Among 17 fungal isolates isolated from soil of El-hawia, El-hada, El-kaym and Karwa in Taif governorate in Saudi Arabia, two isolates showed high efficacy in producing cellulases enzymes. They were identified to be Altemaria altemata and Aspergillus wentii. Some factors such as carbon and wheat bran as a raw material, nitrogen, pH and incubation temperature were investigated. Results indicated that glucose and cellulose were the most effective as a carbon source while, urea was the best nitrogen source for cellulases production. Initial pH 5.0 and incubation temperatures at 25 or 35°C achieved high cellulases production.

The evaluate some safety treatments including: mulching, tunnels, natural yeast extract, antioxidant and two rhizobacteria Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas fluorescens towards root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. on strawberry plant grown in naturally infested soil and consequently their probable effects on growth parameters, chemical components and yield of strawberry compared to untreated control. Results of this study confirmed that all used treatments, significantly reduced all related nematode parameters i.e. number of galls/root system; number of egg masses/root system as well as number of juveniles/250 g soil (either after 2 or 4 months) when compared to plants grown in the naturally infested soil only. The highest percentage of reduction in all related nematode parameters were noticed after 4 months. Mulching, S. marcescens, P. fluorescens and tunnels, played an important role in reducing the percentage of nematode parameters. Mulching and S. marcescens reduced the percentage of gall numbers/root system by 77%, followed by tunnels by 75% and P. fluorescens by 70%. S. marcescens reduced the percentage of egg masses/root system by 80% followed by P. fluorescens by 78% and mulching by 76%. Results indicated that the soil treated with mulching, also significantly reduced the percent age of juvenile numbers/250 g soil by 79% followed by S. marcescens by 73%. . Results revealed that all previous treatments significantly increased the early and total yield. Our results confirmed that, the rhizobacterium S. marcescens came in the first rank as a promoter of all related plant growth characters, followed by tunnels and mulching treatments. Results confirmed that also the antioxidants, are considered the effective one in enhancing the activities of peroxidase and phenoloxidase as well as T:S.S% and V.C followed by the natural yeast extract.

Understanding the sorption process in natural zeolite and bentonite is necessary for effective utilization of these minerals as nutrient adsorbents and on the other side for controlling release of plant nutrients. This research was undertaken to characterize the ability of natural zeolite and bentonite minerals to adsorb and release zinc and manganese. The potentials for sorption of these ions were evaluated by applying the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The results showed that Langmuir constant (maximum adsorption (b mmol kg-1)) of both Zn and Mn were for bentonite zeolite While the [binding strength values (k in L.mmol1 for zeolite bentonite Zn in case of zeolite showed the lowest desorbed percentage particularly at high levels of sorbed Zn. Only, 74.7 % is readily extractable by DTPA after three successive extractions leaving, 25.3 % Zn retained by the mineral. In case of bentonite, 82.26 % of sorbed Zn is readily extractable by DTPA after three successive extractions leaving, 17.74 % Zn retained by the mineral. In case of Mn, 84.63% of Mn sorbed by zeolite is readily extractable by DTPA after three successive extractions leaving, 15.37% Mn retained by the mineral. In case of bentonite, 89.79 % of adsorbed Mn is readily extractable by DTPA after three successive extractions leaving, 10.21 % Mn retained by the mineral. This finding may reflect clearly the possibility of using natural zeolite and bentonite as a slow release fertilizer for Zn and Mn and on the other hand preventing soil pollution with heavy metals.

This study aimed to establishing a protocol for producing in-vitro plants of Rosa Damascene. The culture was conducted at the Commission of Biotechnology in Damascus. Four types of explants were cultured on MS medium and some factors affecting culture were examined. The results showed that no viruses were observed, the lateral buds were superior over other explants, then the lateral microcuttings, after that, the apical microcuttings, and, finally, the shoot tips. The highest multiplication rate was observed at the hormonal combinations of (benzyl adenine BA 3mg/I with indole-3-acetic acid IAA 0.1 mg/1), and the highest elongation average were observed at ( IAA 0.1 mg/I with BA 2-6mg/I) or ( indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) 0.1 with (BA) 5-6 mg/I). The transferring was positively effective. The highest rooting percentage was observed when naphthalene acetic acid NAA or IBA were used. (Berlite: peatmoss, 1:1) was the best growing medium for hardening.

Olive tree (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most important fruit trees, there is a lot of varieties with the possibility of mislabeling, homogenouses and synonyms, which makes major troubles when having plant material for propagation and breeding programs. In this search, 12 olive varieties (Maw! Istanbul!, Khilkhali Khishen, Dan, Mniekri, Adkam, Doaibli, Mot, Khilkhali Saghir, Karamani Modabal, Mawi abo Shokeh, Sourani, and Abo Shokeh), cultivated in ACSAD Gene bank in Gellin, were characterized by ISSR molecular markers to determine the relationship between these varieties. Depending on quantitive traits the results indicated that these varieties are so close to each other's, ranged from 60% and 85%. It was noticed that Mneikri was apart from the other varieties in its traits, (polymorphic rate was 92.94%).

