. The effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) and willow (Salix babylonica) aqueous extracts on fusarium wilt disease in tomato seedlings were investigated. Four weeks old tomato seedlings were treated with 10% of either neem and willow aqueous extracts and then infected with Fusarium oxysporum after 4 days of treatment. The results showed that the percentage of disease incidence was increased in non treated tomato seedlings in time dependent manner and reached the maximum level (65%) after 6 weeks of infection. Treatments of tomato plants with neem and willow aqueous extracts reduced the percentage of disease incidence to the level of 25.5% and 27.8% after 6 weeks of infection respectively. The results show that infection of tomato seedling with Fusarium oxysporum led to many morphological and biochemical changes including, reducing the growth of tomato shoot and root, increasing the level of lipid peroxidation and marked increase in the activities of antioxidant defensive enzyme I.e. POX, CAT, and SOD. Treatment with neem and willow aqueous extracts significantly exhibited a growth promotion of tomato shoot and root in infected or non infected seedling. Moreover, application of neem and willow aqueous extracts with fusarium, significantly reduce the level of lipid peroxidation and induce high activities of antioxidant defensive enzymes after 3 and 7 days of infection. Electrophoretic pattern of POX demonstrated that Fusarium oxysporum caused up regulation of several POX isoenzymes. It could be concluded that neem and willow aqueous extracts reduced the disease incidence of fusarium wilt in tomato seedlings by increasing the activities of antioxidant defensive enzymes and decreasing the level of lipid peroxidation.

Detergents are an undetectable source of pollution, which hidden in most of our daily activities. Detergents could cause harmful effects before they are completely degraded. It is wise to reduce the amount of detergents that usually used by invention new bio-friendly formula contains efficient enzymes such as protease. Screening studies were carried out for one hundred and fifty bacterial isolates with respect to their ability to produce protease(s), after growing on slaughter house wastes (SHW) isolated from EI-Khorma governorate,Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) at 55°C, and pH 9. The most potent thermophilic bacterial isolate concerning of alkaline thermostable protease(s) production was identified as Bacillus licheniformis EGT50. Alkaline thermostable proteases productivity by the most potent bacterial isolate was affected by substrate concentrations (solid substrate), carbon source, nitrogen source, amino acid supplements, incubation temperature, incubation period, and inoculum size. Maximum both enzymes production by B. licheniformis EGT50 was obtained on SHW concentrations, 7.5 %; galactose; diammonium hydrogen phosphate; arginine at 55°C for 72 h. when inoculated by 0.5 ml. The protease production under all optimal conditions was increased many folds from 563.68 to 17825 U/ml (31 fold). The purification fold of B. licheniformis EGT50 alkaline thermostable protease increased to 394.7 after applying Sephadex G200 column chromatography techniques. The enzyme productivity of protease has been determined and the result proved the possibility to use the crude and purified enzymes in biodetergent technology.