This research aims to study weeds diversity among five represented habitats namely; field crops, orchards, canal banks, wastelands and water bodies along Mariotteya Canal, Giza. A total of 88 species belong to 74 genera and 27 families were recorded and identified with Egyptian floras and available checklists. The dicotyledons families were represented by (69%); while monocotyledons were (31%). The common families were Poaceae (26%); while both of Compositae and Leguminosae were represented by (8%). Three species were recorded from each of Apiaceae, Cyperaceae, Malvaceae and Polygonaceae and two species from Salicaceae and Amaranthaceae. In addition to, 13 families were monotypic. The annuals species were represented by (59%), perennial herbs were (30%); while trees, shrubs and biennials species were (7%), (3%) and (1%); respectively. The life form showed that, therophytes species were represented by (60%) followed by chamaephytes (14%) then phanerophytes (10%). The chorological ratios showed that cosmopolitan taxa had the highest contribution (25%), followed by pantropical (19%) then palaeotropical (14%). Based on species recorded among five represented habitats, the cluster analysis divided the studied habitats into three groups. Group one included field crops and orchards habitats. Second group contained canal banks and wastelands habitats; while third group included water bodies' habitat. Moreover, field crops and orchards habitats showed the highest similarity value (0.614) followed by (0.559) between canal banks and wastelands habitats. On the other hand, there was no similarity between species of water bodies' habitat and species of the other habitats.

Different  research  reports have revealed that food industry by-products can be considered as good sources of potentially valuable bioactive compounds. This study was performed to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of the peel extracts of pomegranate (PoP), mango (MaP), prickly-pear (PrP), Cantaloupe (CaP) and pea (PeP) using different solvent polarity (methanol, ethanol, ethylacetate and water) to particular attention to their content of total phenolics and flavoniods. Among all tested extracts, ethanolic extracts of PoP, MaP and PrP and aqueous extract of CaPand PeP were shown to exhibited a  significant (p≤0.05) highest extraction yield, total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity (measured by DPPH,ABTS and FRAP methods). The antioxidant capacity of different peel extracts was showed the following descending order, MaP>PoP>PrP>CaP≈ PeP. Also there was a strong positive correlation between the DPPH, ABTS, FRAP values and total phenolic as well as,  flavoniod contents of different peels extracts. Seventeen phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by HPLC-UV analysis in different peel extracts. Galic acid was identified as the major compound  in MaP and PoP extracts, while it was rutin in the case PrP,CaPand PeP extracts. From the results obtained, fruit and vegetable peels can be considered as good sources of valuable bioactive compounds.

This study aimed at 1) identify level of both famers’ knowledge and practices relevant to the integrated farm management in Sahl Altina as highly saline soil, 2) determine preferred extension methods from farmers point of view in the field of transferring highly saline soil recommendations, 3) identify correlation relationship between level of both famers’ knowledge and practices relevant to highly saline soil and other farmers’ socioeconomic characteristics. Sahl Altina regoin was selected to conduct this study as highly saline soil.  Three of the biggest famers’ cooperatives in terms of participation number were selected to comprise the population of the study. A survey was carried out using interview questionnaire. A random sample of 143 farmers representing 10% of the total number of farmers were selected to conduct this study Frequency tables, percentages, means were used for data presentation and analysis. contingency coefficient and Pearson correlation coeffi cients utilized to identify correlation relationship between level of both famers’ knowledge and practices and other farmers’ socioeconomic characteristics. Findings of the study can be described as follows: There is Low level of both famers’ knowledge and practices relevant highly saline soil. Demonstration under supervision was the most preferable method from farmers point of view. There is correlation relationship between famers’ knowledge relevant to the integrated farm management in highly saline soil and the following: farming experience in highly saline soil, farm area, and satisfaction towards extension services. There is effect relationship between farmers’ knowledge relevant to the integrated farm management in highly saline soil and the following: education level and period of irrigation. Finally, four recommendations were developed according to the results of this study that may contribute to enhance extension work in the field of capacitating farmers with the integrated farm management under saline conditions

