Achieving food security is one of the main objectives of the national strategy to promote national production. The Egyptian food basket suffers from a lack of protein content. Animal production is an integral part of agricultural and national activity as a whole. The average value of Egypt's production of red meat (livestock and slaughtered animals) during the period (2000-2015) was estimated at about 24.7 billion Egyptian pounds, representing about 38.9% the value of animal production of about 63.4 billion Egyptian pounds on average, Of the value of agricultural production of about LE 179.4 billion for the same period. In the light of the results of the case study carried out in the Dina farms in 2015, it can be said that if this method is circulated using the seminal fluid at the level of the Republic 2015 for female cattle in the age group more than two years at the level of the Republic in 2015 it is expected that the number of males about 43,450 thousand head and number Females were 266,9 thousand, 13.9% and 86.1% respectively. The net realized revenues were estimated at LE 129 million for male production, while the net return on females was LE 7.87 billion, which resulted in increased female production of meat and milk, for livestock breeders in Egypt and then increase Agricultural, livestock and national agricultural income as a whole. While in the case of 2015, at the level of the Republic of the same number of cattle in the age group more than two years (at the age of the first vaccination) in the case of artificial insemination and the application of the costs and revenues of the output obtained, it is clear that the net expected return of male production in this year is about 517 million pounds While the net return on female output was LE 5.12 billion, which showed that there was a significant difference between the percentage of profits obtained. The higher the number of female herds through artificial insemination and the consequent increase in female output and the increase in meat and dairy production. Thus, the application of the method of natural vaccination of livestock in Egypt on all females expected for 2020, which is about 603.72 thousand head, the rate of milk production will be about 9100 kg per head during the production season, noting that the average milk production for the head a day about 35 kg and the number The dairy production season is about 260 days average depending on the state of the animal and the environmental and climatic conditions and the method of nutrition and care. Thus, it is expected that the total value of milk production for livestock is about 27.5 billion pounds in 2020, indicating that the increase in milk production in this way than the following method of vaccination The average value of dairy production in this case was estimated at 17.4 billion pounds for the year 2020, an increase of about 10.1 billion pounds by about 63.3%. This is in favor of the method of artificial insemination, resulting in great economic returns for individual farms, commercial farms and the national level as a whole. In the case of artificial insemination, the number of females in 2020 was estimated at 381.6 thousand. The difference is in favor of artificial insemination, with an increase of about 222.1 thousand females. In the case of artificial insemination, the number of males increases by 304,641 thousand head. And fattening of calves due to inheritance of genetic factors affecting the rate of food conversion. Since the average live weight of a live animal at slaughter is about 400 kg for females, about 450 kg for males, it is expected that the amount of meat for females in the case of artificial insemination is about 249.1 million kg in 2020 while the male meat is about 34.6 million kg. Of males in this way, and this is in favor of dairy farms. The expected amount of meat expected for females in the case of IVF is about 152.6 million kg for the year 2020, while the amount of meat from males is about 171.7 million kg. Milk production is noted in this way and is more important for meat farms So as to increase the number of males. In both cases, there is a clear difference between the profits achieved by these two techniques compared to natural vaccination, where there was a significant difference in the rate of net profit, which proves the effectiveness of artificial insemination in the achievement of self-sufficiency of meat and dairy and the promotion of the livestock sector.

