Phytoextraction of heavy metal from contaminated soils is promising remediation technology.  In the present study, hyper-accumulator plants, indian mustard (Brassica juncea.( L) czern) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) have been used to remove the excess undesirable concentrations of zinc and copper from contaminated soil. Zinc and copper uptake have been enhanced by adding EDTA to the contaminated soil using two concentrations (2.5 and 7.5 mmol/Kg soil). Accumulation of Zn by the indian mustard shoots and roots under the effect of EDTA recorded 4 to 6 times as adsorbed by the control while less enhancement of Zn uptake was recorded by the ryegrass shoots and roots. On the other hand, Cu accumulation showed significant enhancing by the ryegrass shoot comparing to the indian mustard shoot at the both employed EDTA concentrations. The ryegrass roots gave enhanced Cu uptake at the EDTA conc. 7.5 mmol/Kg soil only while the indian mustard roots recorded an increasing in the Cu-uptake with the two EDTA concentrations

Decline of grapevine due to soil borne fungi was surveyed during 2013- 2015 summer growing seasons at El-Fayoum, El-Gharbeia and El-Beheira governorates, Egypt, Syndromes of declined grapevine plants included growth retardant of shoot system and root-rot as well as decrease of grapevine fruit yield  quality. Isolation trails from root of declined trees of different grapevine cultivars i.e., superior, flame seedless, King robi and crimson was carried out. The most soil borne fungi associated with root-rotted grapevine were Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend, Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Rhizoctonia solaniKuhn and Macrophomina phaseolina(Tassi) Gold. Fusarium spp. are the main fungal associated with different infection types of declined root of grapevine either a singly or in combination with B. theobromae or R. solani as second infection type and third infection type with B. theobromae + R. solani. Under soil artificially infested with 5% (w/w) of each fungal isolates inocula of fourteen isolates obtained were varied for causing wilt and root-rot symptoms of grapevine trees and reducing growth parameters plant height, root length, root size, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root than the control. Botrydiplodia theobromae isolate No. (7)was the most caused root-rot and disease severity of shoot and root of grapevine plant(100%)  followed by Fusarium avenacum caused (87.5%) of root –rot and disease severity of shoot and root. Fouthermore, Fusarium avenacum isolate was the most fungal isolate in reducing growth parameters expect root length.  This is first record that Fusarium avenacum as a causal organism causing root rot disease of grapevine in Egypt.

Sugar crops are considered to be the most important strategic food commodities, which attract the attention of decision-makers and producers who are concerned with the availability of supply in the markets, the deficit and the food gap. Sugar production depends on two crops in Egypt: sugarcane and sugar beet. A sugar gap due to the inability of the supply of domestic sugar to meet the demand for increased consumer needs, resulting in higher prices. The study aims to study the current situation of the production and consumption of sugar crops in Egypt and to estimate the food gap of sugar. Also, study the most important factors affecting the production and consumption of sugar crops in Egypt and the self-sufficiency rate. Of sugar The research was based on descriptive and quantitative analysis of the economic variables, the subject of the research to measure those variables and the research reached the following results.  The cultivated area of sugar cane and sugar beet has taken an increasing general trend, which is estimated to be about 0.6, 37.7 thousand feddans annually, respectively, representing about 0.19%, 11.3% of the average during the period (2005- 2015) 324.3, 334.6 thousand acres, respectively. The total production of cane sugar has taken a general trend is decreasing, and did not confirm the statistical model, that is, there is relative stability length of study. The production of sugar beet crop has taken an increasing trend, which is estimated at about 810.8 thousand tons annually, representing about 11.6% of the annual average and estimated at 7002 thousand tons. The total amount of sugar produced from both sugar cane and sugar  beets has taken an increasing general trend, and did not confirm the statistical significance, that is, there is relative stability throughout the study period. The food gap of sugar amounted to about 50.35 thousand tons, representing about 1.71% of the average national consumption of sugar, which amounted to 2937 thousand tons during the same period. Self-sufficiency rate of sugar amounted to about 63%, has taken a general trend decreases, and did not confirm the statistical significance, there is relative stability length of the study period. The study of the most important factors affecting the production of cane and sugar beet separately showed the existence of a positive relationship between the total production of each crop separately and the area and productivity of each crop separately, respectively. Study the factors affecting the consumption of sugar during the period of research shows the existence of a positive relationship between national consumption of sugar and the income of the consumer per pound / per year, local production of sugar per thousand tons, and the monetary value to support sugar per million pounds, and the opposite of the amount of national consumption of sugar and the retail price of sugar per kilogram per kilogram and the average global price in dollars / ton.

