Wheat is considered one of the main grain crop that human is depend in his diet all over the world. It is a strategic crop globally and locally in Egypt. The problem of the research refers to the gap between local wheat production and consumption. This gap forced the country to import wheat and thus represent a burden on the Egyptian balance of trade. It is the objective of the present paper is therefore to investigate ways to alleviate the deficit of wheat production and gap. The study assess wheat area, production and productivity during the period 1995-2013 particularly in the desert governorates. The study estimates wheat gap during the above period by about 67.14 million ton. Safe efficiency is therefore was put as 54.1%. Losses of wheat were put as about 1017 about 14.2% in the country as a whole.  The study estimates that wheat production in Matrooh and New Valley governorate is expected to be about 173.56 and 277.8 thousand ton respectively. The study suggests that measures should be taken to decrease losses of wheat during harvesting and marketing. New storage facilities should be established. The study recommends that special concern should be given to wheat cultivation in desert governorate by encouraging former to grow wheat by covering good wheat price to encourage formers

Si application alleviates influence of some abiotic stresses on crop plants. Meanwhile, scarce information is avaiable about the significance of Si for helping the plants to overcome the injuries of N deficiency and herbicides pressure. Thus, two–year 2–field experiments were carried out in wheat. Experiment I involved three Si concentrations (Si0ppm, Si250ppm and Si500ppm) and two N levels(N100% and N50%). Experiment II examined four combinations of fenoxaprop–p–ethyl and Si: fenoxaprop–p–ethyl+Si250ppm and fenoxaprop–p–ethyl+Si500ppm (each either in sequence or in tank mixture), fenoxaprop–p–ethyl alone, hand weeding and weedy check. Under N deficiency (N50%), Si500ppm increased plant height as compared to the control. No significant differences in SPAD values were detected amongst Si concentrations under each of the two tested N levels. Si can partially alleviate negative N deficiency effect on wheat yield, causing its increase to level obtained under normal N supply. Si has no effect on weed biomass when applied with fenoxaprop–p–ethyl either in sequence or in tank mixing. The most promising treatment for maximizing wheat grain yield was the application of 100 kg N ha–1 (N50%) x fenoxaprop–p–ethyl+Si250ppm in sequence", which also, in the same time, means reducing both cost of crop production and environment pollution.

The research aims at studying the indicators of Adoption (Rate of Adoption and Degree of Adoption) of sprinkler irrigation technique of farmers growing wheat depend on underground water for irrigation (wells) and studying some of the economical and social factors and others which influence the decision of the wheat farmers in adopting sprinkler irrigation technique and knowing the obstacles which limit adoption of this technique. To fulfill aims of the research, the data were collected from a random sample, (335) farmers from the two zones, the first and second agricultural stability zones from the north region (two provinces of Aleppo & Idlep) by an interview questionnaire in the third and fourth quarters of 2010. The study relied on the following tests and measures: Correlation, binary logistic regression . Results of the research have shown that the farmers adoption rate of sprinkler irrigation technique was 47.8% and the adoption degree of this technique is 50.9%, and the adoption rate of this technique is expected to increase from 47.8% in 2007 to77 % in 2030 with an annual rate of nearly 1.27.   The results of studying the factors which influence the adoption of this technique using binary logistic regression revealed a negative significant relation between the dependent variable " adoption of modern irrigation techniques by wheat farmers" and all the independent variables (Percentage of farming labor force to total family labor force, the availability of labor force, the availability of water for irrigation). While, there has been revealed a positive significant relation between the dependant variable (sprinkler irrigation technique adoption by farmers) and all independent variables (crop area, family participation in agricultural decision making, attitude of the farmer towards the agricultural extension, the percentage of farmers with level of elementary certificate and above). The results also have shown that the factors which influence the decision of wheat farmers adoption of sprinkler irrigation technique varies between the first agricultural stability zone and the second one concerning the effect value and its signification. The results have shown that the great obstacles which limit the sprinkler irrigation adoption was increasing the technique cost of 38.1 % and the ignorance of the loans& facilities which are presented by the transfer project to the modern irrigation in a percentage of 14.2 %.

Weeds represent the most serious problem in wheat in Egypt. For their control, two field exper-iments were carried out during two winter seasons (2004/2005) and (2005/2006) at National Re-search Centre experimental station at Shalakan, Kalubia Governorate. Some groups of herbicides (Dirby, Harmony extra, Granstar, Ecopart, Illoxan, Topic and Arelon) as well as hand weeding and unweeded treatments were evaluated in wheat. In addition, herbicide combinations were also as-sessed. Harmony extra at 24 g / fed. provided ac-ceptable control for broad leaved weeds but failed to control completely narrow-leaved weeds. Topic at 140 g / fed. provided great control of narrow weeds (97.68% reduction in dry weight after 90 days from sowing). Mixtures of both Harmony extra +Topic at rates (18 g / fed. +105 g / fed.) were better than Harmony extra alone for weed control (99.19 % control, 90 days after sowing) and grain yield. Concerning the other herbicides, Granstar + Topic were effective in controlling both broad and narrow weeds. The efficacy of Harmony extra + Illoxan was lower (91.2% con-trol). Overall, Arelon or mixture of Harmony extra +Topic were the most effective treatments with regard to weed control and wheat growth, yield and its attributes. However, no carryover damage with all used herbicides was observed on wheat. Estimating individual amino acids in the yielded grain revealed increase in essential and nonessen-tial amino acids due to single or combined appli-cation of herbicides. Pronounced increase was recorded with Harmony extra and Topic

