Pseudomonas fluorescens is one of plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) members which has a major role in the biological control of bacterial and fungal pathogens. A research was conducted at the Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Qalubyia governorate intended for isolating Pseudomonas fluorescens isolate, efficient in antibiotic production. For isolation, soil samples, collected from Faculty of agriculture farm soil at depth of 10 cm, were screened for Ps. fluorescens isolates by cultivating the samples on King’s medium. Out of 30 isolates obtained, one was selected based on its high lipid content, because of the lipid’s correlation to antibiotic production and inhibitory activity. The selected isolate was characterized by morphological, physiological, biochemical tests then confirmed its identity by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and named Pseudomonas fluorescens NBRC-14160 16srRNA. Morphological features showed that Ps. fluorescens NBRC-14160 has large colonies, with irregular surface, opaque, producing green fluorescent pigments. Cells are short rods, Gram negative. Physiological features indicated that Ps. fluorescens NBRC-14160 is capable of producing several exoenzymes including lipase, phospholipase, protease and chitinase and incapable of producing amylase and cellulase. Carbohydrate fermentation tests were positive for fructose, glucose, D-glucose, and galactose, forming acids after 24 hrs. of incubation at 30˚C. However, it loses the ability to ferment inositol, mannose, xylose, mannitol, raffinose and rhamnose sugars. It’s lipid content was 607 mg/g. Inhibitory activity was studied by the method of disc diffusion test against nine pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains. Staphylococcus aureus was the most sensitive bacterial pathogen towards P. fluorescens NBRC-14160 with a 4.5 cm zone of inhibition, while Serratia marscens had 0.95 cm zone. Aspergillus niger and Alternaria solani were the most sensitive fungal pathogens towards P. fluorescens NBRC-14160 with 2.55 and 2.5 cm of inhibition zone, respectively. However, the most resistant fungus was Fusarium oxysporum with 1.3 cm inhibition zone.

Wheat is an essential staple food in the developing world, where demand is projected to grow exponentially in the future; simultaneously, climate changes are projected to reduce supply in the near future. One of the main consequences of climate change is salinity, which negatively impacts the world's cultivated area and therefore affects the global wheat production. Our objectives are to study the population structure of several Egyptian and international wheat accessions and to identify the genetic factors controlling the salinity stress response of bread wheat. In addition, we have attempt to identify genes that control some important agronomic parameters of wheat under salinity stress were identified. The wheat germplasm panel consisted of 70 accessions obtained from Egypt, Syria and Iran. The assessment of salinity tolerance was conducted over the years of 2018 and 2019 in the field and in the greenhouse. The genome association analysis (GWAS) and population structure analysis was conducted using six SCoT, five SSR and 93 SNP markers. Analysis of the population structure using allele frequency and phylogenetic analysis indicated that the studied wheat accessions were belong to four population groups. Where, for the most portion, Egyptian, Syrian and Iranian accessions are clustered depending on their country of origin. The GWAS analysis revealed 13 SNP markers that were significantly associated with morpho-agronomic wheat traits during salinity stress. These markers were closely related to genes that are known to have a direct link to wheat response to salinity stress such as CYP709B2, MDIS2, STAYGREEN, PIP5K9, and MSSP2 genes. This study revealed the genetic structure of adapted and imported wheat accessions, which could be used to select potential wheat accessions for local breeding programs. In addition, the SNP genotyping assay is a very potential technology that could be efficiently applied to detect genes that control bread wheat response to salinity stress.

