he aim of the present study was to optimize the extraction conditions of green tea aqueous extract [green tea concentration (G) and extraction temperature (T)]. Response surface methodology was applied to determine the highest radical scavenging activity (RSA), Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and reducing power (RP) of the prepared green tea extract. Effect of green tea aqueous extract prepared using the optimal conditions on the liver cirrhosis retardation in rats was also investigated. Two-factors central composite design was established to determine the effects of G or T and radical scavenging holding time as independent variables on RSA, FRAP and RP as dependent variables. The optimum G, T and holding time with maximum RSA were 1.0 %, 88.7 °C for 25 min, with a predicted RSA of 81.3 % (r2=0.9115) compared to the BHT, which had a scavenging value of 87.4 % at concentration 150 ppm and holding time 30 min The same predicted concentration and temperature obtained with the highest FRAP and RP were 2.566 and 1.687 with r2 0.9780 and 0.9550, respectively. The phenolic and flavonoid contents were 81.2 mg gallic acid equivalent and 33.5 mg quercetin equivalent per 100 ml green tea extract. The extract prepared at optimal conditions was used for treatment of cirrhotic rats by CCl4. Insignificant (P≥0.05) differences were observed between the green tea group and control group in obtained total protein or albumin values. Total protein and albumin were dramatically decreased in the group treated by CCL4.  The same trend was observed with studying the transaminase enzymes. Histopathological sections appeared the effect of green tea extract on the retardation of liver cirrhosis in rats.

The paper shows the development of strawberries crop area in Behera governorate during the period 2001-2015 showing that its lower area was about 150 feddan and its maximum area was about 2320 feddans. The general time trendof area was 120 feddans a year during the studied period.  Strawbarries production, on other hand, was between 600 ton and 6830 during the above period.  Despite the importance of strawbarries are in the governorate, its total production was only 42.731 or 48% of total production in Egypt. This may be explained by the low productivity of most varieties cultivated by farmers. For this, the study is concerned with the cultivation of varieties with high productivity per feddan.   The study depends on the results of a sample of farmers in the governorate to estimate production and cost functions to evaluate factors affecting these functions. The study reveals that the sample farmers in Kom hamada-which represents about 81% of total strawbarries production are producing in the first stage of the production function. This means that farmers do’ nt  use the optimum method of production. The study estimate cost production and the size of farm that minimize cost and that maximize profit for the farm four groups and for the total sample.

The wide and indiscriminate use of pesticides for pest control in agriculture has inflicted serious harm and problems to humans as well as to the biodiversity. Microbial degradation of pesticides in contaminated soils has been considered advantageous to decontaminate areas that have been polluted by pesticides. Chlorpyrifos and diazinon were the most persistent residues in Egyptian soils. Four bacterial isolates were isolated from organophosphorus insecticides contaminated soils and genetically identified based on DNA sequence of 16s rDNA gene, Cronobacter muytjensii GH10, Achromobacter xylosoxidans GH9OP, Pseudomonas aeruginosa GH2NO8 and Pseudomonas putida GH4SNO/P were able to degrade 92.59%, 97.75%, 91.82%, and 90.78% of diazinon (600mg/l) as compared with 16.99% in control and 93.43%, 78.51%, 93.18% and 95.36% of chlorpyrifos (480mg/l) as compared with 4.28%, in control, respectively after 20 days of incubation.