The study aimed to identify the causes of early marriage for the children, his methods, and identify his effects. to determine the relationship between the age of the respondents at marriage,  the Attitude of respondents toward early marriage for the daughter / son and the demographic, economic and social variables. To Determine the relationship between the application of the respondents to family Planning methods and the demographic, economic and social variables. to determine the respondents Application gap regarding the application of family Planning methods, according to different regions of the study. to identify the respondents application gap of family Planning methods and the degree of preference for these methods. The study was conducted depending on the social survey method in the villages of Kafr Abu Najm and Awlad Eiladawy in Sharkia governorate on a random sample of 223 units represens 5% of the total number of women in each village, and col-lected data using a questionnaire by personal interview, starting from April until late of June 2016, data were analyzed using frequencees and percentages, alpha Cronbach's coefficient, weighted mean, Pearson correlation coefficient, contingency coefficient, the expense of applied gap. The study found a range of resalts including: that early marriage percentage (less than 18 years) in the field study amounted to 36.3%, showing that about 43.5%, and 49.8% of the respondents have negative attitud and neutral about early marriage for girls, while more than half respondents have neutral attitud about early marriage for the son by 60.5%. and prove the existence of a significant relationship between the age of the respondents at marriage and variables: the number of years of education for the respondents, the number of years of education for the husband, the age at first birth, the suitable age of marriage for girls, the suitable age for boys, The attitud toward the planning of the process of reproduction. The results indicate existence of negative relationship between the age at marriage and variables: the number of children, number of pregnancies, satisfaction with the difference between couple for the girl, satisfaction with the difference between couple for their sons. The study also found that 94.2 % of respondents have neutral and positive attitude toward regulating the reproductive process, while shows that the highest percentage of respondents neutral and positive attitude toward reproductive process. The results indicate that 49.8 % of the respondents have negative attitude for preference and 49.3 % for the application and there are gap between the application of the respondents to the methods for family planning and the degree of preference for these methods.

ABSTRACT   The research aimed to determine the level of participation of  Siwa Woman in the development of environmental industries, And determine the relationship between the independent variables and the degree of the level of participation of  Siwa Woman in the development of environmental industries, Determine the percentage contribution of variables moral relationship level of Siwa woman participation in the development of environmental industries, and to identify the motives of Siwa Woman in the development of environmental industries. This research was conducted in Siwa Oasis, It was selected sample of (256) respondents by 33.6% of the overall size, data were collected by using a questionnaire specially to achieve the research objectives, the statistical tools included percentage  Frequencies,  Pearson's correlation coefficient were used to data analysis.   The study concluded the following key results   The results showed that respondents with low participation in handmade carpets industry is 14.7%, While the respondents with medium participation is 22.3%, while respondents with high participation is 63%. The results indicate that the percentage ofrespondents with low participation in pickling olives are 12.3%, While the percentage of respondents medium participation is 15.9%, while the proportion of respondents with a high participation is 71.8 percent. The results showed that respondents with low participation in the manufacture of animal feed ratio is 17.2%, While the percentage of respondents medium participation is 15.2%, while the proportion of respondents with a high participation is 63.6 percent. Data suggests that respondents with low participation in the garment manufacturing Siwa is 7.3%, While the percentage of respondents participating medium is 9.9%, while the proportion of respondents with a high participation in the garment manufacturing Siwa is 82.8%. Results show that in the category of 7.8% total participation level low in the development of environmental industries, and 16.4% of them fall in the proportion of middle-class participation for the development of environmental industries, And 75.8% of the respondents fall in the category of high participation for the development of environmental industries in Siwa Oasis. Results show that the level of Siwa woman participation in the development of environmental industries was a significant relation at a level of 0.01 in all of: Capacity animal tenure, The degree of belonging to the tribal community, and the degree of adherence to tribal customs and traditions, Degree trend towards environmental industries, and the degree of exposure to sources of information on the environmental industries, As the value of simple correlation coefficient of Pearson: 0.225, 0.241, 0.217, 0.219, and 0.231, respectively, While the relationship was significant at the 0.05 level with age, While respondents 0.149 Pearson simple correlation coefficient values, and there was no significant relation to: the degree of education of the surveyed, the area of agricultural holdings. It turns out that the percentage contribution of these variables in explaining the contrast kidney respondents were significant at the 0.01 level And its contribution was all in the predictive ability and the other is 51.5%, of which 35.2% to the degree of exposure to sources of information on environmental industries, 9.5% to the point of belonging to the tribal community, and 5% to the degree of adherence to tribal customs and traditions, to 1.8% and the degree of the trend toward environmental industries. The results showed that the most important motives of Siwa woman in the development of environmental industries are: Increasing the family income to their participation in the environmental industries (89.5%), Help the family in the bride processing (83.9%), Out of the house to receive an education and to work in the environmental industries (76.7%).

