (96.3%) and significant increases in total phenolic and flavonoids content (52.42 & 63.1 mg/g, respectively). Also, the anthropometric measurements showed a significant increase in weight and height in males compared to females. likewise, waist and mid upper arm circumference had significant increases in males compared to females, Male weightlifter athletes had significant muscles mass bigger than female one, and the fat mass for male was assessed as ‘‘Fitness’’ which ranged between (14 and 17%) but the female had fat mass that assessed as ‘‘Athletes’’ which ranged between (14 and 20%). The weights lifting by male and female increased during three months, and also revealed a significant increase in the efficiency of males in lifting weights higher than in the females during the period of 12 weeks. Thus, the results indicated that by incorporating natural dietary supplement powders in suggesting capsule, it is possible to enhance the performance of weightlifter athletes.

This study aims to study the estimation of production cost functions as it reflects the relationship between total costs and actual production. The main economic indicators that reflect the extent to which the agricultural production units achieved economic efficiency in their use of the productive resources involved in the production process as well as the extent to which they are achieved These units of maximizing the profits of the agricultural product, as well as the study of production costs and the associated indicators are important  both on the productivity unit or at the national level, which can be used in the design and analysis of price policies and help the user Farmers in their productive decision-making, which would encourage producers to continue production or stop production. As well as to determine the volume of production that maximizes profits and thus achieve economic efficiency of the use of productive elements.