The toxic effect of Abamectin and Pyriproxyfen action on the 1st instar larvae of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) was studied under laboratory conditions. The toxic action of the tested compounds at their estimated LC50 values on some biological aspects of the treated insect as well as total protein content and the activity of b-esterase in the affected larvae were also studied. Based on the obtained results, abamectin was more toxic than pyriproxyfen after 24, 48 and 72 hr of treatment. In addition, the effect of treatment with the LC50 value of both tested compounds on newly hatched larvae was extended to the following developmental stages, represented as some morphological deformities. Also, total protein content in treated larvae increased than their control when Pyriproxyfen was tested but decreased when Abamectin was administered to larval diet. The electrophoretic analysis using SDS-PAGE for β-esterase enzyme in the larval stage fed on diets treated with tested compounds showed clear variation in the dense and number of enzyme bands.

This research is concerned with the estimation of farmer’s demand for chemical fertilizers. The data were collected from a sample of farmers in two villages in Bani Sewaf Governorate in the summer of 2015.  Most farmers use two kinds of fertilizers; namely urea and superphosphates. Urea is provided to farmers in certain quotas at subsidized prices through the government controlled agricultural cooperatives. Farmers however find it necessary to rely on the free market to supplement the subsidized quotas of urea.  The research begins by estimating the Cobb-Douglas production functions for two field crops which are wheat and maize. Then the production functions coefficients are used to calculate the underlying cost functions. From the cost functions we were able to drive the conditional demand functions for chemical fertilizers with the help of Shephard’s lemma.   The estimates of all functions seem reasonable and consistent with economic theory. The elasticities of wheat production with respect to urea and superphosphates are 0.27 and 0.03 respectively. The wheat cost function is an increasing function in input prices and in output level. The conditional demand function for urea in wheat production is homogenous of degree zero in input prices; that is doubling the input prices will leave the demand for urea unchanged. Similar results for the maize crop were attained.  The maize production elasticities with respect to urea and superphosphates are 0.16 and 0.06 respectively. The results are statistically significant. The isoquant equation indicates that decreasing urea application by 0.42 sack can be compensated by increasing superphosphates application by one sack in order to keep the level of maize production at 18 ardab per feddan. The conditional demand function for urea reveals that an increase in the price of urea by EGP 5 would reduce the demand for urea by 0.78 sacks.

The research aims at examine the extent to achieve the desired objectives for the development of village and rural human development and the human element, which did not take adequate attention, especially in the aspect of improving the quality of life in spite of the expansion of services horizontally. There are also many evidence of the existence of a development gap between rural and urban areas, and the most important manifestations of this deficiency, illiteracy and poor health conditions, and the spread of unemployment and lack of employment opportunities. As it turns out there is a strong correlation between the human development index and all of the education manuals on GDP and guide health, has turnover of the link between the human development index and all of the evidence mentioned as 0.95, 0.84, 0.79  respectively, and All transactions have moral link at 1%. It is clear that the relationship between education and human development index, where the power that education guide associated HDI extrusive very strong link, followed by the gross domestic product guide, then the life expectancy index. It is clear from this that it must be focus on education and reform and to promote it in the countryside, The most important component of the human development index factors. found evidence also of statistical moral relationship regression to the influence of both the education and health guide and GDP on the Human Development Index, it has been possible to reach the relationship regression and showing moral influence exponential previous variables on the Human Development Index, a logical relationship also indicates coefficient of determination rate to be 98% of the changes in the value of the HDI due to change in the three sub-directories. It emerged from Manuitin test results for comparison to the values of the HDI revised each and Lower Egypt face and Total Republic that there is no significant difference between the Upper and sea at the moral level of 5%, as well as there was no significant difference between the Lower and Egypt on the same moral level, but that there significant difference between Upper Egypt and the moral level of 5%, which means that there is a difference between the normal human development index and revised between Upper Egypt and the total Republic.

