The recent study aims to: identify a vision of agricultural extension work to reduce the degradation of agricultural soils, and determine the relationship between the independent variables studied, and the degree of vision of agricultural extension work to reduce the degradation of agricultural soils and identifying the farmer's suggestion to reduce Soil degradation. The study was conducted in Siwa Oasis in Matrouh Governorate. Data were collected through the personal interview with a systematic random sample of 148 farmers in Siwa Oasis using a questionnaire. Frequencies, per- centages and simple correlation coefficient (Pearson) were utilized to present and analyze data. The most important findings were: 29.4% of the respondents had a low level knowledge of reducing Soil degradation technical recommendation. The fending also indicated significant correlation at 0.01 level between the degree of agricultural extension work vision to reduce Soil degradation and the following variables: the respondent's education level, the degree of tribal leadership and the degree of tribal affiliation. There were significant correlations at 0.05% level between the same dependent variable and: area agricultural holdings and period of experience work in agricultural. There were non significant correlation between dependent variable and: age and size of the possession of agricultural animals.

This study was carried out to produce milk permeate beverage fortified with dried leaves of Moringa oleifera (DLMO) as innovative beverage. DLMO was added to permeate at concentrations of 0.5, 1 or 2%. Subsequently, the physiochemical, microbiological and organoleeptic properties of freshly innovative beverage and after 3, 7 and 10 days of storage at 5 ±25C were examined.  Addition of DLMO had significantly increased the total solids, protein, carbohydrate and ash contents of beverage. Acidity values increased gradually in all treatments during storage period. Bifidobacteria counts were higher in innovative beverages fortified with DLMO compared to control during storage period (10 days). Mould&yeast and coliform bacteria were not detected in innovative beverage when fresh and till the end of storage. Innovative beverage fortified with DLMO can be considered a good source of minerals (K, Ca, Mg and Fe) for human nutrition. The results indicated that innovative beverage fortified with DLMO contained higher essential and non essential amino acids compared to control. Organoleptic properties of innovative beverage fortified with DLMO were highly acceptable during storage period.

Effect of using different concentration of acetic acid (5, 7.5, 10 and 12.5%) on microbiological quality, pH, lipid oxidation and sensory properties of beef shawarma during storage at 4°C for 16 days were examined in this study. The results  showed   that addition of acetic acid at 10% concentration reduced and retard the growth of total number of  microorganisms by one log cycle, prevented  the growth of  Enterobacteriaceae, Coliform, E. coli , Psychrotrophic bacteria, and Staphylococcus aureus . in beef Shawarma   during storage at 4°C for 16 days. Both pH (6.1 to 6.14) and TBA (0.056-0.97  malonaldhyde absorbance /kg oil) did not much affected with increasing the concentration of acetic acid added to beef Shawarma. Meanwhile the increasing of acetic acid concentration caused a noticeable reduction in redness, slight changes in wave length, purity, visual density and brightness of beef Shawarma colour. Panelists showed that the dark grayish colour, sourish aroma, sourness taste, toughness texture of cooked beef Shawarma increased with increasing acetic acid concentration added to this product. Storage at 4°C for 16 days caused slight changes in the above measured properties.

Sharkia Governorate characterized by environmental and agricultural characters suitable for the production of sugar beet crop that making it one of the most important production areas in Egypt. Despite the importance of sugar beet crop as an economic crop for production of sugar, it has not taken enough attention to address the technology gap prevailing between researchers and producers in the employment of agricultural productivity resources to achieve the economic efficiency and that reduces faddan productivity and its return. This requires evaluating package of current agricultural practices affecting the productivity of the crop. So, the study used some economic criteria and statistical methods that achieve the objectives of the study and enhance the results such as correlation and regression procedures, change partitioning method and crop budget. The study was based on a field random sample of thirty farms in the province of Awlad Saker .. The study showed that the most important quantitative variables affecting the average production per faddan of sugar beet are the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer amount, seed amount, the amount of irrigation water where the combination of these factors contribute about 84% of the total quantitative factors affecting crop production. Also, the most important qualitative productive variables affecting the average productivity of the crop are number of hoeing times, the distance between hills and planning rate where these factors contribute about 64% of the total qualitative factors affecting the productivity of that crop. Then the most important quantitative and qualitative factors affecting average production per faddan of sugar beet are the amount of nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer amount, amount of irrigation water, the distance between hills, number of thinning times, where these factors contribute by 83% of the total factors affecting the sugar beet crop production. The study shows lack of commitment by producers of sugar beet recommendations of the Ministry of Agriculture with respect to quantitative and qualitative technology practices where the amount of the technological gap between the recommendations of researchers and practices of farmers for the row width about 4.32 tons/ faddan,  number of times of thining 6.8 tons/ faddan,  number of times of hoeing 6.63 tons/ faddan, number of times irrigation 3.26 tons/ faddan, the distance between hills 5.5 tons/ faddan, planning rate of 1.5 tons/ faddan for farmer experience, 2.5 tons/ faddan, number of times of replanting 0.57 tons/ faddan. The total monetary value of these gaps is around 1501.65 pounds, 2414 pounds2353.65 pounds, 1157.3 pounds, 1952.5 pounds, 532.5 pounds, 887.5 pounds, 202.35 pounds, respectively. Therefore, the study recommends using the technological recommendations package of agricultural practices according to the research recommendations, with a focus on the most important factors affecting the productivity of the sugar beet crop, to reduce the gap between research recommendations and farmers' practices.

