The Research aimed at measuring the impact of using different irrigations systems on the production and economic efficiency of the main summer crops cultivated in New Lands at Alexandria Governorate. In order to reach this objective, the research adopted the following: 1)  Presenting the benefits and costs of the main summer crops cultivated useing different irrigation systems. 2)  Measuring some of the economic efficiency indicators related to summer vegetables crops cultivated under some irrigation systems (3) Estimating the economic and production efficiency of the study crops cultivated under some irrigation systems (4) Presnting some possible economic recommendations which can improve and increase the production and productivity of the study summer vegetables crops. The research applied some descriptive analysis method on the economic variables associated with the study, in addition to quantitative economic analysis method to assess the economic efficiency standards for vegetable crops under study. The stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) has been applied to estimate production functions using the FRONTIER (Version 4.1c). The research also relied on field questionnaire data collected from 100 farms representing the most important cultivators of summer vegetable crops including squash, pepper, and eggplant cultivated during 2011/2012 in Alexandria Governorate's New Lands using traditional and modern irrigation systems. Analysis results showed the following results about the impact of applicating modern irrigation systems on the production and economic efficiency: (1) High indicators of economic efficiency of the vegetable crops cultivated using modern irrigation systems compared with those cultivated using traditional irrigation system, which means more efficient use of the economic resources used producing vegetable crops under modern irrigation compared with those under traditional irrigation, which calls agricultural economic policy makers to increase attention and spread the idea of using modern irrigation systems, especially in New Land, in order to increase agricultural production and reduce the deficit in the trade balance. (2) Production Efficiency Coeffecients for squash, pepper, and eggplant cultivated under modern irrigation system reachede about 75%, 80%, and 83%, while reached about 89%, 93%, and 91% for the same crops cultivated under traditional irrigation systems, which indicates that the chances of vegetable crops cultivated under modern irrigation system are larger than for those cultivated under traditional irrigation system due to more efficient use of production resources (3) The Economic Efficiency Coefficients of squash, pepper, and eggplant cultivated under modern irrigation systems reached about 73%, 77%, and 79%, while reached about 87%, 90%, and 88% for the same crops cultivated using traditional irrigation systems, which indicates that the chances of vegetable crops cultivated under modern irrigation systems are larger than for those cultivated under traditional irrigation system due to more efficient use of economic resources and economic gain. In order to expand the cultivation of vegetable crops under modern irrigation systems and raise the productivity rate, the research recommends the following: (1) Increasing the effectiveness of extension activities through agricultural extension officers to transfer the research recommendations to farmers, and train them in order to improve their experience, and enhance the trend towards adopting the use of modern irrigation methods to enhance agriculture advancement, (2) Encouraging the specialized scientific research centers to develop fertilization programs that match the needs of crop cultivated under modern irrigation methods and soil quality.

Aim of this study is to examine the substitution and complementary relationships of Egyptian exports from fresh and frozen potatoes in the global market. The study focused on investigating current situation of Egyptian exports from fresh and frozen potatoes at world market in comparison to its situation at Egyptian market. Hereby, demand on Egyptian fresh and frozen potatoes was assessed and time trends of price developments were statistically estimated and their relationship to global prices were analyzed.   Most important results of existing study are summarized in the following points   The analysis of Egyptian and global export prices for fresh and frozen potatoes during the time period 2000- 2012 showed increasing trends of both, which is statistically significant. The results showed increasing demand on frozen at the cost of fresh potatoes. This also matches with same development at global market. The development of export prices of Egyptian potatoes (fresh and frozen) matches with the development of prices at global market. The relationship between Egyptian and global export prices has shown linear and stable between 2000 and 2012. It seems also that export prices of frozen Egyptian potatoes much more stable than those of fresh potatoes. By studying for Stability Coefficient to export prices for fresh and frozen potatoes during the time period 2000- 2012 showed that export prices of frozen Egyptian potatoes much more stable than those of fresh potatoes. Canada, France, Germany, and Netherlands are the most export countries that competing with Egypt on world market of potatoes, particularly fresh. When computing the price competitiveness of Egyptian fresh potatoes, the result shows that Egyptian potatoes are highly competing with open-mentioned European export countries. The price competitiveness of Egyptian frozen potatoes is relatively higher when comparing to other competitive markets of Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, etc. This shows great opportunity for Egypt for expanding its exports from frozen potatoes in nearly future. Using regression analysis of time series data, the study of demand for Egyptian exports of fresh potatoes indicated that Egyptian potatoes is considered as necessary good for consumers of open-mentioned countries based on estimated price and cross elasticities. It has also proven that there is a substitutional relationship between Egyptian fresh and frozen potatoes. An important result that insure the importance of re-drawing export policies of potatoes exports in Egypt.

