The main objective of this paper was to analyze the impact of government policies on fruit and vegetable sector  in 2003 and 2009 in terms of profitability, protection, efficiency, competitiveness and comparative advantages. The study depended on secondary data and information collected from relevant sources and references. The policy analysis matrix (PAM) adopted as an analytical model to achieve the study objective. Private profitability, social profitability, nominal protection coefficient on outputs, nominal protection coefficient on inputs, effective protection coefficient, domestic resources coefficient private cost ratio and subsidy ratio to producer were calculated for the crops under study. The study results show that fruit and vegetable sector was taxed for outputs and subsidized for inputs, the net effect of outputs taxation and inputs subsidies resulted in a net taxation on value added at varying degrees. Consequently, it could be concluded that, although the overall impact was negative and tending to be worse, but the study results indicate that there are still comparative advantages in fruit and vegetable crops production. The study recommended further vertical and horizontal expansion of fruits and vegetables, strengthening production infrastructures, and government should enact efficient policies that correct the distorting tradable - outputs policy.

This study aimed at identifying the political knowledge and some aspects of political participation of the rural youth, and determining variables that are proposed to relate and explaine the variance of degree of political knowledge and political participation of the rural youth. Data were collected from a random sample of 1100 youth (550 males, and 550 females) in eleven villages at Menoufiya governorate through personal interviews with respondents. The results of the study indicated a low political knowledge degree and political participation degree for the rural youth. The results of statistical tests revealed that there were significant differences between the two groups of respondents (males and females) regarding political knowledge degree and political participation degree. The findings of step-wise multiple regression analysis indicated that: , The most important variables affecting degree of male's political knowledge were education level, participation in developmental projects, cultural cosmoplitness, participation in public election's conferences, participation in social organizations and participation in political parties. These six significant independent variables explained only 37.9% of the total variance of the male's political knowledge degree. , The most important variables affecting degree of female's political knowledge were education level, cultural cosmoplitness, participation in social organizations, socialization and politicalization, geographical cosmoplitness, monthly incom and age. These seven significant independent variables explained only 33.3% of the total variance of the female's political knowledge degree. , The most important variables affecting degree of male's political participation were political knowledge degree, participation in social organizations, participation in developmental projects and cultural cosmoplitness. These four significant independent variables explained only 24% of the total variance of the male's political participation degree. , The most important variables affecting degree of female's political participation were political knowledge degree, participation in social organizations, age, geographical cosmoplitness, family education level and cultural cosmoplitness. These six significant independent variables explained only 15.6% of the total variance of the female's political participation degree. The study were concluded with a discussion of its findings and a number of suggestions for the inhancement of rural youth' participation in political activities were introduced.