The paper shows the development of strawberries crop area in Behera governorate during the period 2001-2015 showing that its lower area was about 150 feddan and its maximum area was about 2320 feddans. The general time trendof area was 120 feddans a year during the studied period.  Strawbarries production, on other hand, was between 600 ton and 6830 during the above period.  Despite the importance of strawbarries are in the governorate, its total production was only 42.731 or 48% of total production in Egypt. This may be explained by the low productivity of most varieties cultivated by farmers. For this, the study is concerned with the cultivation of varieties with high productivity per feddan.   The study depends on the results of a sample of farmers in the governorate to estimate production and cost functions to evaluate factors affecting these functions. The study reveals that the sample farmers in Kom hamada-which represents about 81% of total strawbarries production are producing in the first stage of the production function. This means that farmers do’ nt  use the optimum method of production. The study estimate cost production and the size of farm that minimize cost and that maximize profit for the farm four groups and for the total sample.

The importance of the wheat crop is reflected as one of the main cereals crops and the most important strategic crops that attract the attention of economic policy makers. It is the main source of the bread industry, which is the staple food for all population groups. However, domestic production is not sufficient for population needs. In addition to an increase in the percentage of wheat losses, which leads to increase imports to meet the deficit between wheat production and consumption, and then increase the burden of the import bill.  On the other hand, the production and storage of wheat has become one of the most important issues facing Egypt at present and in the future due to the limited number of countries that can export wheat and  all of production and storage conditions are subjected to natural and climatic changes. Therefore, the study aims at determining the main determinants of wheat production and  storage in Egypt in order to include it in a proposed mechanism for improving the wheat production and storage.  In the light of this, the study found (using simulataneous equations models) that the most important determinants of wheat production and storage in Egypt are limited to the cultivated area of wheat, the farm price of wheat, wheat production in the previous year, the imports quantity in the previous year, consumption quantity, wheat storge, import price, population, consumption quantity for the previous year, previous year's storge, imports quantity, where the statistical significance was proved at 0.05 level, and the significance of the model as a whole was proved. It was also found that about (68% -91%) of changes in wheat production and stock were due to the change in the independent variables under study.

The field experiment was established at the experimental farm of the Horticultural Research Station of Barrage, Qalyubia Governorate during 2014 and 2015 growing seasons to evaluate the impact of irrigation levels i.e.,120, 100, 80 and 60% of the evapotranspiration (ETc) and stress alleviation substances (seaweed extract, potassium silicate and abscisic acid against control treatment) on growth, corm yield and quality of taro (Colocasia esculenta cv. Balady), with a particular attempt  to establish irrigation water strategy for taro cultivation. The results indicated a reduction in plant growth and corm yield as well as quality due to minimizing irrigation level from 120 to 60% ETc. But the highest water use efficiency (WUE) was obtained with 80% irrigation level. Seaweed extract showed a superior enhancement in all measured vegetative, yield and quality parameters followed by potassium silicate compared to abscisic acid or control. Seaweed extract heightened the WUE compared to other substances. Results concluded that using 80% irrigation level accompanied by spraying plants with seaweed extract  led to a mild reduction in the plant growth, yield and quality but conferred the higher WUE compared to other interactive treatments.

The resent study aims to identify the score of rural women's contribution in food availability for her family through determining the nature of participation of rural women in various agricultural activities (plant and animal activities). Furthermore to determine the most important factors affecting rural women's contribution in food availability of the study sample. Finally, to identify the most important problems and obstacles facing the rural woman and limiting her contribution in food availability for her family.   A study was conducted in   "Kafr Tesfa" village, Kafr Shokr district in Qalubia governorate. A systematic random sample was selected including170 rural women from the village. A questionnaire was used during personal interviews with the rural women from December 2017 to January 2018.    The data was tabulated and analyzed by using several statistical methods such as: range, arithmetic mean, mode, standard division, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, Chi Square test and Kramer's V coefficient using SPSS program.   The study results indicated that the score of rural women's contribution in food availability indicator ranges between (25) - (97) scores with Arithmetic mean (65.4) scores, standard deviation (19.99) score. The indicator range was divided into 3 equal categories. The results also showed that (45.3%) from the total population sample fell in the  high category of the indicator. The medium category included (24.1%), and the lowest category included (30.6%) from the total sample population.  To measure the association relationships between the score of rural women's contribution in food availability (dependent variable) and the study independent variables, the study used Chi Square test. Where, the study results indicated that there are association relationships between the dependent variable and the following independent variables: woman's social status, ownership of agricultural machineries, sources of access to food information at significance level 0.01. While the association relationships of variables: socio-economic level of respondent's family and get a pension were significance at level 0.05.  To show the combined effect of the studied independent variables on a score of rural women's contribution in food availability (dependent variable) the study used Kramer's V coefficient for the strength of the relationship.  The analysis of the data using Kramer's V coefficient showed that the Determination Coefficient was (0.560). This result means that five factors out of all independent factors explain (56%) from the total variance in the score of rural women's contribution in food availability (dependent variable) at probability significance level 0.01.

