The current research was conducted to determine the degree of effectiveness of agricultural extension in date palm production, determining the relationship between the independent variables studied and the effectiveness of agricultural extension in the production of palm date palm, identifying the problems facing the farmers, to achieve the research objectives, Bahariya Oasis at Giza governorate was selected as a geographic field for the study sample, a systematic random sample of 235 farmers representing (10%) of the farmers totaled 2350 at the study area. Data were collected through the personal interview with the sample research using a questionnaire. Frequencies, percentage, range, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, analysis of variance, simple correlation coefficient (Pearson), and step-wise regression analysis were utilized to present and analyze data.  Results showed that (51.4%) of the respondents fell under the medium category of indicator of  the degree of effectiveness of agricultural extension in date palm production, and (37.6%) of them fell under the low category of the indicator, while (11%) of the total sample fell under the high category of the indicator.  Results indicate that the degree of effectiveness of extension activities in the date palm production was significant at 0.01 for each of the researcher's education, the date of agricultural tenure of date palms, the number of years of experience in date palm cultivation and the driving grade, while the number of years of experience in agricultural work, the degree of trend towards agricultural innovations and the degree of orientation towards extension were significant at 0.05.  Results also showed four variables out of the total independent variables which explain around (43.8%) of the total variation of effectiveness of extension activities in the date palm production using the Step Wise regression i.e. the date of agricultural tenure of date palms, the number of years of experience in date palm cultivation, the researcher's education and the degree of trend towards agricultural innovations.

Two pot experiments were carried out at the greenhouse of the Cotton Research Institute, Agric. Res. Cent., Giza, Egypt during 2015 and 2016 seasons to study the response of cotton plant to application of some nutrients to improve the performance of cotton plant under irrigation of saline water to increase growth, yield and yield components and fiber quality of Giza 90 cotton cultivar.  The experimental design was a split plot design with four replications. Main plots included saline water solutions treatments (control, 2000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 ppm), sub plot included four nutrients application (Potassium Humate, Algex, Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG) 6000 and Potassein compared with control). The obtained results could be summarized as follows: Irrigation with saline  water over seasons significantly decreased plant height, number of fruiting branches/plant, number of open bolls /plant, boll weight, seed index, seed cotton yield per plant, fiber length, uniformity index, fiber strength and micronaire value,  while, lint % was significantly increased. Nutrients application had significant effect on growth parameters, yield and its components and fiber properties under study, All nutrients treatments gave the highest values of growth parameters, yield and its components and fiber properties as compared with the control in both seasons. In general, plants sprayed with PEG gave the highest averages of plant height, number of fruiting branches/plant. Potassium Humate gave  the highest averages of yield and its components and fiber properties followed by plants sprayed with Algex, while the plants sprayed with PEG as came the last in these respect in both seasons. Interaction between irrigation with slain water and nutrients application by salinity tolerance inducers had a significant effect on plant height, number of fruiting branches per plant,  boll weight,  number of open bolls /plant, seed index, seed cotton yield /plant and fiber quality under study in both seasons. Plants treated with foliar nutrients under salinity condation scored the highest average of growth parameters, yield and its components and fiber properties. Potassium Humate, Algex, PEG and Potassein applications to plants under normal and salinity conditions had positive effects on improving the performance of cotton plants, which increased plant growth and yield especially under salinity conditions.

This experiment was carried out during 2015 and 2016 experimental seasons to investigate the effect of spraying with moringa extract at 3%, garlic extract at 3% or ascorbic acid at 300 ppm on fruit set, yield and fruit quality of Khadrawi date palm cultivar. Anyhow, bunches were sprayed at three times (3 hours before pollination then 4 and 8 weeks after pollination). The present results indicated that spraying date palm bunches with moringa extract or garlic extract recorded the highest initial fruit set in the first and second seasons, respectively. As well as, moringa extract gave the highest fruit retention and yield in both seasons. In addition, all treatments improved some fruit physical characteristics i.e. fruit weight, flesh weight, fruit volume and fruit length compared to the control treatment in the two studied seasons. Also, results showed that moringa extract or ascorbic acid increased TSS%, total sugars % and reducing sugars % in both seasons compared to the control. Meanwhile, the lowest fibers % was obtained by garlic extract in the two seasons. Also, all treatments had no significant effect on total acidity % and tannins content in both seasons.