This study presents the Mallophaga and Anoplura lice which affects farm animals (camels sheep and goats), a local area east of the Saudi Arabia of different ages, races, classes. Study the classification of lice was recorded as using the optical microscope and electronic scanning. The study shows scanning electron microscopy micro-structure of the species: Bovicola (Damalinia) ovis, Linognathus africanus and the study showed the installation of a portfolio of head lice, and the distribution of filament head, chest and abdomen, as shown over the centuries, the difference in the form of remote sensing and Swallows in thesexuallice, the first study in this area.

The almond seed wasp Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Eurytoma amygdale End) is an important insect on almonds Amygdalus sp in its plantig regions, causing a large loss in the production. The relationship between the adults of almond seed wasp in five regions: mid Syria (Homs), Southern region (Al Qunaitera, Swedaa), and the countryside of Damascus (Beet Tema,, Deer Ateah) was studied by ISSR. The results indicated that the females from Homs formed a separated cluster, and the females from Beet Tema and Deer Ateah were the most closed to each other,also the female from Al Qunaitera and Swedaa were closed to each other. It was noted that the males separated into two clusters, the first one contained the males from Homs and Swedaa, and the second contained the males from Beet Tema, Al Qunaitera and Deer Ateah.

Iron deficiency anemia is considered one of prevalent patients in developing countries, whereas it is well known that wheat flour is deficient in iron, hence, in this study wheat flour (72%) extraction fortified with celery seeds and cinnamon bark meal individually as a natural sources of iron at levels 5, 7.5 and 10 g/100 g wheat flour and preparation of biscuit samples. Iron content in wheat flour, celery seeds and cinnamon were determined. Biscuit samples were sensory evaluated and baking quality tested. Total iron and available iron were determined in biscuit samples. Biological evaluation for experimental rats designed and histopathological examination was tested for heart organ of rats. The results showed that wheat flour, celery seeds and cinnamon contained from iron 1.98, 57 and 50 mg/100 g respectively. Total iron and available iron increased in biscuit samples by increasing celery seeds and cinnamon additives compared with unfortified biscuits (control). Sensory evaluation of biscuit samples showed slight decrease in color, crunchiness and appearance while odor and taste significantly improved by increasing celery seeds and cinnamon additives compared with control. Baking quality of biscuit samples indicated increasing in weight, while volume, diameter and thickness slightly decreased by increasing celery seeds and cinnamon additives compared with control. Biological evaluation revealed that mean values of hemoglobin, hematocrit, red cell count, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, serum iron and serum ferritin significantly improved after 8 weeks in groups rats fed on biscuits fortified with celery seeds and cinnamon compared with control. histopathological overhaul declared amelioration in ogran heart for groups rats fed on biscuits fortified with celery seeds and cinnamoin compared with anemic control

\{ In view of balady bread in Egypt is considered as backbone in diets, accordingly, in this study wheat flour (82%) extraction treated by microwave at 2,4 and 6 minutes, that target to modify starch wheat flour by heating. The rheological properties were studied by using farinograph and extensograph apparatus. Falling number and amylose percent were determined. Balady bread samples were sensory evaluated and staling rate was evaluated. The wheat flour, crust and crumb layers of balady bread were examined by scanning electron micro scope (SEM). The results of farinograph indicated that, water absorption arrival time, dough development time and dough stability increased while dough weakening decreased in wheat flour treated by microwave compared with wheat flour untreated (control). The results of extensograph revealed that, dough extensibility, resistance to extension and dough energy increased while proportional number decreased in wheat flour treated by microwave compared with control. Falling number decreased while amylose percent increased when microwave treatment increased from 2 to 6 minutes. Sensory evaluation showed slight decrease in values of both color crust and color crumb while, values of both taste and flavor slightly increased but not significantly different, meanwhile, values of crumb distribution significantly increased in balady bread samples prepared from wheat flour treated by microwave compared with balady bread prepared from untreated wheat flour (control). Wheat flour treated by microwave led to delay staling of balady bread and imilorated freshness of balady bread. The examination by scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that average size of starch granules increased from 26.10 µm in untreated wheat flour (control) to 29.37 µm in treated wheat flour by microwave at 6 minutes.

Fresh Bolti -fish (Tilpia nilotica) collected randomly from 9 different markets in Ismailia Governorate for evaluation the effect of grilled fish by the method used in grillrooms and houses on the concentration of pesticide residues found and the nutritive value. Results revealed that decrease in the estimated parameters i.e. moisture, crude protein, fat and ash by grilling, this decrease were 6.07, 2.63, 4.07 and 1.56%, respectively. On the contrary, carbohydrates behaved another behavior that there was an obvious increase ranged from 1.98% to 2.92%. Fresh and grilled fish were analyzed to detect 12 organochlorine (OC) and 7 synthetic pyrethroid (SP) pesticides with a mean level on a lipid basis. Gas Liquid Chromatography equipped with Electron Capture Detector GC-ECD was used to detect the contamination in the samples. The results showed that p,p'-DDE isomer was dominated over the other isomers in all analyzed fish samples, followed by q-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane. The concentrations of OC residues were higher than SP pesticides in all fish muscles. Also, the fresh fish muscle recorded higher concentrations of the evaluated pesticides than the grilled one.