Sherbet and Sorbet mixes were prepared to contain 9% fresh mango pulp, per se, 1% cooked pumpkin (CP). The water quantity required for both was replaced with ultrafiltrated milk permeate (UFMP) at the level of 25, 50 or 75%. The obtained results indicated that, separately, CP composed of higher moisture and total nitrogen, total phenolics (TP) as well as radical scavenging activity (RSA) values and lower total flavonoids (TF), carbohydrates contents than mango pulp. In both, Sherbet and Sorbet mixes, water substitution with UFMP was associated with increase in total solids, total and reducing sugars as well as ash contents. Neither acidity %, nor pH values were significantly affected by the partial substitution of water with UFMP in Sherbet mix, although the acidity % of Sorbet mix was significantly increased by UFMP addition. Freezing point of Sherbet or Sorbet mixes was gradually minimized by increasing the substitution level, although the flow behavior index was not influenced in Sherbet but increased in Sorbet mixes. The proportional increment of UFMP level in mix was associated with gradually considerable increase in its consistency coefficient, apparent as well as dynamic viscosities, TP and RSA values of both Sorbet and Sherbet mixes. UFMP led to increase in the specific gravity of mixes before and after freezing as well as elevated the overrun and strengthened the melting resistance of the final product. Furthermore, the frozen dessert of 75% UFMP, whether being Sherbet or Sorbet gained the highest panelists scores for all sensory attributes. It could be concluded that, it could successfully produce a product that meets the intended health purposes based on the substitution of 10% of mango pulp with pumpkin solids of many impressive health benefits as well as the utilization of ultrafiltration milk permeate as a source of the essential electrolytes instead of 75% of required water en route to innovate frozen desserts such as Sherbet and Sorbet

This study aimed to measure the effect of treated wastewater on the performance of pressure irrigation network components and compare it with domestic water. The experiments were conducted in Eastown and Lake View sites in the Fifth Settlement - New Cairo, at N = 30° 01' 14.4", E = 31° 51' 60.9" and N = 30° 02' 22", E = 31° 44' 31.3", respectively, and the experiments were done in (2019). The area under investigation was 155 m², divided into three plots (5×5 m) for spray irrigation, there areas were planted with turf grass (passpalm 10), and three plots (5×2 m) for drip irrigation, there areas were planted with shrubs (Lantana camara nana) and trees (Calistemon viminalis). By irrigation with two types of water: treated wastewater and domestic water with the use of two types of filters in the Lake View site (a screen filter and a sandy filter) and the use of one type of filters in the Eastown site, which is screen filter. The washing process was carried out manually and automatically. The results showed significant effects on the components of the network and on the general appearance of the vitality and shape of the cultivated surfaces. The most important results obtained were: • Emission uniformity for drip system in Lake View site, was higher when using automatic operation with treated wastewater by (5 and 6%) for on-line dripper and built-in dripper, respectively, than manual operation, while, in Eastown site emission uniformity was higher when using automatic operation with treated wastewater by (2.3 and 4.9 %) for on-line dripper and built-in dripper, respectively, than manual operation. • Distribution uniformity for spray system was higher when using automatic operation with treated wastewater by (5 and 5.1%) in Lake View site and Eastown site, respectively, than manual operation. • Clogging ratio in Lake View site by using manual operation with treated wastewater was (40 and 48%) for on-line dripper and built-in dripper, respectively. Clogging ratio using automatic operation was (20 and 25%) for on-line dripper and built-in dripper, respectively, while, in Eastown site by using manual operation with treated wastewater was (34.5 and 44.7%) for on-line dripper and built-in dripper, respectively, and by using automatic operation was (18.75 and 22%) for online dripper and built-in dripper, respectively. It was higher with manual operation than automatic operation and higher with treated wastewater than domestic water. • The concentration of total suspended solids was less by (93.6 and 97.9%) with manual and automatic operations, respectively in Lake View site, while, it was less by (50 and 60%) with manual and automatic operations, respectively, in Eastown site. • The turf quality index (color, density, ground cover) gave the highest degree when using treated wastewater with automatic operation, which is due to the nutrients in treated wastewater. • It is preferable to use sand filters before the mesh filters with treated wastewater to reduce the percentage of clogging with impurities instead of using only mesh filters.