Baby pea (pisum sativum L.) shoots is a new ready to eat baby leaf vegetable sprouts in Egypt. The overall quality change of baby pea shoots is greatly affected by surrounding environmental conditions especially increased elevation of carbon dioxide concentration in the air. This work focus on the impacts of predicted climate changes conditions on the quality of baby pea shoots by using two carbon dioxide concentrations (600 and 800 ppm) compared with ambient air (control) in interaction with three microbial inoculants and their combinations, in semi-automated growth chambers using tray sprouting method. The obtained results showed the largest yield of pea sprouts per unit area in 800 ppm CO2 concentration with increasing about 20% more than ambient air (control) followed by 600 ppm with increasing about 9.4% than ambient air. Also, it revealed that using CO2 at 800 ppm increased pea sprout crude protein content 37.8%, lipid 46.9% and energy 19.5% per unit area when compared to ambient air. While pea sprout treated by 800 ppm CO2 and inoculated by combination of  Az. chroococcum + B. megaterium + Ps. fluorescens recorded the highest significant shoot length in the second cut and highest significant chlorophyll in first and second being 13.25 cm, 57.3 and 58.9 μg Chl./cm (SPAD) and the highest significant protein, lipids, and ash content being 48.65, 4.95, 10.69% as well as the highest significant mineral values of P, Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn being 0.545, 3.535, 0.620% and 61.3 ppm respectively. Current study suggests that high CO2 concentration in the presence of Az. chroococcum + B.  megaterium + Ps. fluorescens improve the yield and the quality of baby pea shoots.

Natural sources of water are limited in Egypt. The rapidly growing populations necessitate continuous expansion of the cultivated area. This means an increase of the gap between the demands of water for irrigation and the limited water supply. Looking for other sources such as low quality water like (industrial effluent, drainage and sewage) must be used in irrigation of some garden and wood plants. This investigation was conducted on agricultural drainage wastewater from El Mohete drain (Marioteya Canal) west of Cairo; the samples were collected from different places during (Summer and Winter seasons). The wastewater contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms, the excess of fertilizers (inorganic & organic), heavy metals, and the residuals of pesticides. Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) could remediate the wastewater as biological bioremediation to remove some pollutants such as pathogenic microorganisms, heavy metals and pesticides. Chemical remediation was used as nitrification inhibitor to stop transformation of ammonia to nitrate. This work was conducted to study the ability of PGPR strains e.g. Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtillis, Bacillus circulans, Paenibacillus polymyxa, Pseudomonas floresense, Serratia sp. and Azotobacter chroococcum 5, 9 and 23 to treat the drainage water for irrigation the Mentha viridis cv. and Gladiolas grandiflorus cv. plants.                 Two pot experiments were conducted in greenhouse. The treatments were applied as follows; Natural water, treated water and drainage water to irrigate the plant. Use the PGPR as inoculants and thiourea as nitrification inhibitor, Heavy metal treated was (Copper, Cobalt, Zinc, Cadmium and Mercury) the result showed us heavy metals removal by PGPR from drainage water. The characterizations of PGPRs as shown in the obtained results are they could enhance plant growth by using their own metabolism (solublizing phosphate, producing hormones or fixing nitrogen) as well as correlation of them with the potenit of effects on the growth of plants in unfavorable conditions in order to improve the efficiency of phytoremdiation of contarinated soils. The removal of heavy metals and the elimination of pesticides residues were markedly noticed in this investigation. Results also confirmed the ability of PGPRs in suppressing the effect of pathogenic bacteria like Salmonellasp and E.coli. These abilities are of great importance in terms of plant and soil health. Consequently, the role of PGPRs bacteria associated with plant rhizosphere in remediation of water and soil contaminations due to its biochemical activity and thus, stimulate plant growth is a great important subject in phytoremediation process nowadays.

Most landscapes requires the water essentially, water pumping consumes a significant amount energy. The study carried out to evaluate the performance of a solar water pumping system for the purpose of operating landscape system. The system consists of a centrifugal water pump connected directly to DC electric motor that which connected directly to a solar photovoltaic generator. Field test had been carried out at Menofia Governorate, Egypt. Measurements were taken every hour starting from 8:00 AM to 4:00 PM through randomly selected days during the period between August 2016 and February 2017. Results show the relation between the solar radiation and the output electrical power, hydraulic power, pumping rates and the efficiency of the system. System evaluation was carried out by estimating the intensity of solar radiation, Photovoltaic output power and the hydraulic power generated. The PV output power was 712 W at solar radiation intensity of 841 W/m². Also, photovoltaic generator and pumping system efficiencies were 14.98% and 14.21% respectively.