The study showed the the importance of the effect of seasonality in determining the amounts received for the transit market of vegetable crops in Egypt. As it turned out great linkage between the quantities and prices of vegetables in the transit market, which reflects the importance of reconsidering the random cropping and where there is no minimum or organizing thread. Where it should be to regulate the use of agricultural resources limited to Egypt and so achieve the maximum return for producers and consumers and the marketer and reduces wastage of resources in making a glitch between supply and demand, resulting in higher prices hurt consumer Login or drop in prices hurt farmers' incomes. It is worth noting that the changes in the agricultural sector, which is the main activity in the Egyptian countryside, especially in the light of economic liberalization policies such as the abolition of support for agricultural inputs, and the liberalization of prices of agricultural and left are determined by market forces, with the demolition of Tzawar marketing system for Khaddrady to irregular or balance of supply with the demand after the policy of economic liberalization in the agriculture sector, which increased from large fluctuations in prices as a result of increasing the gap between supply and  demand for agricultural commodities, and all of these reasons have led to an increase in poverty in the countryside and in Egypt in particular. This reflects the importance of Tzawar marketing system and return to the installation Almsola Central, which balances the needs of the consumer growing and limited agricultural resources by reducing the size of the gap between supply and demand, which reduces the price differences during the months of the year and which is reflected in the increase in income and welfare of the consumer and the producer together. The return of the agricultural cycle of the most important requirements for achieving balance in the prices of vegetables in Egypt and reduces loss in the limited agricultural resources and achieve the protection of soil fertility and reduces the need for fertilizers and pesticides. This regulation of the market productive agricultural reduce the imbalance between supply and demand, which increases the efficiency of the distribution of the use of agricultural resources among the wider use of alternative optimal resource allocation and reduce the waste of limited agricultural resources. Decreases as well as huge losses for producers and consumers at the micro level as well to reduce the negative effects on the macro level by reducing imports and increasing exports, where there is improved efficiency performance in the Egyptian agricultural sector at the micro level and kidneys.

A green house experiment was carried out in two successive seasons on date Palm plantlets (Phoenix dactylifera L. cv. Bartomouda) from 2012 to 2013, to evaluated the effectiveness of different sources of nitrogen fertilizer at four treatments as (T2) 5 g/l ammonium sulfate 20 % (1 g nitrogen), (T3) 3 g/l potassium nitrate 33% (1 g nitrogen) and (T4) 2 g/l urea (46%) with the irrigation water one time/ week.The design of the experiment was randomized complete with three replicates. The results revealed that, plant height cm, leaves numbers, root length cm and numbers, and fresh and dry weights of leaves and roots were increasing highly significantly with 3 g/l of potassium nitrate graduated by 2 g/l urea and 5 g/l ammonium sulfate respectively at both seasons. Chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids contents showed significant rising with 3 g/l potassium nitrate. Greatest significant contents of indole and proline were obtained under T3 for two seasons. Leaves nitrogen content N was increased by 2 g/l urea in the two seasons; on the other hand, root nitrogen content was increased with treatment 3 g/l potassium nitrate, sequenced by T2 and T4 treatments. Leaves and roots phosphorus P content significantly raising under 3g/l potassium nitrate and 5 g/l ammonium sulfate for two seasons. In the presence of 5 g/l ammonium sulfate and 3 g/l potassium nitrate leaves and root potassium content K were largest at two seasons respectively. This research shows that the nitrogen formula as potassium nitrate > ammonium sulfate > urea were recommended to highly increasing growth of date palm plantlets in the green house.