Energy sources represent one of the most important inputs of the production process without which the production process can't begin or continue. The process of fossil fuels production has Longley been associated with large amounts of emitted pollutants into the atmosphere starting through the industrial revolution at the beginning of the last century and up to nowadays, causing high levels of pollution that have threatened the human presence on earth. Fossil fuels has three main problems: the first is polluting the environment and the second is that it is steadily depleting and the third is that it has a decreasing supply function, contrary to its increasing demand, which has led to a steady increase in its international prices. It is a must and not a luxury. These made the world to produce the biogas and its secondary product "the biogas compost" which environmentally and economically compatible compared to other alternatives offered in the global market.  In Egypt, the problem of fuel is more acute, especially in the desert provinces, where the challenges of shortage of supply of LPGs combine with increasing demand due to rapid population increase with spatial spacing between production  and distribution areas accompanied by transportation, storage and handling risks, In a short period of time, all of which are a constant pressure on the balance of the local market for fuel, especially gas cylinders (LPG). Increasing carbon emissions from different sectors especially transport and agriculture (with regard to the accumulation and unsustainable handling of agricultural wastes) and the industrial sector pose significant challenges to environmental safety in Egypt. Which makes these factors a pressure pathway for the state to encourage the spread of the use of biogas technology in the agricultural sector, especially as it save the foreign currency through the provision of a complete decomposed, free of parasites, and low cost fertilizer in addition to it doesn't cause environmental pollution compared to other high-cost organic fertilizers and extremely expensive and environmentally pollutant chemical ones. The study found that the size of the most common fermenter in the category of small-size fermenters is 6 m 3 because it has a high economic return.  The research concluded that in biogas production units studied in the newly reclaimed areas of three Governorates (South Sinai, Fayoum, Assiut), net profit reached the end of life of the project, estimated at about 15 years, is about 42642 LE. The average annual profit per unit (4240 LE), IRR (15%), and the total cost recovery period of the unit are estimated at (7 years).   A sensitivity analysis of 10% found that    First    Increase costs by 10%     Net profit of LE 40454.  The average annual profit is LE 3424.  Internal rate of return (IRR) 15%  The total cost recovery period for the unit is 7 years.    Second    Revenues decrease by 10%     Net profit of LE 3622.  The average annual profit is LE 3075.  Internal rate of return (IRR) 15%   The total cost recovery period for the unit is 7 years   Third    Increase costs by 10% and decrease revenue by 10% together     Net profit of LE 34014.  The average annual profit is 3000 pounds.  Internal rate of return (IRR) 15%  The total cost recovery period for the unit is 7 years    The study recommends the use of 6 m3 biogas fermenters in the agriculture sector for heating, lighting and cooking purposes especially in newly reclaimed lands to provide energy and organic fertilizers to ensure the sustainability of the environmental resources in these virgin areas and the success of production processes economically.

Lack of geographical diversity for the future markets for Egyptian agricultural and food exports and Egypt's dependence on neighboring countries in this regard.  The main markets for Egyptian agricultural and food exports were average in the period 20112016 in Saudi Arabia by about 13.1%, followed by Libya, Russia and Britain with 5.9%, 5.7% and 4.1% respectively. Italy with a rate of about 3.9% and the UAE by about 5.2%.  It was found that the potato crop is one of the most important export crops in the vegetables, representing about 22.5% of the total value of Egyptian exports of vegetables, while the grapes were one of the most important Egyptian export crops in the fruit group, representing about 20.6% of the total fruit exports. -2016.  There was a statistically significant increase in the quantity and value of Egyptian exports of potatoes and grapes.  The increase in the indicators of comparative advantage of Egyptian potatoes, which enhances the position of competitiveness of Egyptian potatoes in foreign markets.  The relative advantage of the correct one decreased until 2003, while comparative advantage increased from 2004 until the end of the study period. This may be attributed to the success of the  Egyptian side in increasing the production and marketing capabilities of grapes and hence the relative advantage of this crop.  Egypt is the 13th largest exporter of grapes in the world and contributes about 2.2% of the total value of world exports as an average for the period 2012-2016.  It was found that Egypt is the fifth largest exporter of grapes to the United Kingdom and was ranked first in South Africa and Spain.              shows that the rate of export growth of the competition countries is greater than the rate of growth in Egypt, i.e., the competing countries take the share of the Egyptian side and reached the market share 5.8%, as evidenced by the low penetration rate of the market, which amounted to about 2.4%, as it became clear that the penetration rate of the market in Saudi Arabia, which amounted to about 17.5%.  Egypt is ranked eighth among the most important potato exporting countries in the world and contributes about 4.3% of the total amount of world exports as an average for the period 2012-2016. It was found that Egypt occupies the first position of the most important potato exporting countries to Russia and was second and third place in China and Azerbaijan. Table (9) shows that the rate of export growth of the countries of competition is lower than the growth rate in Egypt, where the rate of growth of Egyptian exports to Russia was 7% 38.1%. The market penetration rate, which is about 0.6%, was found to be low, and the penetration rate of the Dutch market was about 5.5%.