This investigation was conducted at Barrage Station (BHRS), Horticultural Research, Kalubia Governorate, Egypt, to get some new and promising pea lines (Pisum sativum L.) using pure line selection method on the basis of genetic variability. Selection was performed between or within four pea populations of Master Bcultivar. The populations were collected from four different regions in Egypt and subjected to selection procedure during 2012/2013, 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 growing seasons. The investigation intended to study different traits of growth and yield and its components viz., No. of days to flowering, No. of first flowering node, plant length, No. of branches per plant, pod length, pod width, pod thickness, pod weight, No. of seeds per pod, weight of seeds per pod, No. of pods per plant, weight of 100 seeds, shelling percentage, pod yield per plant and seed yield per plant. The target of this study was to improve pea yield and its components as well as earliness of yielding. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among genotypes for most of the studied characteristics, indicating ample scope of selection. Most characteristics showed a higher heritability coupled with higher genetic advance through two cycles of selection indicating that these characteristics are stable and can be improved through selection based on phenotypic observations. Twenty lines were obtained from selection program and were compared against the baseline populations in addition to check cultivar (Entsar1).Results showed significant differences among lines for most studied traits. Selection program resulted in genotypes or lines given symbols of H3, G7, N1, N3, G2, G1 and K2 that considered promising lines.  These lines have good pods traits, higher productivity and earliness of flowering. Simple correlation coefficient analysis revealed that greater emphasis should be given to the traits of No. of branches and No. of pods per plant along with pod length, pod width, No. of seeds and weight of seeds per pod for yield improvement.

Environmental issues is an important topic nowadays as almost every country’s government and society has started to be more aware about these issues. This leads to a trend of green marketing used by the firms /producer in order to gain profit and protect the environment, Green marketing is the process of satisfying the needs and wants of customer’s in a way which can bring benefit or profit for both the producer and the society by reducing detrimental impact on the natural environment by providing less environmental harmful and/or more environment friendly products to the respondents, green marketing tools such as eco-label, eco-brand and environmental advertisement will make easier perception and awareness of green products attributes and characteristics, consequently, guiding them into purchasing environmentally-friendly products. Applying these policy tools plays an essential role to switch customer’s actual purchasing behavior to buy environmental friendly products, therefore, reduce the negative impact of synthetic products on the environment. The aim of this research was to know the respondents awareness of green marketing and its impact on sustainable development and to assess the attitude of respondents towards green marketing and sustainable development. A sample of (150) respondents was chosen from (5) super markets for administering well structured survey questionnaires. The analytical tools were used descriptive statistics, inferential statistical treatments such as percentages, means, and correlation analysis were applied to the data. From the research it was found that majority of the respondents did not have knowledge about green marketing because it is very new concept for respondents otherwise majority of the respondents agreeabout believing in the concept of green marketing, paying extra cost for green products also majority of the respondents strongly agreeabout supporting green marketing and sustainable development strategies The results of a correlation analysis between the respondents’ attitude towards green products with respondents’ demographics showed that, the respondents’ attitude towards green products was significant negatively correlated with Age, Education and income were significant positive correlated with respondents’ attitude towards green products, the research recommended that government and marketing organizations have to disseminate the importance of green marketing and enhancing the awareness at every level of stakeholders about green marketing.