The present  study was carried out during two successive seasons, 2011/2012 and 2012/2013, at the Agricultural Research Station; El-Otouria, Sheehaniya, Doha, Qatar; to investigate the response of  two tomato cultivars (Isabella and Milas) to biofertilizers and amino acids. Two biofertilizer treatments, rizobacterien at a rate of 2 and 4 liter per feddan and one of amino acid (Delfan) at a rate of 200 ppm, were used. Chicken manure, at a rate of 10 tons/ feddan, was the control treatment. Results showed the superiority of Isabella compared to Milas in terms of vegetative growth and fruit yield. Using Rizobacterien at a rate of 4 liter/feddan plus Delfan (amino acids) at a rate of 200 ppm  increased growth and fruit chemical characters, earliness and total yield. The average fruit weight per plant was significantly high under Rizobacteria at a rate of 4 liter/feddan plus Delfan (amino acids) at a rate of 200 ppm. The lowest vegetative growth, fruit and yield characters were obtained from Rizobacteria at a rate of 2 liter/feddan. The water productivity results showed that all treatments led to the increase of fruit yield. Isabella cultivar had higher water productivity than Milas cultivar. Using of Rizobacterien at a rate of four liter/feddan also increased the water productivity. The same trend was obtained by using Delfan at a rate of 200 ppm. Concerning water productivity, Isabella cultivar had higher water productivity 16.7 and 17.2 kg of tomato fruits per cubic meter of irrigation water (m3) compared with Milas cultivar which produced15.9 and 16.5 kg tomato fruits per cubic meter of irrigation water for first and second seasons, respectively. Isabella cultivar plus amino acid (Delfan) gave the highest water productivity 19.1 and 19.7 kg of tomato fruits per m3 water for first and second seasons, respectively compared the other treatments.

Treatments by three herbicides named; Methabenzthiazuron, Isoprotoron and Chlorotoluron to control Italian ryegrass growing with barley during pre-emergence stage were investigated. Results showed that clear damage have been occurred by the three chemicals without prominent effect on barley plants. Italian ryegrass was controlled significantly (p<0.01) by all of the herbicides used but the three herbicides differed significantly (p<0.05) in their effects. Chlorotoluron gave effective control of Lolium multiflorum at dose of 2kg a.i/ha and slight damage on barley was observed. Isoproturon and methabenzthiazuron were less effective as more than 40% of Lolium multiflorum survived at different doses while barley was not affected significantly.

The Fisheries is considered an important source of national income. Fish product is one of important component in the agricultural production. the problem of this study determined in increasing fish food gap with about 319 thousand tons in 2012. The study aimed to description and analysis of fish production in Egypt in terms of domestic production, imports, exports, consumption, the food gap, the proportion of self-sufficiency, the average per capita available amounts for consumption, In addition, studying the factors that effect on the production and consumption of fish in Egypt.   The study should be verification the following results   The fish production in Egypt is growing annually by about 55.9 thousand tons during the period average (1995-2012), which represents about 6.4% of the annual average, Imports of fish increase during the study period by about 4.5 tons by about 33.6 million pounds per year, and fish exports are increasing annually by about 0.68 tons by about 5.3 million pounds annually while the production of fish according to different sources show that fish farming ranked first by about 55.3% of the average amount of production, and the total northern lakes ranks second at about 14.7%, while the production of the Sea (White, Red ) ranked third by about 14.1%, and the River Nile is ranked fourth by about 10.2 and inland lakes and coastal ranked fifth and sixth by about 5.2%, 0.5% respectively during the study period . Nevertheless, the results show that there are statistically significant differences between the indicators during the period average (2008-2012). In addition, the results show that tilapia ranked first with an average production of about 646.4 thousand tons representing about 52.1%, While the average production of mullet, carp, catfish, reaches about 181.9, 142.1, 43.1 thousand tons respectively, representing about 14.7%, 11.5%, 3.5% respectively of the average total fish production during the period (2008-2012). The study also indicate that the most important economic factors that affecting on the fish production in Egypt is the amount of fish imports, the quantity of available fish, the partial elasticity of them are about -0.294 and 1.2, which indicates that an increase in the quantity of imports by about 1% leads to the decline of fish production by about 0.3%, increase the amount of fish consumption by about 1% lead to increase the amount of production by about 1.2%. However, the results show that the most important factors affecting on the amount of fish consumed in Egypt is the population and the average price of a kilogram of fish. Therefore, the study recommended the development of fisheries sector and set up of collection centers for the production of fish near fish farms, Moreover, the necessity of expansion in aquaculture to fill the fish food gap.