This research aims to study the possibilities or opportunities for developing intra-Arab agricultural trade in order to achieve Arab integration through studying Arab agricultural trade in terms of value development, the extent of export coverage of imports and the structure of trade for various Arab countries. The Arab countries rely heavily on nonArab countries to fill this gap. It shows the low volume of trade in Arab inter-Arab agriculture and the increasing dependence of Arab countries on nonArab countries to obtain it. However, despite the large scale of these efforts, the volume of intraArab agricultural trade and Arab integration has  remained low In light of the current circumstances, the economies of the Arab countries - as developing countries - face a new economic environment characterized by changes in economic structures and international relations. Therefore, the study of the conditions of Arab agricultural, agricultural and intra-agricultural trade and the impact of contemporary international variables should be explained. For how to achieve Arab agricultural integration in light of the possibilities available, and the variables existing in the international arena.

Most landscapes requires the water essentially, water pumping consumes a significant amount energy. The study carried out to evaluate the performance of a solar water pumping system for the purpose of operating landscape system. The system consists of a centrifugal water pump connected directly to DC electric motor that which connected directly to a solar photovoltaic generator. Field test had been carried out at Menofia Governorate, Egypt. Measurements were taken every hour starting from 8:00 AM to 4:00 PM through randomly selected days during the period between August 2016 and February 2017. Results show the relation between the solar radiation and the output electrical power, hydraulic power, pumping rates and the efficiency of the system. System evaluation was carried out by estimating the intensity of solar radiation, Photovoltaic output power and the hydraulic power generated. The PV output power was 712 W at solar radiation intensity of 841 W/m². Also, photovoltaic generator and pumping system efficiencies were 14.98% and 14.21% respectively.

The current study was carried out to check the completion of label information and determine the physico- chemical properties of commercial pesticides samples traded in the Egyptian markets. Twenty-nine market samples were collected during the years 2015 and 2016 for commercial formulations produced by different manufacturers from pesticide shops in four governorates (Cairo, Giza, Qaluobia and Sharqia). The collected samples included 18 preparations in the form of Emulsifiable Concentrates(EC), 11 in the form wettable powder (WP). Physico- chemical properties were determined for each formulation according to international standard methods (CIPAC, 2003) through tests of pH value, Persistent Foam, Emulsion Stability, Suspencibility and Wettability. The obtained results showed that although the label data was complete for many of the packages, some information found be missing. The missing information was related to directions for use (4%), safety precautions and first aid (7%), anti-dote (12%), hazard category (6%), Pre-Harvest Interval, (PHI) (17%), registration number (13%) and Batch number (18%). Regarding physico- chemical properties, the obtained data indicated that there was a difference in the percentage of the foam layer for the tested formulations of chlorprifos-ethyl (6 preparations) (Tafaban 48%EC, Pyrifos El-Nasr 48% EC, Pestiban 48% EC, Pyriban-A 48% EC, Chlorfan 48% EC and Chlorzan 48% EC). These preparations were in accordance with international standards in terms of emulsion stability after half an hour, while the mismatching samples showed that the formed layer exceeded the standard volume after two hours of maximum limits, and failed to test emulsion stability after 24.5 hours, as well as in the free oil layer formed at the same time. The results of the emulsion stability tests showed four other tested formulations, namely, lambda chalothrin (Fly Free 5% EC), chlorpyrifos – methyl (Pyrodan 50% EC), and two different formulations for malathion (Agrothion 57% EC and Malason Extra 57% EC), all of which conform to standard specifications in terms of level of foam layer, as well as complete emulsification after half an hour. The cream layer after half an hour was identical. However, the difference and mismatch in three formulations appeared after two hours of emulsification, where the percentage of the cream layer exceeded the allowed limits, and the free oil layer was not conforming to specifications, (after two hours or 24.5 hours). Also, the tested preparations of abamectin (Demectin 1.8% EC and Gold 1.8% EC) and emamectin benzoate (Basha 1.9% EC and Excellent 1.9% EC) have been successful in the tests of Persistent Foam, Emulsion stability (cream layer and free oil layer formed after half an hour and two hours as well as 24.5 hours). Comparing the efficiency of emulsification among other EC formulations including fenitrothion (Sumithion 50% EC), diazinon (Diazinox 60% EC) and profenofos (Sylian 72% EC and Teleton 72% EC) conformed to specifications in terms of level of foam layer. However, both Sumithion and Diazinox failed to stabilize, forming a creamy layer that exceeded the standard the maximum limit after two hours. For WP formulations, some have successfully passed the suspensibility test, while other formulations, including preparations of Bacillus thuringensis bacteria (Agerin 6.5% WP, Dipel 2X 6.4% WP and Protecto 9.4%WP). have not been successful. These results confirm the importance of developing monitoring and surveillance activities for pesticides formulations traded on the market, and to develop special means for checking the quality of products and detecting products that are counterfeit or non-conforming to the declared specifications or National and International standards.

