In this experiment, a total number of 165 birds (150 female + 15 male) from each developed laying hens Silver Montaza and Matrouh 20 weeks old up to 40 weeks of age. All bids were weighted and randomly distributed into five treatments with three replicates per treatment (10 females and 1 male / replicate) with almost similar initial average body weight. Feed and fresh water were ad libitum during the experimental period. Each experimental group was exposed to natural day light and supplemented with Ultraviolet light as in its program light, the first group (control group) exposed to no UV light, the second, third, fourth and fifth groups were exposed to 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours/day respectively to UV light from UV lamps after sunset, and controlled by a timer as following : 1- Hens in the first treatment were exposed to sun light and yellow lamps to 17h/day without exposed to UV lamps (Control). 2- Hens in the second treatment were exposed to sun light to sunset, UV lamps for 1h/day and supplemented with yellow lamps to the end of light period. 3- Hens in the third treatment were exposed to sun light to sunset, UV lamps for 2h/day and supplemented with yellow lamps to the end of light period. 4- Hens in the fourth treatment were exposed to sun light to sunset, UV lamps for 3h/day and supplemented with yellow lamps to the end of light period. 5- Hens in the fifth treatment were exposed to sun light to sunset and UV lamps for 4h/day without exposed to yellow lamps. Birds were reared under similar condition. The results indicated that live body weight (LBW), feed intake (FI), egg mass, some blood components, immune responses to sheep red blood cells and New castle were significantly improved (P≤0.05) by exposed birds to UV lamps after sunset supplemented in its program light. It could be concluded that the efficient exposed time to UV lamps was (2-3 hours/day) for silver Montaza and Matrouh developed laying hens.

Sustainable agricultural development of the desert areas of Egypt under the scarcity of irrigation water is a significant national challenge. Existing water harvesting techniques on the northwest coast of Egypt do not ensure the optimal use of rainfall for agricultural purposes. Basin-scale hydrology potentialities were studied to investigate how available annual rainfall could be used in agriculture irrigation to increase crop production. The present study includes data related to agricultural production in the form of geospatial layers including climate, soil, land covers unite and rain water catchment areas. Thematic classification of Sentinal-2 imagery was carried out to produce the land cover and crop maps following based on the (FAO) system of land cover classification. Contour lines and spot height points were used to create a digital elevation model (DEM). Then, DEM was used to delineate basins, sub-basins, and water outlet points using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (Arc SWAT). Main soil mapping units of the study area identified from Land Master Plan maps it was(Very shallow gravelly and rocky soils and barren rock). Climatic data collected from the Central Laboratory for Climate. The results showed that the study area receives a significant amount of precipitation almost every three years, however, water harvesting methods are inappropriate to store water to be used in agricultural during drought seasons. The amount of precipitation(81.9 mm), surface water runoff(4.46 mm), potential evapotranspiration(70.5 mm), and actual evapotranspiration(7.10 mm) for the years (2004 to 2017) shown as results of (Arc SWAT). The land cover map showed that tree crops (olive and fig) cover 195.8 km2 when herbaceous crops (barley and wheat) cover 154 km2. The maximum elevation was 250 meters above sea level while the lowest one was -3 meters below sea level. The study area receives a massive variable amount of precipitation; however, water harvesting methods are inappropriate to store water for purposes.

Investment is one of the most important tools of the economic and social development plans in order to achieve its objectives. The success of development policies depends on several factors, including the volume of investments and the efficiency of their distribution in different fields. This requires that the investment plans and programs set in line with the state's ability to use these investments effectively. Agricultural investment is one of the basic means for the success of agricultural development as it is the main basis for increasing production as well as increasing income and creating more job opportunities and investment is a variable variable has an effective role in finding solutions to the problems of the economy sucking As well as absorbing a measure of manpower that is not working, thus contributing to reducing the problem of unemployment, and increasing the government agricultural investment, which opens the way for private investments in the form of productive projects that contribute to increase production and thus increase exports and reduce imports, thus improving the agricultural balance and increasing national and individual income. Which is reflected in the increase in savings, which in turn lead to the creation of new investments. It can be said that the strategy of agricultural development in Egypt aims to encourage and increase rates of investment growth, whether public investment owned by the state or private investment contributes to increase production And of improving the investment required for the projects of  infrastructure and this leads to increased investment activities by adding new projects within the economic structure. The strategy of agricultural  development in Egypt aims to encourage and increase the rates of investment growth whether it is a public investment owned by the state or other sectors that contribute to the productivity of the private sector and the infrastructure necessary for the production projects. This leads to increase the investment activities by adding new productive projects that diversify the production base Within the economic structure, despite the successive economic changes experienced by the Egyptian economy, there is still a slowdown in the advancement of government agricultural investments with a clear and significant decline in investments directed to Compared to agricultural sectors obeyed other than the impact is clearly on the performance of the agricultural sector and thus lower rates of agricultural development in Egypt. From the above, the total agricultural investment equation shows that this investment increased by 0.21%, 0.54%, 0.52% for each 1% increase in both agricultural and agricultural exports in the previous year and agricultural income in the previous year, respectively, while decreasing Total agricultural investment by about 0.91% and 0.23% for each increase in agricultural balance deficit and exchange rate by 1%. In other words, the most important variables affecting agricultural investment in a given year were the agricultural GDP of the previous year, the value of agricultural income, and agricultural exports. The statistical significance of this relationship was found at 0.05, and the significance of the model as a whole was found to be around 79% of the changes in the investment to the aforementioned factors.