The objective of this present study is Studying the effect of crossing and reciprocal cross on productive performance, Fertility and hatchability for local chicken. The experiment was carried out in the farm of the Faculty of Agriculture - Ain Shams University. Their experimental research began when birds from two local breeds 22 week of age, where, sixty chickens (30 Fayoumi breeds, 30 Sinai breeds).were used at 26 weeks of age semen was collected artificially from 12 cocks (6 Fayoumi , 6 Sinai).semen from each cock artificially inseminated 48 female within each breed. Were attribution taken to be a parent stock. They were housed in batteries and then they transferred into individual batteries until the end of the experiment (36 weeks of age). The two breeds were mated and four crosses were produced Male Fayoumi*Female Fayoumi (FF) , Male Fayoumi*Female Sinai (FS) ,Male Sinai*Female Sinai(SS) , Male Sinai*Female Fayoumi (SF) After the second generation hatching ,the resolutely indicated that (FF) breed had the highest Fertility percent while the (SF)cross was the highest Hatchability calculated from the total eggs and also from fertile eggs . and Individual body weight (in grams) was recorded for each sex separately within each breed at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 weeks of age. Male Sinai*Female Fayoumi (SF) was found to be the best breeds in terms of body weight and vitality and better in food conversion. The most important results observed from this study indicated that the (SF) cross had the best in fertility, the best hatchability calculated from total and fertile eggs, body weight and body weight gain.    So, it could be concluded that, cross procedure could be used in order to achieve genetic improvement from local breeds, which mean the possibility of increasing our production and hence on consumption from our local breeds and reducing on dependence from foreign breeds.

Agricultural land holdings went through several changes during the period 1929-2010 due to the changes in the economic orientations and the underpinning economic policies. The study shows that average area of a land holding has declined from 6.13 feddan in 1929 to about 2.19 feddan in 2010. However the average area of a land holding in the old lands has declines from 1.93 feddan in year 2000 to 1.61 feddan in 2010. In contrast the average area of a land holding in the new lands is almost fixed at 9.6-9.7 feddan during the period 2000-2010.   To assess the inequality of the distributions  of land holdings the study estimated the Gini   coefficients of land holdings for several agricultural censuses.  The Gini coefficients were rather high for the years of 1929, 1939 and 1950 with the corresponding values of 0.892, 0.783 and 0.733 respectively. After the 1952 revolution and the issuance of the land reform laws the distributions of land holdings became more equitable as it became evident from the Gini coefficients of 0.597, 0.532 and 0.582 for the years of 1960, 1980 and 1990 respectively.   But apparently there was a reversal in the distribution of agricultural land holdings as the Gini coefficient has shown an upward trend during the period 1990-2010. The Gini coefficient increased from 0.582 in 1990 to 0.628 in year 2000 and then to 0.658 in 2010. This upward trend could be explained by the tendency to concentrate the newly reclaimed agricultural lands in the hands of large farmers and investment companies.

The resent study aims to identify the role of Local Development Fund (LDF), affiliated to the Ministry of Local Development in economic empowerment of rural women, to determine most important factors affecting the level of economic empowerment. Furthermore to identify the economic, social and health obstacles facing rural women. A study was conducted in   "Tahla village", Banha district in Qalubia governorate. A random sample was selected including150 rural women from the beneficiaries’ of the Local Development Fund loans. A questionnaire was used during personal interviews with the rural women from July to August 2017.   The data was tabulated and analyzed by using several statistical methods such as: range, arithmetic mean, standard division, correlation coeffi cient, and stepwise regression model using SPSS program. The study results indicated that the economic empowerment indicator ranges between (43) - (29) with Arithmetic mean (36.8), standard deviation (3.36). The indicator range was divided into 3 equal categories. The results also showed that (44.7%) from the total population sample fell in the medium category of the indicator. The high category included (36.7%), and the lowest category included (18.7%) from the total sample population.  The data analysis using the Multi Regression coefficient was statistically significant at the forth step were the value of “F” calculated was (12.94) at the level of significance 0.01. The Determination coefficient was (0.284) which means that only four variables from the total of the independent variables explains (28.4%) of the total variance in the economic empowerment in the study sample which are as follows: household condition, husband age, respondent age, and woman social recognition in her society.