The study aims basically at identifying some indicators of village local unitseffictiveness in Benisuef Governorate. Personal interviews were conducted with directors of all the thirty nine village local units of Benisuef Governorate, using questionnaire was made to obtain the required data. A number of complementary statistical measures and techniques were utilized in the analysis of the collected data including: frequencies, arithmetic mean, weighted arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and alpha coefficient. According to the description of organizational effectiveness level and its components, the findings showed that:   The first indicator: Goal attainment   The findings showed that about (25.6%) of the studied village local units had a low level of goal attainment, and about (46.2%) of them had a mod- erate level, and finally about (28.2%) had a high level of goal attainment.   The second indicator: Job satisfaction   Findings showed that about (2.6%) of the local units directors had a low level of job satisfaction, and about (33.4%) of them had a moderate level, and finally about (64.0%) had a high level of job satisfaction.   The third indicator: Organizational integration   The findings indicated that about (2.6%) of the studied village local units had a low level of organizational integration, (23.0%) had a moderate level, and about (74.4%) of them had a high level of organizational integration.   The fourth indicator: organizational productivity   About (48.7%) of the studied local units had a low level of organizational productivity, (33.4%) had a moderate level, and about (17.9%) of them had a high level of organizational productivity.

The present study was carried out as an attempt to manufacture and study the properties of sweetened full-fat yoghurt with different calories content by using 9% sucrose (Sug), 0.015% sucralose (Suc), 5% prepared dates powder (DP) and whole cow's milk . Changes in pH values during fermentation period were followed. The resultant yoghurt was analyzed for chemical composition, some physical and sensory properties as well as the energy content for the fresh and stored yoghurt. The results showed that, treatments had insignificant effect on the activity of yoghurt starter culture. Sug and Suc had insignificant effect on the acidity and pH either in fresh or stored yoghurt, whereas the use of DP increased them significantly. No significant increase in acidity or decrease in pH values were recorded during storage period. TS, ash and carbohydrates contents were greatly affected due to adding 9% Sug and 5% DP, whereas fat and protein were not affected by the used additives, while due to storage period the effects were insignificant. Sug and DP treatments had the highest significant energy values (97.26 and 82.76 kcal/100 g in order), while Suc gave an opportunity to prepare sweetened low-calorie yoghurt with insignificant differences compared to the control. The significant increase in curd tension (CT) in Sug-yoghurt was accompanied by lower curd syneresis (CS) in most cases as compared with those of the control samples. Sensory properties were not significantly affected by treatments, but sucralose caused more smoothness and sweetness when compared with sucrose. DP-yoghurt had slightly brown colour which was colour for set yoghurt. In general, all samples were free from bitterness rejected by some panelists and accepted by others, who found it an accepted no, cooked and foreign flavours.

This research aimed to study the economical impacts of using different types of irrigation water to produce wheat crop, through economic analysis of crop production and its costs, in order to maximize the income of each unit of water. The sample of study was choosed from wheat farmers in El.Sharkia Governorate. The results indicated that the productivity of one feddan irrigated with fresh water and groundwater was 18.09 and 18.08 ardab/fed respectively. It was 17.72 and 17.11 ardab/fed. for land irrigated with mixed water and drainage water respectively. The feddan irrigated with fresh water consumed 2672 m3 compared with 2922, 2841 and 3263 m3 for groundwater, mixed water and drainage water respectively. The feddan of wheat irrigated with groundwater gave the high- est return of income changed costs that was 1.233 pounds. The farmers in the study sample used quantities of irrigation water greater than the amount that achieve efficiency in the case of irrigation with groundwater rate of 6.23%, while the farmers in the stud[1]y sample used quantities less than the amounts that achieve efficiency by 1.27%, 10.9%, 7.9% for wheat irrigated with fresh water, mixed water and drainage water, respectively. The research recommended using these different qualities of water in irrigation, but in the context of a set of parameters with not of focusing on the use of agricultural drainage water directly due to the Low productivity per feddan and the low average of water unit production and the share of water unit of the net return, certain attention should be paid to mixing drainage water with Nile water, and also to treating drainage water before mixing with fresh water of River Nile.