The current study was aim to remediate olive mill waste water (OMWW) to reduce its phenol content and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) using fungal isolates. OMWW samples were drawn from the outlet of olive presser at Agriculture Research center, Egypt and characterized. Inoculating 25% diluted waste sample on Potato dextrose agar plates, incubated for 2 weeks at 25oC, resulted in 8 fungal isolates, of which isolate 5 was selected based on its capabilities to degrade phenol and reduce COD, compared to the rest of the obtained isolates. Comparison was conducted between the selected isolate and the fungus Pleurotus columbinus as a reference to test their potencies to degrade phenol and reduce COD in OMWW at concentrations from 100 to 10% over 4 weeks and results showed low degradability and weak tolerance of the two organisms at concentrations from 50 to 100%, while at 40, 30, 20 and 10%, phenol degradation and COD reduction over the 4 weeks treatment were more obvious. At all concentrations P. columbinus showed better competency for phenol degradation and COD reduction than isolate 5. Decolorization and growth of the two organisms were investigated in OMWW at 40 to 10% concentrations. P. columbinus, again, showed better competency over isolate 5 where it 79 and 49% of the color were removed after 4 weeks by P. columbinus and isolate 5, respectively. Total carbohydrate was also determined in the treated OMWW over 4 weeks and results showed it decreased from 6.05 to 5.2g/L in 40% OMWW and from 4.27 to 3.6 g/L in 30% OMWW, while it increased from 3.1 to 4.37g/L in 20% OMWW and from 1.46 to 3.9 g/L in 10% OMWW. Finally, the presence of indol acetic acid and gibberellins in 20 and 10% OMWW was tested as affect by the treatment with P. columbinus over the period of 4 weeks.Results showed that, after 4 weeks, IAA content decreased from 29.4 to 23.25 µg/ml in 20% OMWW, and slightly from 15.6 to 13,15 µg/ml in 10% OMWW. For gibberellins, the change after 4 weeks in 20% OMWW was not significant, that it decreased from 1.36 to 1.25mg, while it increased from 0.667 to 1.58 mg/ml in 10% waste in the same period. It can be concluded that remediating OMWW with P. columbinus can achieve a better results and the treated waste may be suitable for irrigation of crops.

The present study was carried out during 2014 and 2015 seasons on adult Kitt Mango Trees to evaluate 4 levels of pruning  pattern (removing one-third, one-half, all branch or without pruning) and 4 types of soil mulching (white plastic, black plastic, rice straw or without soil mulching) on vegetative growth, leaf mineral content ,flowering and yield.   Average shoot length, shoot thickness and average number of shoot / tree of Kitt mangos greatly affected with both pruning pattern and soil mulching, especially with removing of one-third of branch and covering soil with white plastic sheet. However leaf N, P and K contents were improved with both one-third and one-half pruning of branches of Kitt mango trees where both white and black plastic of mulch soil were similar in their effect on leaf NPK content. There were an evident increase in fruit set %, total yield (kg/tree) and marketable yield % with one-third and one-half pruning of branch and also with white and black plastic of soil mulching. The increase of marketable yield% due to these treatments could be attributed to the increase of vegetative canopy of leaves which led to prevent sun burn of fruits and to minimize heat solar effect from the soil and protect the fruits in lower parts of the trees. Fruit chemical constituents including TSS%, acidity and L-ascorbic acid slightly affected with different treatments but one-third and one-half prunning of branch as well as with white and black plastic of soil mulch could be recommended as a good horticulture treatments in Kitt mango orchards

A new proposal method for quantitative pollen analysis of pollen grains in each gram of bee honey was described, using aNeubauer improved chamber for leucocytes and erythrocytes counting. The study was conducted at the Bee Research Unit, Dept. of plant protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra El-kheimah, Al Qalyubia, Egypt on 36 samples of citrus and clover honeys. 18 samples were collected from 5 apiaries under study in Qalyubia Governorate; Kanater, Shalakan, Tookh, Khankah and Shoubra El kheimah and 18 samples were collected from local market in 5 Governorates in Egypt; Cairo, Giza, Qalyubia, Gharbia and Sharqia, during their seasons of production in 2013, 2014 and 2015. The results showed that 2.8 % of the samples were poor in their content of pollen grains (2000-10000 pollen grains /g honey), 77.8 % of the samples were rich in their content of pollen grains (10000-50000 pollen grains /g honey), 11.1% of the samples were more rich in their content of pollen grain (50000 -100000 pollen grains /g honey) and 8.3% of the samples were very rich in their content of pollen grain (>100000 pollen grains /g honey).