This study aimed at 1) identify level of both famers’ knowledge and practices relevant to the integrated farm management in Sahl Altina as highly saline soil, 2) determine preferred extension methods from farmers point of view in the field of transferring highly saline soil recommendations, 3) identify correlation relationship between level of both famers’ knowledge and practices relevant to highly saline soil and other farmers’ socioeconomic characteristics. Sahl Altina regoin was selected to conduct this study as highly saline soil.  Three of the biggest famers’ cooperatives in terms of participation number were selected to comprise the population of the study. A survey was carried out using interview questionnaire. A random sample of 143 farmers representing 10% of the total number of farmers were selected to conduct this study Frequency tables, percentages, means were used for data presentation and analysis. contingency coefficient and Pearson correlation coeffi cients utilized to identify correlation relationship between level of both famers’ knowledge and practices and other farmers’ socioeconomic characteristics. Findings of the study can be described as follows: There is Low level of both famers’ knowledge and practices relevant highly saline soil. Demonstration under supervision was the most preferable method from farmers point of view. There is correlation relationship between famers’ knowledge relevant to the integrated farm management in highly saline soil and the following: farming experience in highly saline soil, farm area, and satisfaction towards extension services. There is effect relationship between farmers’ knowledge relevant to the integrated farm management in highly saline soil and the following: education level and period of irrigation. Finally, four recommendations were developed according to the results of this study that may contribute to enhance extension work in the field of capacitating farmers with the integrated farm management under saline conditions

The main objective of this study was to determine an appropriate water management consideration of bubbler irrigation system for   palm trees "age four years" (Phoenix dactylifera) under El-Wady El-Geded Governorate. Therefore, the three bubbler nozzles were comparing with Conventional irrigation system Basin irrigation system in two successive growing seasons(2013-2014) and (2014-2015). Results revealed that water saving of about observed under bubbler irrigation systems comparing with basin irrigation system.

Marinated spent hen meats were used in the preparation of kobeba. The chemical, physicochemical, microbiological and sensory properties of kobeba were evaluated during storage at -18˚C for 5 months. Kobeba treated with lime juice had higher crude protein (14.03%), crude fat (7.78%), total ash (3.18%), carbohydrates (8.69%), cooking loss (5.62%), water holding capacity (3.41 cm2/0.3g) and plasticity (2.30 cm2/0.3g) and lower moisture (66.41%) and pH (5.96) than kobeba treated with propionic acid and acetic acid. Lime juice, acetic acid and propionic acid marination reduced total volatile nitrogen values by 25.82, 20.53 and 11.20% and thiobarbituric acid values by 33.82, 25.37 and 18.38%, respectively. Lime juice followed by acetic acid was more effective in reducing total bacterial, psychrophilic bacteria and yeast and mold counts than propionic acid. Kobeba marinated with lime juice had higher rating scores (7.68-7.98) for all sensory properties than kobeba marinated with propionic acid and acetic acid. Total volatile nitrogen, thiobarbituric acid, pH, water holding capacity and cooking loss of kobeba were increased as storage period increased. However, plasticity had an opposite trend. Water and fat retention of kobeba were not affected by storage period. At the end of storage period, kobeba had rating scores described as like slightly (6.19-6.45) for all sensory properties.

The study aimed basically at: describing the level of respondent women empowerment in Siwa oasis, identifying the relationship between the level of respondent women empowerment and the studied variables, identifying the importance level of social and economic empowerment requirements, identifying the availability level of social and economic empowerment requirements and identifying the relationship between the importance level and the availability level of women empowerment in the study area. A systematic random sample of (310) women in Siwa oasis were selected to conduct the study. Data were collected through personal interviews with the selected respondent women using a questionnaire. The statistical analyzing tools used in the study were: Pearson’s correlation coefficient, Spearman’s correlation coefficient, in addition to frequencies, percentages, arithmetic mean, weighted arithmetic mean and standard deviation to present and describe data. The most important findings of the study were as follows   -  About (67.1%) of respondent women had a low level of social empowerment, while about (50.0%) of them had a low level of economic empowerment. -    There was a significant positive relationship at 0.01 probability level between the respondents social empowerment level and the following variables: educational level, family size, cultural openness, monthly income, aspiration level, willingness to take risks, exposure to the resources of agricultural information, attitude towards agricultural extension, extension communication and general knowledge. - There was a significant positive relationship at 0.01 probability level between the respondents economic empowerment level and the following variables: educational level, family size, cultural openness, monthly income, aspiration level, willingness to take risks, exposure to the resources of agricultural information, attitude towards agricultural extension and extension communication.