This study aimed to determine the relationship between preharvest treatments by salicylic acid, Larginine and L-tryptophan with fruit quality of pear cv. Le-Conte during cold storage at 0◦C and 9095% RH for 12 weeks followed by shelf life at 22◦C for 12 days. Treatments included L-arginine at 100 and 200 ppm, L-tryptophan at 50 and 100 ppm, salicylic acid at 100 and 200 ppm and water as control, all treatments were sprayed on mature trees until run off twice; at full bloom stage and at initial fruit set stage. All conducted treatments were effective in maintaining fruit quality compared with control. Tryptophan at 100 ppm showed the highest significant TSS values, while salicylic acid at 200 ppm showed the lowest significant TSS values during cold storage and shelf life circumstances. Salicylic acid at 100 and 200 ppm showed the lowest weight loss percentages, salicylic at 200 ppm decreased the rate of decay incidence, showed the lowest significant respiration rates, also it was effective in alleviating core browning. In addition, salicylic acid at 200 ppm significantly maintained firmness of fruits, and showed higher h° value of fruits peel, ascorbic acid concentrations, total phenols content and antioxidant capacity values of LeConte pear fruits. Preharvest treatments by salicylic acid, L-arginine and L-tryptophan positively influenced postharvest fruit quality, salicylic acid at 200 ppm effectively maintained fruit quality during cold storage and shelf life.

The agricultural sector plays a vital role in the economic, social and environmental development process. It depends on achieving many objectives such as providing food needs and raw materials for industries, as well as providing the necessary foreign exchange to finance economic, social and environmental development programs. The State has been interested in drawing up plans to maximize the use of available and limited resources, such as water resources in Egypt, due to its limitedity. What distinguishes the water system in Egypt is that it is a closed system, i.e. water is reused several times. The most important of these uses is the reuse of treated wastewater to irrigate areas cultivated with trees of different types, For the purpose of producing oils, dyes and entering into paper industries, and also to establish sustainable wood forests for the purpose of wood production to contribute to reduce the gap of foreign trade of wood in Egypt, and this use may work to preserve water resources and to reduce of water streams that receive this type of water and improve environmental and health conditions as well as contributing to the creation of large green spaces improve the atmosphere characteristics and work as windbreaks around the cities that have a desert back ground and reduce temperatures in by forest areas. The findings show that economic indicators of the most important trees planted in the forest showed that the Red gum trees are came first in terms of the yield of the invested pound, which is  about 246.41 pounds And in first place in terms of lower cost of production per tonne, amounting to about 2.48 pounds, while the trees come Casuarina sp. second in terms of return Pound, which amounted to 153.70 pounds and the fourth in terms of the cost of production of the ton, which amounted to about 3.93 pounds. Cupressus sp. trees came third in terms of the pound, which amounted to 127.49 pounds and the third place in terms of the cost of production of tons, which amounted to about 3.49 pounds, The yield of the pound for the trees of the Asersus, E.Citriodora, Khayasenegalensis and pine reached 81.95, 65.31, 53.79 and 41.79 respectively, while the production cost per ton was 3.31, 9.48, 6.72 and 9.29 respectively. It is noted that the Red gum trees obtained the highest yield in terms of the pound and the minimum cost of production of tons, and that the increase in investment and expansion of agriculture yields a better return and a good opportunity to invest. The average annual net yield of the most important trees planted in the Sarabum Forest in the Sarabum area was 16155.53 LE / feddan / year, if compared to the net yield of the most important traditional agricultural rotations for some major crops, net annual yield of the period from (20002016) and which corresponds to the age of trees in the forest (area of study) was calculated. It was found that the agricultural rotation of crop (continuous clover + rice) represents the highest average net yield of about 7246.2 pounds / feddan / year. Thus, the average net yield of the most important trees is about 2.23 times that of the counterpart calculated from the traditional agricultural rotations. Therefore, the planting of trees in the forest (area of the study) is considered economical, so the cultivation of the trees should be considered, especially in the desert back ground of the governorates. Without prejudice to traditional crops, as the tendency to plant forests is necessary to improve the environment and a safe way to dispose of treated wastewater so as not to adversely affect the waterways. The results of the economic indicators for the use of the water component in the production of different types of trees planted in the forest were also shown. The price per cubic meter of water  (LE / m3) ranged from a minimum of 1.98 (LE / m3) of Cupressus sp. trees to a maximum of 2.78  (LE / m3) for pine trees with an average of about 2.26 (LE / m3). It was found that the value of net return of cubic meters of water ranged between a minimum of about 27.74 (LE / m3) for pine trees and a maximum of 121.87 (LE / m3) for Red gum trees at an average of about LE 56.80 (LE / m3) The yield per cubic meter (tons / m3) was between 0.056 (tons / m3) for Eucalyptus sp. limmine trees and a maximum of about 0.200 (tons / m3) for Red gum trees at an average of 0.121 (tons / m3). As for the return of the pound of irrigation costs per feddan, the value ranged from a minimum of about 149.8 pounds for pine trees and a maximum of about 855.5 pounds for the trees of Red gum with average of about 383.9 pounds. The ratio of irrigation costs to variable costs ranged from a low of about 47.3% for Eucalyptus sp. limestone trees,  kaya trees with the same percentage and a maximum of 53.4% for Red gum trees, Casuarina sp. trees with the same percentage, and with averaging of about 50.7%. The results of the economic evaluation of trees planted in the forest showed that Red gum trees are better and more efficient tree species in the forest and there is economic feasibility of expanding their cultivation, and therefore some financial measures were made to study the economic feasibility of planting Red gum trees. The results showed that the Profitability Index (PI) at 25% discount rate, 28% for Red gum trees palms without change in cost and revenue factors and the project lifetime attained about 2.02 and 1.45 respectively, which confirms the feasibility of the project Greater than the correct one, which means that each pound invested in the project achieves a net return of 1.02, 0.45 pounds, respectively. As reported the current net cash flows or net present value (NPV) of the project is toward the 15,240, 66081 pounds, respectively. And the internal rate of return (IRR) of the project is 31.5%. This means that the rate of return is greater than the opportunity cost prevailing in the community at the study, which is the interest rate, is 25%. Accordingly, the Pay-Back period of the project capital is estimated at 3.2 years, which confirms that there is a capital turnover of the capital. From the above, it is clear that the expansion of the cultivation of the trees Red gum is economically feasible.