It is one of the most serious problems facing Egyptian agriculture, which is working to eat agricultural area Where farmland represents one of the most important agricultural economic resources in the provision of food, where is the problem of constant encroachment on farmland and converted from agricultural use to other uses of non-farm as the total agricultural land has been encroached upon construction during the period Area (1983 - 2010) about 64 Thousand acres in addition to the encroachment on about 38.46 thousand acres since the wealth of January 25, 2011 until 28/9/2014, which led to a decline in the average per capita agricultural land in Egypt from about 0.133 acres / population in 1983 to about 0.112 acres / people in 2011, was where the study problem in increasing encroachment on the land Agricultural Giza especially governorate Doanh the post-January 25 Revolution 2010 study was conducted to identify the effects of Aguetsadahoalajtmaih leveling farmland in Giza Governorate 2017 season. Where the characteristics and motives of the establishment of private projects and land has been identified, and this motivation strengthens the doctrine of the importance of infringement by seeing others from projects that are based on their negative impact on the neighboring lands of the project, especially if the success of the project and the desire to imitate this behavior or create a new project The previous project, whether through raw materials or taking advantage of the product of the former resident on the lands beyond it, which sees the oppressor as an incentive for the tradition and Altadam on the infringement of the other and waiting for what happened to him before the establishment of a plant on the land beyond it and did not see the behavior of Alchk Meh it packs serious and immediate accountability and behavior, whether or removal or punishment Salehbh both. It was concluded that the owners of the first Mivkron project is the amount of income obtained by the search for the compensation of what was obtained before the establishment of the project and shows the table what the project owner gets from the agricultural land before the establishment of the project and the income obtained after the establishment of the project and depends on the difference in income, The project, where it was found that the owner of a poultry farm was obtained on average on 94.4 pounds / month as the value of rent or equivalent percentage of the crops produced from the area on which the project is established (poultry farm, which is 5.28 i), while the increase rose to 12.3 thousand pounds, increase of about 13.56% than once The average monthly income before the establishment of the stadium amounted to about 193 pounds / month, which rose about 8 thousand pounds / month, an increase of about 4145% of what was obtained of the agricultural land, while the income of the owner of the wedding hall before the establishment of about 113.3 pounds / month of agricultural land, while the rise to about 4 thousand pounds from the wedding hall, an increase of 3530% of what was obtained from the ground. Although the satisfaction of the projects on the land above it is much higher than the return of agricultural land, this high return of projects does not correspond to the degree of food deprivation for future generations as a result of conversion of agricultural land to special projects in all wars and the occurrence of fodder or influence the political decision to import food and provide of society as a whole.