The study aims to assess the possibility of biological control on one of the most serious pathogenic microbes that found to infect Kariesh cheese, namely Salmonella typhimurium.  To achieve this object, firstly a total of 20 Kariesh cheese samples were collected randomly from various markets located at Cairo and exposed to microbiological isolation and identification of S. typhimurium. The obtained results revealed that, S. typhimurium was detected in 30% of surveyed market Kariesh cheese according to the strain identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Secondary, five sewage water samples were obtained from Fac. of Agric., Ain Shams Univ., and Shoubra EL-Kheima station of drinking and sewage water for specific bacteriophage isolation and morphology particles of Salmonella bacteriophage was examined by transmission electron microscope. Third, pasteurized skimmed buffalo’s milk was converted into experimental Kariesh cheese at 40oC by milk inoculation with 2% of freshly activated yoghurt bacterial starter culture and then milk was divided into 5 equal portions. The 1st portion considered as control. The 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th portions were contaminated with equal level (1%) of S. typhimurium suspension containing 105 colony forming units (CFU)/mL, previously isolated from foregoing surveyed Kariesh cheese samples, followed by adding phage suspension,  from which isolated from sewage water, containing 108 plaque forming units (PFU)/mL at the levels of nil, 1, 2 and 3% respectively. All portions were separately incubated at the same temperature up to curdling. The curds were cut and individually filled into stainless steel moulds lined with cheese cloth and consolidated by a slight pressure for 24 h. The blocks of curd were then cut, dry salted using 2% NaCl (w/w) and packaged into plastic containers.  Experimentally, there were proportional reductions in lactic acid bacteria (LAB) population as the level of phage spiked into cheese milk increased, as which the reduction rate of LAB count during cold storage period (CSP) prolonging was however declined.    In terms of health safety, although the number of pathogen microbe added was gradually reduced due to the acid developed by prolonging the Cold Storage Period in the absence of phage, but it stilled present until the end of experimental period. While, the pathogen was completely eliminated within 7 days of cheese age when the phage suspension (108 PFU/mL) has been spiked at the level of 1% at least.  The contamination of experimental Kariesh cheese with S. typhimurium led to weaken the ability of cheese curd to drain whey as explained from the dry matter (DM) content which decreased due to the presence of pathogen and increased by the pathogen elimination with bacteriophage, which resulted also to increase the protein /DM content. The ash content reduced by both reasons, namely the contamination with S. typhimurium and/or the spiking level of phage suspension. The presence of S. typhimurium slowed the LAB population and acid production by them. Finally, as a conclusion, the spiking of Kariesh cheese milk with 1% Salmonella typhimurium phage suspension (108 PFU/mL) is quite enough to eliminate this microorganism when it present at the level of 1% suspension containing  105 CFU /mL.

Fish wealth in Egypt is one of the sources of national agricultural income, as well as a source of safe animal protein sources, which provides food needs internally and develops other industries beside it. Egypt enjoys vast areas of water bodies suitable for production and development of fish resources, which qualify it to be one of the largest producing countries Not only at the regional level, but also at the international level. Fisheries in Egypt occupy vast areas. These sources vary according to their nature. They include the sea, such as the Red and Mediterranean Sea, and lakes such as Manzala, The problem of research is inspite of the fact that Egypt enjoys its position on the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea and the existence of the Nile River and lakes, the quantity of fish produced does not sufficient for the needs of local consumption, which led to resorting to imports to bridge the food gap. The average  quantity of imports for the same period was estimated at 280.6 thousand tons. The average exports reached about 18.69 thousand tons for the same period. This means that there is a burden on the agricultural and national balance. The objective of the study is to study the development of national consumption And individual of the name The main results were that the relative importance of the value of exported fish during the period (20002015), where the first ranked fresh and salted fish with an engineering average of about 88.4% of the total The value of exports, while in the second place was for other varieties of fish with an average engineering of about 6.7% and the rest of the species (salmon, sardine, herring, tuna and sponge) ranked from third to seventh with an average of about 4.9% The study and the relative importance of the value of imported fish during the period 2000-2015. Toward 73.1% of the total value of imports, while the second place was fish tuna with an average of about 20.9%. The rest of the species (salmon, sardine, herring, crab, shrimp, caviar, anchovy, mackerel, and other varieties) With an average of about 6% of the total value of imports during the study period.