The research aimed to measuring the Efficiency of the Agricultural Economic Resources Used in Summer Tomato Production in Alexandria Governorate, the research is relied on using of some descriptive and quantitative economic analysis methods in data analysis, especially Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method, based on field data collected during the 2020 season from 30 summer tomato's farmers in Alexandria Governorate. The research reached a set of results, the most important of which can be reviewed as follows: (1) The overall efficiency criteria for a feddan of summer tomatoes in the research sample are: the net return is about 12.52 thousand pounds, the income over variable costs is about 17 thousand pounds, the benefitcosts ratio is about 1.41, and the profit of the spent pound is about 0.41 pounds. (2) The average Scale Efficiency was about 95.6%, which means that the percentage of exploitation of economic resources used in production in summer tomato farms in the research sample was about 95.6%, indicating that there is a possibility of expansion of 4.4% to reach the optimum volume of production on these farms. (3) The average Technical Efficiency according to the (BCC) model is about 98.4%, and this confirms the possibility of increasing the summer tomato production by 1.6% without increasing the amount of economic resources used. (4) Inefficient farms can achieve complete technical efficiency as reference farms by reducing the economic resources used, which are: the human labor by 7.22%, the automated work hours by 8.36%, the seedlings by 2%, the fertilizer Municipal by 4.62%, nitrogen fertilizer by 4.39%, phosphate fertilizer by 4.96%, potassium fertilizer by 4.93%, and pesticides by 6.81%, while keeping the same volume of production of summer tomatoes research sample. (5) The average Allocative Efficiency of summer tomato farms was about 79.7%, which means that re-employing the used economic resources will save about 20.3% of the production cost through adopting better technology and optimal employment of resources. (6) The average Cost-Efficiency of summer tomato farms in the research sample was about 78.4%, which means that production costs can be reduced by about 21.6% of the current production costs without affecting the production level of summer tomatoes. (7) Achieving the technical efficiency of summer tomato production at the level of Alexandria Governorate the following: (a) Increasing production by 13.07 tons, with a monetary value estimated at 23.59 milliom pounds, (b) providing an area of agricultural land with a horizontal expansion of 586.12 feddans, which is equivalent to the increase achieved In production as a result of raising technical efficiency, (c) rationalizing the use of irrigation water in Alexandria, with a total of about 2.04 million m3 , which is the amount of savings achieved in irrigation water that is necessary for the area of land that has been provided in Alexandria. In light of the findings of the research, it recommends the necessity; (1) Educating summer tomato farmers about the optimal the economic resources used in production to reach the optimum volume of production, (2) Reduce the prices of agricultural production inputs and provide them in a timely manner so that the farmer does not resort to the black market, (3) Issuing advisory bulletins to confront the changing climate and high temperatures in summer tomato cultivation.