Two field experiments were conducted in two successive seasons; 2017 and 2018 at Bahi ElDin, Siwa Oasis, Egypt, to study the effect of four boron levels (0, 23, 46 and 69 ppm) as foliar application on yield and its components of five maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids (Single Crosses 124, 168, Three Way Crosses 310, 324 and 352). The experimental design was perpendicular strips plot with three replicates. Results indicated that effect of boron and hybrids on plant height, no. of grains/row, ear length, no. of rows/ear, ear diameter, 100-grain weight, grain, ear and stover yields (kg fed-1) were significant. Maize hybrid S.C. 124 produced the highest values of 100-grain wt., grain and ear yields per fed. Maximum no. of grains/row, ear length and stover yield fed-1 were recorded by TWC 324 hybrid. While, TWC 352 hybrid surpassed in no. of rows/ear and ear diameter. Foliar application by 69 ppm boron significantly produced more grains per row and ear, 100-grain wt. and grain yield/fed. Interactions were significant for all studied traits, except no. of grains/row and ear diameter. Thus, it could be concluded that applying 69 ppm boron as foliar for S.C.124 hybrid could be used successfully for improving maize productivity under Siwa Oasis conditions.

Two trials were carried out at the Experimental Station farm of Desert Research Center, Teggzerty from Siwa Oasis, Matroh Governorate during the two summer seasons, 2015 and 2016. Trials were performed to study response of two maize hybrids.(Single hybrid 131 and Triple hybrid 329) to organic manure (OM) levels (15 and 30 m3/fed.) and five combinations between mineral and nano nitrogen (N) fertilizers: 1)100% mineral N from the recommended dose (120 kg N/fed.), 2)75% mineral + 25% nano N fertilizers, 3)50% mineral + 50% nano N fertilizers, 4)25% mineral + 75% nano N fertilizers, 5)100% nano N as the recommended rate (500 ppm as foliar application). Mineral N rates were added in three equal doses, with foliar application by nano N rates, after 30, 45 and 60 days from sowing. Treatments, included twenty treatments, was laid out in a splilt-split plot design, with three replicates, OM levels were arranged in the main plots, maize cvs. were allocated in the sub plots, and mineral nano N fertilizer treatments were assigned in the sub-sub plots. At harvest the following characters were recorded, plant height (cm), number of rows/ear, ear length (cm), ear diameter (cm), number of grains/row, 100-grain weight (g), ear weight (ton/fed), grain, straw and biological yields (ton/ fed), shelling (%) and harvest index(%). Results indicated that increasing OM levels significantly increased ear length harvest index and protein content (%), in the 2nd season only, triple hybrid gave the maximum values of all pa rameters, except no. of rows/ear and harvest index, in the 1st season, and 100-grain weight and carbohydrate (%), in both seasons, which had no significant difference with single hybrid in the most cases. Concerning with the effect of mineral and nano N, all parameters, except carbohydrate (%), were increased with increasing mineral N (%) and/or with decreasing nano N (%). Fertilized maize crop by mineral N at 100% or 75% plus 25% nano N fertilizer gave the maximum values of plant ht., no. of rows/ear, ear length and diameter, no. of grains/row, 100-grain wt.,ear weight, grain, straw and biological yields, shelling (%), protein (%), protein yield and harvest index in both seasons. However, fertilized maize crop by nano N at 100% produced the highest value of carbohydrate content (%) in two seasons. Results suggested that selected triple maize hybrid cv. (329), at 30 m3 OM, with 100% mineral N (120 kg N/fed.) or with 75% mineral N (90 kg N/fed.) plus 25% nano N (125 ppm as foliar application) fertilizers could be utilized for attaining the maximal improvement in farmer income by increasing the maize yield under saline conditions at Siwa Oasis, Egypt.