A laboratory investigation was conducted to study the effect of constant tempera-ture on some biological aspects of english grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (Fabricius). The present work was carried out in electrical incubators provided with photoperiod of 16 : 8 (L : D) and 55 – 60% R.H. Data revealed that the english grain aphid passed through four instars to reach maturity. The duration period of the nymphal stage was 19.0, 13.98, 11.96, 8.51 and 7.5 days at 12, 15, 18, 21, 24 °C, respectively. Developmental threshold of this stage is found to be 4.2 °C. The thermal units re-quired for complete one generation was 148 day – degrees. Life table parameters were as following : The reproduction rate (Ro) were 18.75, 30.72, 36.53, 44.21 and 32.42; mean generation time (GT) were 26.16, 21.23, 17.39, 11.92 and 9.86 days; population doubling time (DT) of the english aphid were 6.19, 4.29, 3.35, 2.18 and 1.96; intrinsic rate of increase (rm) were 0.1121, 0.1613, 0.2069, 0.3178 and 0.3528 and finite rate of increase (λ) were 1.119, 1.175, 1.229, 1.374 and 1.423 at 12, 15, 18, 21 and 24 °C, respectively. The results indicated clearly that the favourable range temperature for development and multiplication the english grain aphid be-tween 18 and 24°C.

Two field experiments were carried out at El-Khroub experimental station, east of Constantine, Algeria, to evaluate the effect of N, P, K fertilization and their interaction on growth characters and yield of wheat grown on calcareous soil. The design of each experiment was split-split plot. Urea was applied as folier application to one experiment to evaluate the supplementel application of nitrogen under dry farming conditions. The results showed that the main stem height, number and height  of tillers and number of leaves were varried according to the levels  of  N, P, K fertilization as well as to presence or absence of urea., Straw yield significantly increased due to increasing nitrogen level and potassium fertilization in absence or presence of urea. However, grain yield was significantly increased either with increasing nitrogen level in absence of urea or with increasing phosphorus levels in absence or presence of urea. Straw yield was significantly affected by N * P interaction in absence or presence of urea and N * P * K when urea was applied. However, grain yield was significantly affected by N * P and N * P * K interractions in absence of urea application.

Wheat is an essential staple food in the developing world, where demand is projected to grow exponentially in the future; simultaneously, climate changes are projected to reduce supply in the near future. One of the main consequences of climate change is salinity, which negatively impacts the world's cultivated area and therefore affects the global wheat production. Our objectives are to study the population structure of several Egyptian and international wheat accessions and to identify the genetic factors controlling the salinity stress response of bread wheat. In addition, we have attempt to identify genes that control some important agronomic parameters of wheat under salinity stress were identified. The wheat germplasm panel consisted of 70 accessions obtained from Egypt, Syria and Iran. The assessment of salinity tolerance was conducted over the years of 2018 and 2019 in the field and in the greenhouse. The genome association analysis (GWAS) and population structure analysis was conducted using six SCoT, five SSR and 93 SNP markers. Analysis of the population structure using allele frequency and phylogenetic analysis indicated that the studied wheat accessions were belong to four population groups. Where, for the most portion, Egyptian, Syrian and Iranian accessions are clustered depending on their country of origin. The GWAS analysis revealed 13 SNP markers that were significantly associated with morpho-agronomic wheat traits during salinity stress. These markers were closely related to genes that are known to have a direct link to wheat response to salinity stress such as CYP709B2, MDIS2, STAYGREEN, PIP5K9, and MSSP2 genes. This study revealed the genetic structure of adapted and imported wheat accessions, which could be used to select potential wheat accessions for local breeding programs. In addition, the SNP genotyping assay is a very potential technology that could be efficiently applied to detect genes that control bread wheat response to salinity stress.

A 7x7 half diallel cross along with their parental wheat cultivars were evaluated under two sowing dates (19th Nov. and 17th Dec.).The results revealed that mean squares due to sowing dates, genotypes and genotypes x sowing dates interaction were significant for most of the studied traits. Delaying sowing date to Dec. reduced all studied characters compared to the normal sowing date except electrolyte leakage which increased by delaying sowing date. Heterosis over better parents showed that, the best hybrids under stress condition were Misr 2 X Giza 168 and Sids 1 X Giza 168   for grain yield / plant and some of other studied traits.  General and specific combining ability mean squares indicated the importance of both additive and non-additive gene effects in the inheritance of the studied traits with few exceptions. However, the additive effect was more important than the non-additive effects in the inheritance of days to 50% heading, plant height, No. of spikes/ plant,No. of kernels / spike and 1000-kernel weight while, the non-additive effects were more important than the additive effects in the inheritance of electrolyte leakage and flag leaf area. The best general combiner parents for grain yield / plant and some of other studied traits were Gemmeiza 11 and Giza 168under stress condition. The best hybrids for SCA effects were Sakha 93 X Sids 1, Gemmeiza 11 X Giza 168, Misr 2 X Giza 168 and Sids 1 X Giza 168 under stress condition for grain yield / plant and some of other studied traits. The crosses Gemmeiza 11 X Giza 168   (HSI 0.36), Gemmeiza 7 X Giza 168   (HSI 0.58) and Sakha 93 X Giza 168   (HSI 0.60) have recorded the lowest values of heat susceptibility index (HSI), indicating their tolerance to heat stress (late sowing date).

Two filed experiments were carried out at the New Salheyia Region, Sharkia Governorate, during the two successive seasons 2001/2002 and 2002/2003 to study growth and productivity of wheat plants as affected by complete foliar fertilizer compounds under water stress conditions in newly cultivated sandy land.