The aim of this study was to use spreadsheet software (Excel) to solve linear programming models in formulating least cost rations of egg layers. The Ingredients used are corn, wheat, soybean meal, barley, wheat bran, protein concentrate, limestone, salt, dicalcuim phosphate, vitamin and mineral premix, vegetable oil. Results showed that the starter optimum ration for layers from (0 - 6) weeks, consist of these Ingredients (9.40, 26.91, 16.38, 38.71,' 4.51, 0.95, 1.09, 0.25, 1.18, 0.25, (Received April 18, 2009) (Accepted September 28, 2009) 0.33)% respectively and from (6-12) week of (0, 73.43, 8.72, 0, 14.37, 0, 0.99, 0.25, 1.39, 0.25, 0.57) % respectively, from (12-18) week (0, 78.36, 6.17, 0, 12.02, 0, 1.44, 0.25, 0.87, 0.25, 0.61)% respectively, from (18 week - start of production) (0, 15.55, 13.85, 0, 3.81, 0, 4.25, 0.25, 1.16, 0.25, 0.86 )% respectively, and during productive period from (0, 66.93, 10.62, 0,0, 9.09,9.01, 0.25, 3.82)% respectively, and the cost of these ration was 160.6, 130.70, 123.60, 145.22, 195.95) Iraqi Dinar/kg respectively. Results also show sensitivity report of allowable increase and decrease in ingredient cost and in constraint values and the shadow price.

Two Field experiments were conducted during the two summer seasons of 2007 and 2008 at EL-Serw Agricultural Research Station, Damietta Governorate, Egypt to study the effect of the time removal of weeds on associated weeds, growth, yield and its components in direct seeded rice in salinity land. Echinochilon crus – galli, Echinochilon colunum, Cyperus difformis, Cyperus longus and Dicanthium annulatum  were the major weed species. Competition beyond 8 and 10 weeks from sowing and weed competition for the whole season caused drastic reduction in the panicle length, number of panicles / m2 weight of 1000grain and grain yield. Grain yield of rice increased significantly with the increase of the duration of weed-free period. Weed free for the whole season and weed free for 10,8,6 and 4 weeks from sowing and weed removal at 4 and 6 weeks from sowing gave good results in this respect in both seasons. The period during 4 and 6 weeks after sowing was found to be an important factor in crop/weed competition. Weed cause 20 to 95% yield loss. Direct seeded rice ecosystems are most vulnerable to weed competition. Weed free is the most common and predominant method of control and is cost-effective. In direct seeded rice emergence of weeds begins with the germinating rice seedlings. This leads to competition between weeds and crop right from the very early stages. The degree of yield losses would depend on the type of weeds and the stage and duration of their competition with the crop. It could be concluded that the critical period of weed competition in direct seeded rice among 4- 6 weeks from rice sowing, thus it's important to remove the weeds at this time.

Experiments were carried out on honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera) during the winter of 2008 and spring of 2009 using colonies wintered with five levels of varroa infestation (0.0, 3.8, 9.0, 13.1 and 22.9%) in the Central Region of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The goal of the present work is to determine varroa treatment thresholds and colony collapse level. Response variables examined included varroa mite infestation level (%), cm2 of brood number of frames of brood, number of frames covered with adult honey bees and mites recovered on sticky boards. The data obtained reveled that no significant differences were noticed in cm2 of brood, number of frames of brood, and number of frames of bees in colonies (range of 0.0 to 9.0% varroa infestation or 0.0 – 0.9 mites/bee). Colonies with 13.1% infestation (0.13 mites/bee) exhibited a significant reduction in all measures of performance. The present results suggested that honey bee colonies can tolerate a level of 9.0% varroa infestation (0.9 mites/bee) during the winter without evidence of colony injury. It also suggested that 13.1% infestation (0.13 mites/bee) is the colony collapse or economic injury threshold in the Central Region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Also colonies with 12.3 or more mites falling on sticky boards after 48-hour period were likely to have lower populations of bees and brood the following spring.