Four common Egyptian Agricultural by products used for ruminant feeding were treated with different concentrations of Probiotic (ZAD) to study the effect of treatment on chemical composition of roughages. Roughages used were rice straw (RS), wheat straw (WS), corn stover (CS) and sugar cane bagasse (SCB). Concentrations of ZAD tested in this study were 0.05, 1.0, 1.5 and 2 ml/Kg of roughage. Roughages were mixed with ZAD solution and incubated anaerobically for 4 weeks. Results indicated that treatments decreased crude fiber (CF) contents of all roughages by 17 % in CS to 30% in SCB and increased EE by multiplication of 1.45 times in WS to 4.9 times in SCB. Statistical analysis showed no significant interaction between roughage source and ZAD concentration on chemical composition of roughages except for crude protein where interaction was significant (P<.05). Results also indicated that ZAD concentration over 0 ml/kg affected CF & CP contents, it was also noticed that CP of RS showed the highest response for treatment followed by SCB and CS, respectively. Crude protein of WS was not affected by different ZAD concentration. It was concluded that ZAD concentration of 1 ml/ 1 Kg of roughage is recommended for treatment to improve roughage chemical analysis.

Two hundred multiparous Holstein dairy cows post-partum were randomly assigned into two groups. The first group (control, n=100) was fed total mixed ration (TMR) without a supplement of liquid probiotic enzymes. The second group (treatment, n=100) was fed TMR supplemented with a commercial probiotic (ZAD) prepared by Bactizad company, Cairo, Egypt. at the rate of 10 ml/head/day.  According to the guide of the manufacture for 12 weeks ZAD was added and mixed to the TMR at the time of feeding once per day. Each group was placed in a shaded pen equipped with free stalls.    Results obtained showed that     Milk yield increased significantly from 39.57 kg/day for control group up to 41.73 kg/day for treated with ZAD group.  Fat and protein milk percentage tended to be improved due to treated with ZAD but the difference was not significant. Lactose percentage was affected positively and significantly by treated of ZAD, lactose percentage was 4.79 for control group and 4.83 for ZAD group.  Serum total protein increased significantly from 11.52 (g/dl) for control group up to 11.85(g/dl) for treated ZAD group. Albumin was significantly higher in control group.   Results indicated that blood urea concentration in treated group being 34.77 (mg/dl) and for the control group 33.91 (mg/dl), was significantly higher.  Alkaline phosphates increased significantly in treated group from 21.105 U/l for control group up to 26.92 U/l for treated group.   Cholesterol concentration was reduced significantly due to treatment from 240.98 mg/dl in control cows to 190.13 mg/dl in treated cows.  Triglycerides concentration declined significantly due to treatment of probiotic ZAD. In control cows triglycerides concentration was 27.871 (mg/dl) and treated cows was 20.9781 (mg/dl).  T3 concentration increased significantly as a response to treatment by probiotic ZAD. T3 concentration was 117.29 ng/dl in treated group and 62.38 mg/dl in control group.