Three irrigation water resources were chosen at Kafr-Saqr district, El-Sharkia Governorate to assess their qualities and their impact on soil properties. The chosen irrigation water were fresh, mixed, and drainage water applied during the two successive seasons of winter-summer of (2013 and 2014). Soil samples were collected from each location at four depths (0-20, 20-40, 40-60 and 60-100 cm). Results showed EC values of mixed and drainage water were above the normal range (which should be < 0.7 dS.m-1)). Also, the mixed and drainage irrigation waters had approximately 3.5 and 5.6 folds the salinity of the fresh water. Mean pH values of the collected irrigation water samples were within the permissible limits (6.5 to 8.4). TDS values of the fresh water were within the normal range (< 450 mg.L-1). Meanwhile, mixed and drainage water were classified as of slightly and moderately salinity hazards. The highest values of turbidity were found in the drainage water, then mixed and fresh water. SAR values of fresh water were < 1.0.  The SAR values for mixed and drainage waters ranged from 2.62 to 2.69 and from 3.68 to 3.76, respectively. BOD and COD values violated the standard limits of law 48/1982 (10 mg.L-1 for drainage water and 6 mg.L-1 for fresh water) except for the BOD values of fresh water. The increase in pH values for the soil irrigated with the mixed and drainage. The continuous irrigation of soil by wastewater resulted in continuous increase in EC values. As well as, increase the amount of total soluble salts in all layers. The application of the different irrigation waters led to increase in soluble ion.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNFα) is a cytokine signaling protein which has an important role in the immune system regulation and affect female reproductive performance. The objective of this study was investigation the TNFα gene polymorphism and its potential effects in female buffaloes fertility. The DNA was extracted from the blood of 81 buffalo females and a 592 bp fragment contains the full coding region of TNFα-exon 4 was amplified by PCR which subsequently treated with RsaI restriction enzyme. The PCR-RFLP pattern showed that all the animals had fixed CC genotype and T allele was not detected. Sequencing of amplified fragment (GenBank accession No. KY885010) flowed by sequence alignment with GenBank database revealed that the river buffalo target sequence was homologues to cattle than goat, sheep, human and mouse on DNA and amino acids levels. Comparison of TNFα amplicon with homologues Bubalus bubalis records in the GenBank detected 3 SNPs in exon 4. Two of these SNPs were synonymous while the third located in the 3` UTR. Different effects of some of discovered SNPs on RNA cis-regulatory elements and hn mRNA and mature mRNA secondary structures were predicted.

Decline of grapevine due to soil borne fungi was surveyed during 2013- 2015 summer growing seasons at El-Fayoum, El-Gharbeia and El-Beheira governorates, Egypt, Syndromes of declined grapevine plants included growth retardant of shoot system and root-rot as well as decrease of grapevine fruit yield  quality. Isolation trails from root of declined trees of different grapevine cultivars i.e., superior, flame seedless, King robi and crimson was carried out. The most soil borne fungi associated with root-rotted grapevine were Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend, Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Rhizoctonia solaniKuhn and Macrophomina phaseolina(Tassi) Gold. Fusarium spp. are the main fungal associated with different infection types of declined root of grapevine either a singly or in combination with B. theobromae or R. solani as second infection type and third infection type with B. theobromae + R. solani. Under soil artificially infested with 5% (w/w) of each fungal isolates inocula of fourteen isolates obtained were varied for causing wilt and root-rot symptoms of grapevine trees and reducing growth parameters plant height, root length, root size, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root than the control. Botrydiplodia theobromae isolate No. (7)was the most caused root-rot and disease severity of shoot and root of grapevine plant(100%)  followed by Fusarium avenacum caused (87.5%) of root –rot and disease severity of shoot and root. Fouthermore, Fusarium avenacum isolate was the most fungal isolate in reducing growth parameters expect root length.  This is first record that Fusarium avenacum as a causal organism causing root rot disease of grapevine in Egypt.

Chlorella vulgaris belonging to Chlorophyta and Nannochloropsis  oculata belonging to Chrythophytawere used in the currentstudy to evaluate whether their successive indoor growth using industrial food waste (okara) as a growth medium enriched with organic carbon and nitrogenThe basic nutrient solutions were BG-II for Chlorella, while F2 was used for Nannochloropsis growth. Okara was used in four concentrations ( 25 , 50 , 75 and 100% )  verses to control and based on its initial nitrogen content. Original waste was diluted by 4 fold of tape water prior inoculation. The investigated parameters were dry weigh (g.l-1); total chlorophyll (mg.l-1) and total carotenoids (mg.l-1). Maximum dry weight of Chlorella was obtained with 25% of okara waste. As for Nannochloropsis, a slight increase was observed with all okara concentrations used. Lower okara concentration (25%) enhanced chlorophyll accumulation by Chlorella vulgaris, while higher concentration (100%) reached the maximum with Nannochloropsis oculata. Completely opposite pattern was observed with total carotene.