A laboratory study was performed to evaluate the role of Molass using four levels (C=0, 10, 20 and 40 g kg-1) on the water transport function [namely, penetrability (l), sorptivity (S) and infiltration rate (i)] during transient flow in horizontal infiltration in Sandy loam soil incubated with Molass at 25 ± 2°C and 80% relative moisture content at 33 Kpa. For 60 days. Boltzmann transformation  was used to esitmate penetrability by fitting the wet front distance X vs. square root of time (t). Equation of Philip (1957)  was used to estimate sorptivity (S) by fitting cumulative   depth of water observed (I) vs. . Infiltration rate (i) was calculated using equation. The contact angle (a), soil surface free energy  were measured and calculated for all soil treatments. We also studied the effect of Molass on aggregate stability from the values of Mean Wight Diameter (MWD) and Geometric Mean Diameter (GMD). Results showed significant response and decrease in all study water transport functions [(l), (S) and (i)] with distance 30 cm of wetting front advance in end time with increasing the  levels of Molass from 0.0 to 40 g kg-1. Value of contact angle increased from 49.54 to 76.17, while the value of soil surface free energy decreased from 135.9 to 76.8 (m N m-1). The addition of Molass played very important role in aggregate stability according to the value of MWD and GMD

The major vegetable crop production in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia require easily produced sources of related information. However, there is a lack of such studies that lead to the use of com-puter programs or geographical information sys-tems in developing an electronic source for these extension, research, and scientific data. Farmers and agricultural engineers need a comprehensive database regarding insect pests, non insects pests, and diseases infecting vegetable crops in Saudi Arabia in Arabic language. Therefore, this project has been executed to design a complete database of such information. Included in this software are colored photographs, which will help users to get acquainted with methods of manage-ment of these pests and diseases. A data sheet has been designed to collect field information for each vege-table crop, including its pests and dis-eases, through field trips for many farms in all the 13 agricultural regions of Saudi Arabia. This field information has been compiled with what has been published in related scientific references. Upon completion of this program, confirmatory trips for five regions had been made in order to meet with farmers, agricultural engineers, and extension agents who are in agricultural branches of the Min-istry of Agriculture in these visited regions. The objectives of these trips were to get feedback about this program. Finally, an elaborate imple-mentation guide was prepared under the title "De-signing an integrated computer program for vege-table cultivation in The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia." Also, an attached manual, regarding the compo-nents and the operation of this program, was made. All of these materials have been distributed to farmers and interested people in the agricultural sector

Garlic is promoted for use as a preventive factor against the formation of cancer. Although several compounds in garlic may have anti- cancer properties, the dially sulfide compounds are said to play a major role. garlic is known to help in regulating blood sugar levels. Therefore, yoghurt was manufactured by using the aqueous extract of garlic to produce a healthy yoghurt. Different concentration of this extract; 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5% were added to yoghurt milk. Results showed that 0.1% of garlic extract was the best concentration which gained the highest score. The resultant yoghurt treatments were analyzed chemically and organoleptically when fresh and after storage at 5 + 1°C until 15 days. Yoghurt acidity was gradually increased during storage at 5 ± 1°C until 2 weeks, either for control or different treatments. On the other hand pH took an opposite trend of acidity. The resultant fresh yoghurt had high acetaldehyde, diacetyl, TVFA, viscosity values than control, whereas it showed low whey synersis. During storage at (5 ± 1°C) acetaldehyde, diacetyl decreased while TVFA, viscosity, whey synersis values were increased. Statistical analysis showed high significant difference (a 0.05) for acidity, TVFA, viscosity, diacetyl values and non significant difference (a 0.05) for acetaldehyde content between treatments and during storage.