Field experiment was carried out on one of the turf (lawn) , category  (Passpalm 10) to study the effect of irrigation systems on soil moisture distribution in the root zone. Experimental plot area was (4.5*4.5  ), soil media used was sandy soil and three treatments (spray, sub surface drib irrigation (SDI) , hydrogel) irrigation and every treatment replicated three times . Results of this research could be summarized as follows:  Annual water consumption was less by 77.3%, 71.3% when using hydrogel material, compared with other irrigation systems (spray, and SDI) resp. , this is due to the quantity of loss water from evaporation in spray irrigation treatment , where evaporation parameters are more effective than the others (SDI, hydrogel) irrigation treatments.   The hydrogel treatment has highest water saving by 170% ,300% compared with (SDI and spray) irrigation treatments , because the hydrogel's ability to hold water and has a large period between irrigation when using hydrogel in the soil .   The SDI treatment has highest electrical saving by 520% ,55% compared with (spray and hydrogel ) irrigation treatments resp.   The turf quality index (color, density, ground cover ) give high degree at hydrogel treatment compared with others, this is due to the hydrogel has many materials , both nat urally occurring and synthetic and ability of water saving around root zone of turf .  The average of soil moisture contents at (10cm and 15cm) depth of soil under hydrogel treatment was highest compared with (Spray and SDI) irrigation systems  resp.

This study was executed during two successive seasons 2014 and 2015 for evaluating the effect of inoculation with Bradyrhizobium sp, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus circulans, Glomus macrocarpum and Pseudomonas fluorescens on infection percentage, enzymatic activity, growth characteristics, total phenol, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity in presence or absence of Fusarium oxysporum in sterilized or non- sterilized soil under greenhouse condition. The obtained results observed that the tested strains showed suppression for F. oxysporum in vitro. Similar results were obtained under greenhouse experiment where the inoculation of soil with biofertilizers strains in presence of P. fluorescens showed the lowest records of infection percentage as well as the higher values of enzymatic activity, growth characteristics, total phenol, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity compared to full dose of chemical fertilizers treatment. This study provides evidence for diminishing the adverse evolved from the continues application of chemical fertilizers in high doses and replacing it (at least partially) through biofertilizers and biocontrol application.

Field experiments were conducted in El-Bosaily farm in the Northern Coastal of Egypt during summer seasons of 2015 and 2016 to study the response of the single Cross 10 maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid to three sowing dates (1st of May, 1st of June and 1st of July) and three levels of irrigation; 60%, 80% and 100% of irrigation requirements (IR) which applied by drip irrigation system. The experimental design was split plot with four replications where the sowing dates and the irrigation levels were located in the main plots and the sub-plots, respectively. Germination percentage, vegetative growth, indices yield and yield components and water use efficiency were compared under the various sowing dates and irrigation level treatments. The main results were as follows: Vegetative growth traits, yield and water use efficiency of maize were decreased as sowing date delayed beyond the 1st of May. Sowing maize seeds at 1st of July gave the lowest vegetative growth traits and productivity compared to the other sowing dates during both seasons. Meanwhile application of 60% (IR) decreased vegetative growth traits as well as grain yield. Nevertheless, the 100% (IR) irrigation treatments gave the highest vegetative traits and grain yield. In contrary, results showed that the 60% (IR) irrigation requirement gave the highest water use efficiency (WUE). Increasing irrigation water above 60% (IR) led to decrease the values of water use efficiency. Meanwhile, the  highest water use efficiency was obtained from the first sowing date (1st May) followed by the second sowing date (1st June) while the lowest value was obtained by the third sowing date (1st July).

This work aimed to study the effect of FYM rates (0, 10 & 20 m3 fed-1) and application in time of N fertilizer on maize grain yield and its attributes using single cross hybrid 130 at two field experiments. The technique of treatment - trait (TT) biplot graph was used to study the interrelationships among maize traits. The Results showed that application of 10 or 20 m3 FYM and adding the recommended N fertilizer on these doses with first, second or third irrigations gave highest values for the grain yield and most agronomic traits. It is obvious that the highest correlation coefficients were obtained between grain yield and each of number of ears plot-1 (NE),ear length (EL), ear diameter (ED) and 100 kernel weight (KW),under Gemmeiza location, while the traits of days to 50%tassiling and silking, plant height (PH), ear height (EH),   number of ears plot-1 (NE) and 100 kernel weight (KW) were the most associated traits with grain yield under Sids location. Using the TT biplot graph, results revealed that the best performance treatments for most studied across the two locations were the application (T11) before as well as application (T10). The results showed that TT biplot graph was an effective statistical tool to study the effects of treatments on yield and its attributes and also to discover the interrelationships among these traits. Accordingly, the maize breeder should give interest in the interrelationships among grain yield and its attributes when planning the breeding program.