A laboratory experiment was carried out to study the early growth response of 22 sugar beet (Beta vulgaris, L.) varieties to four salt concentrations of seawater i.e. 2000, 4000, 8000 and 16000 ppm. Germination and seedling growth traits (germination percentage (%), germination rate, seedling length (cm), seedling fresh weight (mg) and seedling vigor) were determined at the end of the experiment after 30 days from planting. The results showed that increasing the salinity level decreased the germination %, germination rate, seedling length, seedling fresh weight and seedling vigor of all sugar beet varieties under investigation to different extents. The results also clearly revealed that the response of the investigated varieties to salt concentrations was not the same, some varieties approved to be highly salt tolerant i.e. Soultan, Kawmira and Desprez; others were very sensitivity tolerant i.e. Helsiniki and LP16. However most of the investigated varieties were moderately salt tolerant. Results revealed clearly that the interaction effect between sugar beet varieties and salt concentrations was significant. This significant effect means that the tested varieties do not behave the same under the different levels of salinity stress.

Oil crops occupies an important place in theEgyptian Agricultural Savin, come to their importance in the demand derived from the demand for the production of food plant oils , which form a pattern prevailed for the Egyptian consumers, some oil crops grown for the use of its products for the purposes of bilateral or trilateral. The peanut harvest of export crops important addition to being  one of the many crops to use and is characterized by high net yield of it compared to other crops. The research Targeting answer to previous questions and to try to develop solutions to overcome the problems that hinder the increased production of the crop peanuts in Egypt, especially as it crops which enjoys high quality in the territories does not bestow the cultivation of other field crops, as research aims to identify the most influential variable in response farmers to grow the crop and the study of functions and production costs for this crop. The results indicate that the average annual area planted peanuts estimated at about 137, 70 feddan during the period (2009-2012), the average productivity Per feddan  which is estimated at 17.59 Ardeb, while the average production of about 4352,20 million Ardeb for the same period referred to, Results also indicated response function width of the crop that the most important economic factors affecting the area planted peanuts in Egypt is the net yield per feddan of maize crop summer, summer tomatoes, sesame. The estimated production functions and costs for the three classes of possessory crop in the study sample. Finally, research suggests the following: 1- The development of varieties of high productivity copes with the Egyptian conditions with the application of Modern Technology in Agricultural Methods with the help of research organizations and Agricultural extension. 2- Work to increase the Organic fertilizer and reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer where it leads to increased production and reduced costs as indicated by the results of the study sample.  3- Encourage the establishment of factories involved in manufacturing main production areas such as the provinces of Nubaria and Lower Egypt (El-Beheira – El-Sharkeya - Ismailia) to encourage farmers to increase their production and supply at affordable prices.

The study aimed mainly to explore the customary judgment in the study area from the viewpoint of respondents, identify their personal and social characteristics, and determine barriers faced the local judgment and their suggestions to overcome it. Data were collected from 33 proposed respondents distributed on seven tribes in North Sinai governorate, using questionnaire form during May 2010. Frequencies, percentages, and average were used for data display. Findings show that about one third of respondents are illiterate, 81.8% of them are located in the category of high leadership, and 72.7% of them are highly exposed. The most important criteria of the selection of customary judges are heredity, biography, and social status. The main sanctions imposed by local judges are fines (camels), oath, and compensation. The most important obstacles facing customary judgment are the highly expenses incurred by the judges in the transition to conflect place and communication, with weak financial potential of some judges, and relying on the judicial wisdom and sideburns only without reference to the experienced people, especially in the emerging issues on the Sinai community