Four stages of maturity acerola fruits (Malpigh-ia glabra L.) namely green, mature green/yellow, pale red and ripe mature were analyzed in fresh and dried at 50˚C under vacuum. Also, fresh fruits were used to prepare jam and mixed with different ratios of fig fruit. Results showed that protein con-tent was gradually decreased from 1.12 for green to 0.82% for ripe mature stage of acerola, while, the titratable acidity was decreased gradually with increasing the maturity stage while, the pH and soluble solids were gradually increased. The high-est percentages of reducing and total sugars were observed for pale red stage and the lowest were showed in green stage. Also, ascorbic acid was higher in green/yellow mature while in pale red and ripe stages were lower. Phenolic compounds were analyzed by HPLC in acerola fruit. The detected phenolic compounds were gallic, protocatechuic, catchein, catechol, chlorogenic, caffeic, syringic, ellagic, ferrulic, coumarine and cinnamic in both fresh and dried acerola. The green/yellow maturity of acerola extract recorded the highest percent of total antioxidant activity (74.46 %) while the lowest total antioxidant activity was observed in the ripe mature acerola (20.75%). Sensory evaluation of jam prepared from acerola and mixed with fig 1:1 recorded the highest scores compared to other prepared jams. Meanwhile, the content of ascorbic acid and total antioxidant activity were increased by increasing the percent of acerola fruit

A computer program based on windows application was developed using a Micro soft visual dot net software to determine the water requirements for vegetable crops in arid land. Through three simple steps, the user can easily calculate the water requirements for more than 35 vegetables. The first step is to locate the area of growing crops and compute the reference Evapotranspiration (ETref) using the Penman Monteith mathematical model. The second step is select the crop factor values and growing period lengths. Accordingly, the crop ET is calculated. The third step is to compute the total irrigation water requirements for the selected vegetable crop. It is intended in the paper to show all mathematical background used in the calculations. In addition, snap shot screens will be used to illustrate the use of the developed computer program.

Fresh Bolti fish (Tilpia nilotica) collected randomly from 9 different markets in Ismailia Governorate for evaluation the effect of grilled fish by the method used in grillrooms and houses on the concentration of pesticide residues found and the nutritive value.  Results revealed that decrease in the estimated parameters i.e. moisture, crude protein, fat and ash by grilling, this decrease were 6.07, 2.63, 4.07 and 1.56%, respectively. On the contrary, carbohydrates behaved another behavior that there was an obvious increase ranged from 1.98% to 2.92%. Fresh and grilled fish were analyzed to detect 12 organochlorine (OC) and 7 synthetic pyrethroid (SP) pesticides with a mean level on a lipid basis. Gas Liquid Chromatography equipped with Electron Capture Detector GC-ECD was used to detect the contamination in the samples. The results showed that p,p'-DDE  isomer was dominated over the other isomers in all analyzed fish samples, followed by a-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane. The concentrations of OC residues were higher than SP pesticides in all fish muscles. Also, the fresh fish muscle recorded higher concentrations of the evaluated pesticides than the grilled one.

ABSTRACT   Iron deficiency anemia is considered one of prevalent patients in developing countries, whereas it is well known that wheat flour is deficient in iron, hence, in this study wheat flour (72%) extraction fortified with celery seeds and cinnamon bark meal individually as a natural sources of iron at levels 5, 7.5 and 10 g/100 g wheat flour and preparation of biscuit samples. Iron content in wheat flour, celery seeds and cinnamon were determined. Biscuit samples were sensory evaluated and baking quality tested. Total iron and available iron were determined in biscuit samples. Biological evaluation for experimental rats designed and histopathological examination was tested for heart organ of rats. The results showed that wheat flour, celery seeds and cinnamon contained from iron 1.98, 57 and 50 mg/100 g respectively. Total iron and available iron increased in biscuits samples by increasing celery seeds and cinnamon additives compared with unfortified biscuits (control). Sensory evaluation of biscuit samples showed slight decrease in color, crunchiness and appearance while odor and taste significantly improved by increasing celery seeds and cinnamon additives compared with control. Baking quality of biscuit samples indicated increasing in weight, while volume, diameter and thickness slightly decreased by increasing celery seeds and cinnamon additives compared with control. Biological evaluation revealed that mean values of hemoglobin, hematocrit, red cell count, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, serum iron and serum ferritin significantly improved after 8 weeks in groups rats fed on biscuits fortified with celery seeds and cinnamon compared with control. Histopathological overhaul declared amelioration in organ heart for groups rats fed on biscuits fortified with celery seeds and cinnamon compared with anemic control.