أصبحت مشکلة البطالة وانخفاض الدخول الحقیقیة من أهم المشاکل الملحة فی الإقتصاد المصری والتی یتعین مواجهتها لما لها من آثار سلبیة علی الإقتصاد والأمان الإجتماعی، إضافة إلی کونها أحد مظاهر أهدار الموارد المتمثلة فی القوی البشریة العاطلة الباحثة عن العمل وعدم توظیفها بما یساهم فی تحقیق نمو أکبر، وعلیه استهدف هذا البحث تحدید دور بعض المشاریع الغذائیة الصغیرة فی زیادة الدخل وتوفیر فرص العمل بمحافظة الفیوم وذلک من خلال عدة أهداف فرعیة وهی دراسة تطور المشاریع الصغیرة الممولة بمحافظة الفیوم، والتعرف علی قدرة بعض المشاریع الغذائیة الصغیرة محل الدراسة فی الحد من مشکلة البطالة وقیاس مستوى دخول العاملین. وقیاس العائد لتلک المشاریع. بالاضافة إلى التقدیر القیاسی لدوال الإنتاج والتکالیف لتحدید مدى کفاءة تلک المشاریع فی تحقیق التنمیة الإقتصادیة بمحافظة الفیوم. والتعرف علی أهم المشکلات والمعوقات التی تواجه تلک المشاریع محل الدراسة ومحاولة إیجاد الحلول والأسالیب اللازمة لحلها. وقد توصل البحث إلى عدة نتائج أهمها:- أن إجمالی عدد المشاریع الممولة وعدد المستفیدین من الذکور وإجمالی القروض بمحافظة الفیوم تتسم بعدم الاستقرار النسبی فی حین یتسم عدد المستفیدین من الإناث وتکلفة فرصة العمل بالاستقرار النسبی نظرا لانخفاض معامل الاختلاف النسبی والبالغ 48.84% ، 24.78% على التوالی. - بلغت قیمة المرونة الإنتاجیة الإجمالیة لمشاریع تصنیع الجبن البیضاء ومنشآت التخلیل نحو 1.28 ، 1.18 على التوالی ویعنی ذلک أن زیادة الموارد الإجمالیة بالدالة المقدرة بنسبة 10% تؤدی إلى زیادة فی إنتاج الجبن البیضاء والمخللات بنسبة 12.8 ، 11.8% على التوالی. وهذه النتیجة توجه بزیادة حجم تلک المشاریع وتوجه بإعادة مزج عناصر الإنتاج المستخدمة فی العملیة الإنتاجیة بما یحقق التولیفة المثلى منها والاستخدام الکفء لها للانتقال إلى مرحلة الإنتاج الاقتصادیة.- ویتضح تفوق حجم الانتاج الأمثل، وحجم الإنتاج المعظم للربح على حجم الإنتاج الراهن لمنشآت تصنیع الجبن البیضاء بمقدار 0.75 ، 2.44 طن على التوالی. کما یتضح تفوق حجم الانتاج الأمثل، وحجم الإنتاج المعظم للربح على حجم الإنتاج الراهن لمنشآت التخلیل بمقدار 5.02 ، 31.53 طن على التوالی.- أن نسبة إجمالی العائد إلى إجمالی التکالیف لمشاریع تصنیع الجبن البیضاء ومنشآت التخلیل حوالی 1.59 ، 1.36 على التوالی، وأن العائد على الجنیه المستثمر بلغ حوالی 0.59 ، 0.36 جنیه على التوالی. وبلغت نسبة التشغیل حوالی 0.63 ، 0.74 على التوالی ویعبر انخفاضها عن الواحد الصحیح على مدى اربحیة المشروع الإنتاجی.- وتبرز مشاریع تصنیع الجبن البیضاء والتخلیل أهمیتها فى استیعاب العمالة، کعامل جوهری ذا أهمیة فی النشاط الزراعی والمجتمع الریفی، حیث یعمل بها حوالى 124 ، 252 فرد على التوالی جمیعهم من ابناء القریة التی توجد بها هذه المنشآت ومن أبرز العوامل الکامنة وراء ارتفاع قدرة هذه الصناعات على استیعاب العمالة هو انخفاض تکلفة فرصة العمل نسبیاً بتلک المنشآت حیث قدرة تکلفة إتاحة فرصة العمل بنحو 8.35 ، 16.12 ألف جنیه على التوالی، کما بلغت نسبة متوسط إجمالی الأجور إلى متوسط إجمالی التکالیف المتغیرة بالمشروع نحو 26.6%، 35.4% على التوالی وبذلک تمتاز هذه المشاریع بارتفاع المساهمة النسبیة للأجور فی التکالیف المتغیرة، وبذلک تصبح هذه الصناعات قادرة على امتصاص العمالة الزراعیة الفائضة ، کما أن إقامة مثل هذه المشاریع فی المجتمعات الریفیة یؤدى إلى خلق فرص توظیف من ناحیة، وإلى زیادة دخول العمال الزراعیین من ناحیة أخرى

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of replacing alfalfa hay with graded levels of fennel and basil straws in the diets of growing rabbits aged from 5 to 11 weeks. Eighty-four unsexed, weaned New Zealand white rabbits, aged 5 weeks, were randomly assigned to seven dietary treatments (12 rabbits/treatment): A control diet; three diets the basil hay substituted for 25%, 50% and 75% of alfalfa straw; and three diets the fennel hay replaced 25%, 50% and 75% of alfalfa straw. Results obtained showed that replacement of alfalfa hay with 25 % fennel straw significantly reduced average daily gain compared with the other experimental treatments, while no significant difference was observed among the other experimental treatments during the stage 5-8 week. On the contrary, the animals fed diets contained 25 % fennel straw gave significantly higher average body weight gain compared with the other experimental groups and no significant differences were observed among the other experimental treatments during 8-11 weeks. Regarding body weight gain during the total period from 5 to 11 weeks of age, the result indicates that no significant differences among all treatments were detected. The values of FCR showed no significant differences within all tested groups. Rabbits group fed B50% recorded the highest significant digestibility coefficients of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, TDN and DCP when compared to all groups. Levels of basil straw and fennel straw in rabbit diets induced an insignificant effect on hemicellulose. There were higher dressing