The research aimed to study the effect of reducing water voracious crop areas, such as (rice, sugar cane, bananas, alfalfa) on the available water quantity in the agricultural sector, where the data analysis showed that the most of the voracious crops especially rice and sugar cane are concentrated at the old lands within the valley as it explained in the research later, therefore, the research focused on inventory and analysis of the old land data within the valley to determine the best alternatives of the cropping pattern which achieves the state's goal of saving water and maximizing the return of the water unit, and is compatible with the current local, regional and environmental water conditions and the future developments that may occur in the future, that by using linear programming, through three models that have been formulated: the first is minimizing water requirement, the second model maximizes the net of acre return, while the third model maximizes the return of the water unit, using available data published and unpublished issued by the concerned authorities. The research focused mainly on the possibility of reducing the water needs of cropping pattern as a main objective, in addition to increasing the self-sufficiency ratios of strategic crops through the first scenario, and increasing the areas of export crops to increase the export proceeds through the second scenario, as far as possible within the available water and land area in the study area, using different statistical models.  The results of the analysis of the statistical models in the first scenario showed that the total quantity of irrigation water available for the cropping pattern of the study crops reached 41.483 billion m3, while 38,604, 38.726, 38.683 billion m3 were used for the statistical models respectively, this indicates that the required water quantities decreased by 2.879, 2.758, 2.800 billion m3, with a change rate of about 6.94, 6.65, 6.75% for the statistical models, respectively.    The net return of the water unit for the actual cropping pattern reached about 1.634 LE/m3, while it reached about 1.755, 1.767, 1.765 LE/m3 for the statistical models respectively, which shows the increase in net return of water unit by 0.122, 0.133, 0.131 LE/m3, with a change rate of about 7.46, 8.17, 8.05%, for statistical models respectively.  The second scenario aims beside minimizing the water needs of cropping pattern, increasing export crop areas such as onions, peanuts, potatoes, tomatoes and other vegetables as much as possible, assuming situation stability of foreign trade.  The results of the analysis of the statistical models in the second scenario showed that the total quantity of irrigation water available for the cropping pattern was about 41.483 billion m3, while 38,471, 38.912, 38.803 billion m3 were used for the statistical models respectively, indicating that the required water quantities decreased by 3.013, 2.572, 2.681 billion m3, with a change rate of about 7.26, 6.20, 6.46%, for statistical models, respectively. The net return of the water unit for the actual cropping pattern was about 1.634 LE/m3, while it reached about 1.773, 1.830, 1.833 LE/m3 for the statistical models respectively, which shows the increase in the net return of water unit by 0.139, 0.197, 0.199 LE/m3, with a change rate of about 8.53, 12.04, 12.21%, for statistical models respectively.  Crop rotations can be applied to the new lands using water savings including (wheat and maize), with an area ranging from 2048 to 2399 thousand feddans, and including (wheat and summer and nili vegetables), with an area ranging from 2941 to 3444 thousand acres, also including (maize, winter and nili vegetables), with an area ranging from 3432 to 4021 thousand feddans. With regard to the impact of reducing the area of water crops to water gap which reached about 20.9 billion m3, it decreased by about 2.879, 2.758, 2.800 billion m3, which make water gap decreased to about 18.02, 18.14, 18.10 billion m3, with change rate of about 3.77, 3.61, 3.66%, for statistical models respectively, while the results of the second scenario show decreased of about 3.013, 2.572, 2.681 billion m3, which make water gap decreased to about 17.89, 18.33, 18.22 billion m3, with change rate of about 3.94, 3.37 and 3.51% for statistical models respectively. The research recommends the following points: 1. Reduce the areas of rice, sugar cane and alfalfa to save a quantity of water ranging between 2.572 - 3.013 billion m3 of land within the valley. 2. Using of water savings resulting from reducing the areas of water crops to expand the cultivation of new land with strategic and monetary crops. 3. Sugar beet area can be expanded at least to the extent that it covers the shortage of sugar production caused by reducing the sugar cane area, then taking into account and study the effects resulting from that. 4. Modification of cropping patern structure to be in accordance with the local, regional, environmental situations that may affect current and future water availability.

Salinity is one of the major environmental factors limiting crop productivity. For this reason, two greenhouse experiments were conducted in Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt, during the year 2015 using two rice varieties to evaluate the effects of various levels of osmotic stress caused by polyethylene-glycol 6000 (PEG) and NaCl. Furthermore, it was tested whether the inhibitory effect of salinity on growth, sodium and chloride concentration by two different varieties was greater under NaCl or PEG treatment. The first experiment was undertaken to separate osmotic and ionic aspects of salinity damage to rice (Oryza sativa L.).Seedlings of IR28 (salt-sensitive) and Nona Bokra (salt-tolerant) rice varieties were transferred to salinized nutrient solution containing 85 mol m-3NaCl (-3.0 bars) with or without   PEG 6000 (-2.0 bars, 45 gL-1).  Plants were grown up to 30 days in the salinized solutions. The second experiment was designed to determine the effect of salinity (85 mol m-3NaCl) with or without PEG 6000 (-0.5 bar, 11 g L-1)on growth, uptake and transport of sodium and chloride in two rice varieties differing in salt tolerance.  The results indicated that survival of salt-tolerant variety (Nona Bokra) was increased significantly by adding PEG (-2.0 bars). The addition of PEG also reduced the rate of death of rice plants compared with NaCl alone. Also, data showed that PEG 6000 (0.5 bar, 11 gL-1) reduce sodium concentration in root of IR28 and   Nona Bokra but its effect upon sodium concentration in shoot of the two varieties was more pronounced than the reduction of Na+ concentration in root.  Highly significant differences were obtained between zero and 11 gL-1 PEG. The result of this study is strongly indicated that addition of PEG dramatically lessened the toxicity of NaCl to rice seedlings.