The purpose of this study is to measure the job characteristics of agricultural extension centers' personnel in Assiut governorate using Hackman and Oldham’s Model, and to examine the model fit with the current study. The job diagnostic survey was used as the assessment tool to measure the components of the job characteristics model. Data were collected from all of the agricultural extension centers' personnel in Assiut governorate (84 personnel) by questionnaire. The job characteristics model’s overall fit with the data was evaluated using common model goodness of fit measures estimated by AMOS. The results showed that dealing with others and feedback received the highest ratings; autonomy and skill variety received the lowest ratings from the core job characteristics. The moderate feelings towards the core job dimensions yielded a low motivating potential score. Knowledge of results yielded the highest rating and experienced responsibility yielded the lowest rating from the psychological states. Internal work motivation received the highest rating and growth satisfaction received the lowest rating from the personal/work outcomes. Stimulating work environment yielded the highest rating and pay satisfaction yielded the lowest rating from the moderators of the model. The various indices of overall goodness of fit for the model lent sufficient support for the results to be an acceptable representation of the job characteristics model.

This research aimed to identify the training needs for agricultural officials in the control of sunn pest affecting wheat in general, and to identify the correlation between training needs and the independent variables surveyed, namely (age, educational level, gender, managerial position and a number of years of service), and to order the items of training needs according to the needs of agricultural officials. The search included all agricultural personnel in Nineveh province, (172) employees, where a simple random sample of them represented by 40% with a rate of (69) employees, were takes. A questionnaire consisting of two parts, was designed. The first part included a number of questions to obtain personal and vocational information for agricultural officials, while the second part included scale to measure the training needs, which included (32) items relating to the training needs, for control of sunn pest affecting the yield of wheat. The questionnaire was offered to the specialists in agricultural extension and in education, to make sure face validity and was also offered to specialists in the plant protection to ensure the content validity for items of the scale. The reliability of the scale was found in siplit-half method. Data was collected during December, 2010.

Egypt depends on the Nile River as a major source of water, it provides about 76.3% of its water requirements, other water sources provides about 23.7% of total water requirements. Agriculture sector is the main consumer of water in Egypt as it consumed about 85.9% of the total actual consumption of water in 2009. The main problem of the present paper is the decrease in the efficiency of water use in Egyptian agriculture. The objective of paper is to assess the efficiency of water use in agriculture in the old and new land Egypt through the use of partial efficiency measures. Results showed that in average of the cost of irrigation per feddan during the period (1998-2009), that was for winter crops in the old lands as follows: 85.3, 105.8, 119.3, 127.3 pounds/feddan for faba bean, sugar beet, alfalfa sustained, wheat at a cost of irrigation per feddan of which respectively. For summer crops in old land cost was about 114.7, 129.5, 139.8, 156.2, 217.8, 606.1 pounds/ feddan at a cost of, sesame, soybean, peanut, corn, rice, sugar cane, respectively.   For the winter crops in the new lands irrigation cost per feddan was about L.E 99.3, 169.0 for garlic and onion respectively. Summer crops in the new lands irrigation costs for watermelon, cucumber, potatoes, eggplant, peppers, and tomatoes were as follows: L.E 92.4, 133, 138.7, 139.8, 157.7, 194.3 pounds/ feddan respectively. The results of the statistical analysis of partial-efficiency measures showed that, according to the criterion of net revenue from the water unit - winter crops on the old land as follows: alfalfa, wheat, faba bean, and sugar beet. As for the summer crops of old land the results showed of the statistical estimate of the partial-efficiency measures that peanuts, corn, sesame, sugar cane, rice, soybeans respectively. In the new lands the results of statistical analysis for the partial- efficiency measures, according to the standard net return of the water unit for winter crops were garlic followed by the first crop of onions. As for the summer crops, the results of statistical analysis of partial -efficiency measures, according to the standard net return of the water unit came summer crops in the new lands, were as follows: potatoes, tomatoes, watermelon, cucumber, eggplant, pepper. The results in general indicated the necessaries of reconsidering the present structure of cropping pattern to increase the efficiency of irrigation water use.