This study aimed to evaluate seed yield, morphological variability and nutritional quality for two cultivars of Chenopodium quinoa under high saline soil conditions (ECe 22 dSm-1) in Egyptian Northeastern coast. Responses to salinity were greatly differed between the two cultivars. The Peruvian cultivar CICA produced seed yield significantly higher than Bolivian cultivar Real. CICA cultivar also showed significant high performances for most of morphological traits. Among the 10 morphological traits, leaves dry weight, shoot fresh weight and leaves fresh weight showed significant positive association with seed yield. No significant difference has been found between both cultivars for most seed quality traits except for the concentration of crude protein and crude fiber in seeds were significantly higher in CICA cultivar. Although CICA cultivar exhibited significantly higher sodium concentration in the leaves than that found in the leaves of Real cultivar, but it was much more efficient in restricting sodium uploading into seed. These results revealed that the Peruvian cultivar CICA seems to be adaptable and more suited to dry-saline soil in Northeastern coastal region of Egypt, as it gave considerable high seed yield with better quality in terms of high protein and fiber percentage and low Na concentration in seeds.

The present study deal with hydrolysis of lactose by kluyveromyces fragilis that grown in Whey and synthetic mediumandthe effect of incubated temperature and pH on enzyme activity Lactase (ß- galactosidase) that hydrolyze lactose in whey milk and synthetic medium .Also the conversion of glucose that released from lactose hydrolysis by kluyveromyces fragilis into fructose via addition of glucose isomerase. The present work showed that the optimum pH and incubated temperature were (4,35°C) respectively to optimum enzyme activity Lactase with total glucose reached 60.21 mg/ 100ml in whey medium and 58.61 mg/100ml in synthetic medium after 24 hours. In addition fructose content was 48.15 mg/100ml from released glucose in whey milk that confirmed due to the highest sweet syrup. In conclusion, this study indicated that ability of kluyveromyces fragilis to hydrolyze lactose in natural whey milk higher than synthetic medium.

The present study was carried out during 2014 and 2015 seasons on adult Kitt Mango Trees to evaluate 4 levels of pruning  pattern (removing one-third, one-half, all branch or without pruning) and 4 types of soil mulching (white plastic, black plastic, rice straw or without soil mulching) on vegetative growth, leaf mineral content ,flowering and yield.   Average shoot length, shoot thickness and average number of shoot / tree of Kitt mangos greatly affected with both pruning pattern and soil mulching, especially with removing of one-third of branch and covering soil with white plastic sheet. However leaf N, P and K contents were improved with both one-third and one-half pruning of branches of Kitt mango trees where both white and black plastic of mulch soil were similar in their effect on leaf NPK content. There were an evident increase in fruit set %, total yield (kg/tree) and marketable yield % with one-third and one-half pruning of branch and also with white and black plastic of soil mulching. The increase of marketable yield% due to these treatments could be attributed to the increase of vegetative canopy of leaves which led to prevent sun burn of fruits and to minimize heat solar effect from the soil and protect the fruits in lower parts of the trees. Fruit chemical constituents including TSS%, acidity and L-ascorbic acid slightly affected with different treatments but one-third and one-half prunning of branch as well as with white and black plastic of soil mulch could be recommended as a good horticulture treatments in Kitt mango orchards

A new proposal method for quantitative pollen analysis of pollen grains in each gram of bee honey was described, using aNeubauer improved chamber for leucocytes and erythrocytes counting. The study was conducted at the Bee Research Unit, Dept. of plant protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra El-kheimah, Al Qalyubia, Egypt on 36 samples of citrus and clover honeys. 18 samples were collected from 5 apiaries under study in Qalyubia Governorate; Kanater, Shalakan, Tookh, Khankah and Shoubra El kheimah and 18 samples were collected from local market in 5 Governorates in Egypt; Cairo, Giza, Qalyubia, Gharbia and Sharqia, during their seasons of production in 2013, 2014 and 2015. The results showed that 2.8 % of the samples were poor in their content of pollen grains (2000-10000 pollen grains /g honey), 77.8 % of the samples were rich in their content of pollen grains (10000-50000 pollen grains /g honey), 11.1% of the samples were more rich in their content of pollen grain (50000 -100000 pollen grains /g honey) and 8.3% of the samples were very rich in their content of pollen grain (>100000 pollen grains /g honey).