and hot carcass percentages were recorded with rabbits fed B50%. Plasma values of total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol or Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) concentration were not significantly affected due to adding basil straw and fennel straw to rabbit diets. Replacement alfalfa hay with fennel and basil straw resulted in decrease feed cost. Rabbits fed B25% showed higher economic efficiency percentage compared to the other treatments. The results revealed that using basil straw and fennel straw at 25% in growing NZW rabbit diets had no detrimental effects on productive performance, the physiological and biochemical status and it could be used economically instead of alfalfa hay.

A field experiment was conducted during autumn plantation in season 2017 at Qaha, Qalubiya Governorate to evaluate the efficiency of ten different control agents; four of them are biorational components (garlic extract, rosemary oil + sunflower oil, sesame oil and chili oil), three of them are natural pesticide (Techno Oil, Top9 and Berna Star), one agent of them is bio-pesticide (bio-fly) and two chemical pesticide (Blanch 48% SC, Mospilan 20% SP) in reducing the population densities of Bemisia tabaci and Tetranychus urticae on Hatma potato cultivar. The results indicated that there were significant differences between the ten tested compounds in reducing the population density of B. tabaci nymphs; Mospilan 20% SP was the most potent compounds in reducing the population density of B. tabaci nymphs causing the highest reduction percentage (83.58 %), while Top9 gave a low effect with reduction percentage (49.32%) and Bio-fly gave moderate reduction percentage (63.92%). These compounds could be divided into two groups according to the reduction percentage: 1st group contains Mospilan 20% SP, Blanch 48% SC (chemical pesticides), Berna Star and Techno Oil (natural pesticides), respectively. 2nd group contains on Bio-fly (bio-pesticide), sesame oil, garlic extract, chili oil, rosemary oil + sunflower oil (biorational components), and Top9 (natural pesticide) on B. tabaci nymphs. Results also revealed that there were significant differences between the mean of general reduction percentage of the ten tested compounds on T. urticae population. Mospilan 20% SP recorded the highest reduction percentage (73.1 %), (rosemary oil + sunflower oil) treatment recorded the lowest reduction percentage 41.97% and Top9 gave moderate reduction percentage (60.03%). These compounds could be divided into two groups: 1st group contains on Mospilan 20% SP, Techno Oil, Blanch 48% SC, garlic extract, Top9, chili oil, sesame oil and Berna Star respectively. 2nd group contains on Bio-fly and (rosemary oil + sunflower oil) respectively

Because water scarcity anticipated to increase within the destiny in particular with growing global population and the rise in prosperity problem of the shortage of water suitable for cultivation of meals plants inside the global is growing in arid and semi-arid regions. There is the call to discover some other plant resource that doesn’t need freshwater i.e. able to grow using seawater. It is worth to note that Salicornia sp. and Sarcocornia sp. may be grown at the seawater. Currently, considered one of the most crucial issues dealing with Egypt is a way to provide food within the frame of limiting to be had soils for cultivation, limitation of water resources, especially after Ethiopian Nahda Dam and growing in population. Accordingly, the use of halophytes forage plants (Salicornia and Sarcocornia) using seawater has emerged as one in all the most exciting and intelligent research points. Therefore, a case observe was carried out in 2018 and 2019 to evaluate the nutritional status of Salicornia and Sarcocornia plants which can be grown on salty water in the North Coast of Egypt. Five samples of Salicornia and Sarcocornia amassed from Damietta Port Said coastal road and identified depends on phenotypic homes to Sarcocornia perennis (DA), Sarcocornia perennis (PS), Sarcocornia fruticosa, Salicornia europaea and Salicornia herbacea. Proximate composition analyses were carried out. It turned into obtrusive that, among dry biomass, carbohydrate has become in the most important proximate compositions in the Sarcocornia sp. and Salicornia sp. Tissues observed through ash. Molecular evaluation by SCoT techniques turned into done for Salicornia and Sarcocornia. The SCoT molecular marker techniques reach producing reproducible and dependable amplicons. Even though that the SCoT technique became higher in assessment for molecular variety and discrimination ability for all studied Salicornia and Sarcocornia.The results obtained have shown that the high nutritional value of the plant in terms of protein content, carbohydrates content and as a result, it is suitable for food

The effect of magnetic water compared with saline water , nano-Mg at 100 and 200 ppm and nano-Zn at 50 and 100 ppm treatments and their combinations on lemongrass plants (Cymbopogen citratus L.) was studied during 2018/2019 and 2019/2020.Vegetative growth parameters including plant height, number of tillers/ plant, leaf area, herb fresh and dry weights were greatly affected by both studied factors. Magnetic water treatments recorded the highest values of all vegetative growth parameters compared with saline water. However, all nanoparticles of Mg and Zn treatments were superior than control in promoting vegetative growth parameters and the treatments of 100 ppm nano-Zn and 200 ppm nano-Mg recorded the maximum values of vegetative growth parameters. The combined treatments showed that the highest values of vegetative growth measurements were obtained in plants irrigated with magnetic water and sprayed with 100 ppm nano-Zn, in both cuts In 1st and 2ndseasons.N, P, K and Mg contents were significantly higher in lemongrass plants irrigated with magnetic water than those irrigated with saline water. Moreover, the treatments of 100 ppm nano-Zn exhibited the highest significant values of N, P, K, whereas 100 and 200 ppm of nano-Mg treatments were superior in recording the highest values of Mg content, in the two seasons. The combination treatments of lemongrass plants irrigated with magnetic water and sprayed with 100 ppm nano-Zn or 200 ppm nano-Mg produced the richest values of N, P and K% D.W., whereas, the treatments of magnetic water combined with 100 or 200 ppm of nano-Mg produced the best Mg content.A great effect of magnetic water irrigation on increasing Fe and Zn contents than saline water treatments. The treatments of 50 and 100 ppm of nano-Zn were more effective than control and other treatments in maximizing Fe and Zn levels. The combined treatments of lemongrass plants irrigated with magnetic water and sprayed with 100 ppm of nano-Zn exhibited the highest values of Fe and Zn% D.W. in most cases. Additionally, total chlorophyll greatly increased in lemongrass plants irrigated with magnetic water than those irrigated with saline water, whereas the treatment of 200 ppm nano-Mg increased it than others. Interaction effect showed that, plants irrigated with magnetic water and sprayed with nano-Mg at 200 ppm exhibited the highest values of total chlorophyll.Proline and glycine betaine contents were greatly decreased with magnetic water treatment compared with saline water. Meanwhile, all applied treatments were effective in decreasing the levels of both constituents than control, which considered a good indicator to alleviation of water salinity stress on lemongrass plants through magnetic water and nanoparticles of Mg and Zn applications. Finally, volatile oil %, was greatly increased in lemongrass plants irrigated with magnetic water, especially the treatment of nano-Zn at 100 ppm as compared of others in this respect in both cuts and the two studied seasons. The interaction between the two studied factors was significant which means that both factors act together in improving volatile oil content in lemongrass herb