This research aims to study weeds diversity among five represented habitats namely; field crops, orchards, canal banks, wastelands and water bodies along Mariotteya Canal, Giza. A total of 88 species belong to 74 genera and 27 families were recorded and identified with Egyptian floras and available checklists. The dicotyledons families were represented by (69%); while monocotyledons were (31%). The common families were Poaceae (26%); while both of Compositae and Leguminosae were represented by (8%). Three species were recorded from each of Apiaceae, Cyperaceae, Malvaceae and Polygonaceae and two species from Salicaceae and Amaranthaceae. In addition to, 13 families were monotypic. The annuals species were represented by (59%), perennial herbs were (30%); while trees, shrubs and biennials species were (7%), (3%) and (1%); respectively. The life form showed that, therophytes species were represented by (60%) followed by chamaephytes (14%) then phanerophytes (10%). The chorological ratios showed that cosmopolitan taxa had the highest contribution (25%), followed by pantropical (19%) then palaeotropical (14%). Based on species recorded among five represented habitats, the cluster analysis divided the studied habitats into three groups. Group one included field crops and orchards habitats. Second group contained canal banks and wastelands habitats; while third group included water bodies' habitat. Moreover, field crops and orchards habitats showed the highest similarity value (0.614) followed by (0.559) between canal banks and wastelands habitats. On the other hand, there was no similarity between species of water bodies' habitat and species of the other habitats.

Different  research  reports have revealed that food industry by-products can be considered as good sources of potentially valuable bioactive compounds. This study was performed to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of the peel extracts of pomegranate (PoP), mango (MaP), prickly-pear (PrP), Cantaloupe (CaP) and pea (PeP) using different solvent polarity (methanol, ethanol, ethylacetate and water) to particular attention to their content of total phenolics and flavoniods. Among all tested extracts, ethanolic extracts of PoP, MaP and PrP and aqueous extract of CaPand PeP were shown to exhibited a  significant (p≤0.05) highest extraction yield, total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity (measured by DPPH,ABTS and FRAP methods). The antioxidant capacity of different peel extracts was showed the following descending order, MaP>PoP>PrP>CaP≈ PeP. Also there was a strong positive correlation between the DPPH, ABTS, FRAP values and total phenolic as well as,  flavoniod contents of different peels extracts. Seventeen phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by HPLC-UV analysis in different peel extracts. Galic acid was identified as the major compound  in MaP and PoP extracts, while it was rutin in the case PrP,CaPand PeP extracts. From the results obtained, fruit and vegetable peels can be considered as good sources of valuable bioactive compounds.

ABSTRACT   The research aimed to determine the level of participation of  Siwa Woman in the development of environmental industries, And determine the relationship between the independent variables and the degree of the level of participation of  Siwa Woman in the development of environmental industries, Determine the percentage contribution of variables moral relationship level of Siwa woman participation in the development of environmental industries, and to identify the motives of Siwa Woman in the development of environmental industries. This research was conducted in Siwa Oasis, It was selected sample of (256) respondents by 33.6% of the overall size, data were collected by using a questionnaire specially to achieve the research objectives, the statistical tools included percentage  Frequencies,  Pearson's correlation coefficient were used to data analysis.   The study concluded the following key results   The results showed that respondents with low participation in handmade carpets industry is 14.7%, While the respondents with medium participation is 22.3%, while respondents with high participation is 63%. The results indicate that the percentage ofrespondents with low participation in pickling olives are 12.3%, While the percentage of respondents medium participation is 15.9%, while the proportion of respondents with a high participation is 71.8 percent. The results showed that respondents with low participation in the manufacture of animal feed ratio is 17.2%, While the percentage of respondents medium participation is 15.2%, while the proportion of respondents with a high participation is 63.6 percent. Data suggests that respondents with low participation in the garment manufacturing Siwa is 7.3%, While the percentage of respondents participating medium is 9.9%, while the proportion of respondents with a high participation in the garment manufacturing Siwa is 82.8%. Results show that in the category of 7.8% total participation level low in the development of environmental industries, and 16.4% of them fall in the proportion of middle-class participation for the development of environmental industries, And 75.8% of the respondents fall in the category of high participation for the development of environmental industries in Siwa Oasis. Results show that the level of Siwa woman participation in the development of environmental industries was a significant relation at a level of 0.01 in all of: Capacity animal tenure, The degree of belonging to the tribal community, and the degree of adherence to tribal customs and traditions, Degree trend towards environmental industries, and the degree of exposure to sources of information on the environmental industries, As the value of simple correlation coefficient of Pearson: 0.225, 0.241, 0.217, 0.219, and 0.231, respectively, While the relationship was significant at the 0.05 level with age, While respondents 0.149 Pearson simple correlation coefficient values, and there was no significant relation to: the degree of education of the surveyed, the area of agricultural holdings. It turns out that the percentage contribution of these variables in explaining the contrast kidney respondents were significant at the 0.01 level And its contribution was all in the predictive ability and the other is 51.5%, of which 35.2% to the degree of exposure to sources of information on environmental industries, 9.5% to the point of belonging to the tribal community, and 5% to the degree of adherence to tribal customs and traditions, to 1.8% and the degree of the trend toward environmental industries. The results showed that the most important motives of Siwa woman in the development of environmental industries are: Increasing the family income to their participation in the environmental industries (89.5%), Help the family in the bride processing (83.9%), Out of the house to receive an education and to work in the environmental industries (76.7%).

