Abiotic stresses represent a major impediment to crop productivity, especially in arid regions. Thus, over two years of 2014 and 2015, a field experiment was undertaken at El Nubaria region, Egypt to assess the productivity and water use efficiency (WUE) of sunflower as affected by planting dates (April 21, May 21, and June 21) and  irrigation levels (ET100%, ET85% and ET70%,). Results clarified that leaf chlorophyll a content was higher by sowing in May than in either April or June sowings, while leaf carotenoides of plant sown in May or June surpassed those sown in April. The minimal value of proline was obtained with sowing in May. Sowing in May increased plant height by 52.2 and 22.3 as well as LAI by 19.3 and 73.1% than sowing in April and June, respectively. The reductions in seed yield, oil yield and WUE amounted to 10.5 and 12.8, 13.7 and 18.3 as well as 11.8 and 9.8 % with April and June sowings, respectively, compared to May sowing. ET100% showed superiority over than ET85% and ET70% in improving sunflower yields and its attributes, but WUE did not affect. Sunflower sown in May and irrigated with ET100% gave the maximum values of seed yield and its attributes and WUE surpassing other interaction treatments. In June, WUE value increased under severe water deficit i.e. ET70% comparing to moderately water–stressed (ET85%) or well–watered conditions (ET100%).

In total, 50 Rhizobium isolates were isolated from the mature root nodules of common beans plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) grown in different nine governorates of Egypt. PHB was optimized by the identified strain using response surface methodology. A total of 11 parameters (pH, incubation period, inoculum size, temperature, agitation speed, mannitol, sucrose, yeast extract, glycine, K2HPO4, and MgSO4) were analyzed for their significant effects on PHB production by the Plackett–Burman design (PBD). Sucrose, yeast extract, glycine, and MgSO4 were the main significant factors affecting PHB accumulation. Central composite design (CCD) of the response surface methodology was used to determine the optimum levels of the selected factors. Rhizobium phaseoli reached the maximum production (4.997 g/L) at run 36 in the presence of 25 g/L of sucrose, 0.0 g/L of yeast extract, 0.87 g/L of glycine, 0.3 g/L of MgSO4, and 5% of inoculation size. In vitro experiments were carried out to test the effect of different stress conditions (pH: 6–11, temperature: 5°C–50°C, salinity: 0.01%–7%, and drought: 0%–5% w/v) on the growth of Rhizobium phaseoli. The results showed that Rhizobium phaseoli can withstand 3% –5% NaCl, high temperature of 30°C– 45°C, alkalinity at pH value of 8 – 10, and drought stress at 3% – 5% w/v polyethylene glycol with growth loss of 50% when grown on modified medium and 75% when grown on the basal one. In vivo experiments were done to study the effect of drought stress levels on the growth parameters of common bean plants. In general, all the treatments with Rhizobium phaseoli grown on the modified medium were superior to Rhizobium phaseoli grown on the basal medium. Also, they showed high tolerance of drought conditions.