The study aimed basically at: describing the level of respondent women empowerment in Siwa oasis, identifying the relationship between the level of respondent women empowerment and the studied variables, identifying the importance level of social and economic empowerment requirements, identifying the availability level of social and economic empowerment requirements and identifying the relationship between the importance level and the availability level of women empowerment in the study area. A systematic random sample of (310) women in Siwa oasis were selected to conduct the study. Data were collected through personal interviews with the selected respondent women using a questionnaire. The statistical analyzing tools used in the study were: Pearson’s correlation coefficient, Spearman’s correlation coefficient, in addition to frequencies, percentages, arithmetic mean, weighted arithmetic mean and standard deviation to present and describe data. The most important findings of the study were as follows   -  About (67.1%) of respondent women had a low level of social empowerment, while about (50.0%) of them had a low level of economic empowerment. -    There was a significant positive relationship at 0.01 probability level between the respondents social empowerment level and the following variables: educational level, family size, cultural openness, monthly income, aspiration level, willingness to take risks, exposure to the resources of agricultural information, attitude towards agricultural extension, extension communication and general knowledge. - There was a significant positive relationship at 0.01 probability level between the respondents economic empowerment level and the following variables: educational level, family size, cultural openness, monthly income, aspiration level, willingness to take risks, exposure to the resources of agricultural information, attitude towards agricultural extension and extension communication.

It is one of the most serious problems facing Egyptian agriculture, which is working to eat agricultural area Where farmland represents one of the most important agricultural economic resources in the provision of food, where is the problem of constant encroachment on farmland and converted from agricultural use to other uses of non-farm as the total agricultural land has been encroached upon construction during the period Area (1983 - 2010) about 64 Thousand acres in addition to the encroachment on about 38.46 thousand acres since the wealth of January 25, 2011 until 28/9/2014, which led to a decline in the average per capita agricultural land in Egypt from about 0.133 acres / population in 1983 to about 0.112 acres / people in 2011, was where the study problem in increasing encroachment on the land Agricultural Giza especially governorate Doanh the post-January 25 Revolution 2010 study was conducted to identify the effects of Aguetsadahoalajtmaih leveling farmland in Giza Governorate 2017 season. Where the characteristics and motives of the establishment of private projects and land has been identified, and this motivation strengthens the doctrine of the importance of infringement by seeing others from projects that are based on their negative impact on the neighboring lands of the project, especially if the success of the project and the desire to imitate this behavior or create a new project The previous project, whether through raw materials or taking advantage of the product of the former resident on the lands beyond it, which sees the oppressor as an incentive for the tradition and Altadam on the infringement of the other and waiting for what happened to him before the establishment of a plant on the land beyond it and did not see the behavior of Alchk Meh it packs serious and immediate accountability and behavior, whether or removal or punishment Salehbh both. It was concluded that the owners of the first Mivkron project is the amount of income obtained by the search for the compensation of what was obtained before the establishment of the project and shows the table what the project owner gets from the agricultural land before the establishment of the project and the income obtained after the establishment of the project and depends on the difference in income, The project, where it was found that the owner of a poultry farm was obtained on average on 94.4 pounds / month as the value of rent or equivalent percentage of the crops produced from the area on which the project is established (poultry farm, which is 5.28 i), while the increase rose to 12.3 thousand pounds, increase of about 13.56% than once The average monthly income before the establishment of the stadium amounted to about 193 pounds / month, which rose about 8 thousand pounds / month, an increase of about 4145% of what was obtained of the agricultural land, while the income of the owner of the wedding hall before the establishment of about 113.3 pounds / month of agricultural land, while the rise to about 4 thousand pounds from the wedding hall, an increase of 3530% of what was obtained from the ground. Although the satisfaction of the projects on the land above it is much higher than the return of agricultural land, this high return of projects does not correspond to the degree of food deprivation for future generations as a result of conversion of agricultural land to special projects in all wars and the occurrence of fodder or influence the political decision to import food and provide of society as a whole.