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici attacks tomato plants and causes wilt disease. Fusarium Pathogenicity is including pectinases enzymes which enable the Fungal penetration into host cell wall. The present study is focused on using Computational tools such as Auto-Dock program for screening of inhibitors of endo and exopolygalacturonase enzymes. It based on Lamarckian Genetic Algorithm (LGA) that estimate the binding energy and inhibition constant as parameters to select the best binding. The binding energy and amino acids interactions for the selected inhibitors were compared with that of the enzyme substrate (polygalacturonic acid) Allium species such as onion plant have been used widely as antimicrobial and antifungal plants. It contains  ranged  between 1 and 5 %  of non-protein sulfur amino-acids, including SE-Prop-1-enyl-L-cysteine S-oxide, S-3Allylsulphinyl-L-alanine and S-Methylcysteine sulfoxide have satisfactory binding interactions and inhibition constant with endo and exopolygalacturonase. In the present study, these compounds were extracted from white onion bulb Giza 20 and detected in the onion extract LC/MS analysis. The Inhibitory effect of these compounds for exopolygalacturonase enzyme was confirmed experimentally by determination of the enzyme activity in the presence and the absence of these compounds. White onion extract 45% inhibition percentage of the exopolygalacturonase activity. The enzyme kinetic study showed increase in the Km value with  stable V-max value in presence of 7µg/µL of  the onion extract. Also, In-vitro experiment of inhibition of F. oxysporum growth in presence 20% and 40% of onion extract showed inhibition percentages of 47% and 53% respectively. The results concluded that onion extract inhibits Fusarium growth through inhibition of exo and endo polygalacturonase. The inhibitory effect of onion extract could be due to its contents of S-E-Prop-1enyl-L-cysteine S-oxide, S-3-Allylsulphinyl-Lalanine and S-Methylcysteinesulphoxide, these compounds have excellent binding interactions and inhibition effects on both exo- and endopolygalacturonases enzymes of Fusarium   oxysporum f. sp. Lycopersici

The usages of medicinal plants as therapeutic agents have been practiced in a large scale of applications that make studies of their mutagenicity and/or anti-mutagenic /anti-carcinogenic effects very essential. The current investigation is focused on the anti-mutagenic effects of the Tamarix nilotica (Ehrenb) crude extract using chromosomal aberrations analysis in mice bone marrow. In fact, a single plant may have diversity of phytochemicals ranging from bitter compounds that stimulate digestive system, phenolic compounds for antioxidants and many other pharmacological properties, antibacterial, and antifungal, tannins that work as natural antibiotics, diuretic substances and alkaloids, etc. Tamarix is represented in Egypt with two indigenous species which are Tamarix aphylla (L.) (H.Karst) and T. nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bunge (T. nilotica (Ehrenb.). In addition, it was used in Egyptian traditional medicine as an antiseptic agent. Extracts of Tamarix species have been widely used in traditional medicine in Asia and Africa mainly for their antiseptic, astringent, diaphoretic and diuretic properties. The current investigation is focused on the anti-mutagenic effects of the Tamarix nilotica crude extract using chromosomal aberrations analysis in mice bone marrow. Mitomycin C (MMC) was administered to mice as a positive control alone before and after treatment with 5 or 0.5 mg/ kg b.wt Tamarix crude extract as acute (24 and 48 h) and sub-acute (15 consecutive days) doses respectively. Results indicated that the Mitomycin C (MMC) exposure induced statistically significant increase in chromosomal aberrations compared to the control, however T. nilotica revealed slight insignificant effect on aberrant mitosis rate. Chromosomal aberration domain structural and numerical aberrations. The frequency of chromosomal aberrations (CA) and mitotic index (MI) decreased with increasing the dose and time of T. nilotica treatment, especially pre-treatment (plant + MMC). This effect was found to be dose-dependent. In conclusion, the results showed that T. nilotica could be considered as a good anti-mutagenic agent.

ABSTRACT   The date industry in Egypt in general and in Siwa Oasis in particular has an important economic position in the food industries sector, where the value of manufactured products amounted to about 41.5 billion pounds, representing about 15.7% of the total value of production of food industries to about 263.8 billion pounds during 2017.   The research aims to   In general, the research aims to identify the feasibility of investing in the activities of the units and drying and filling dates in Siwa Oasis by studying the criteria of financial and economic evaluation of these projects to identify the financial and economic feasibility.   The results showed drying units and packing date is the small capacity, and the large capacity in Siwa Oasis is as follows   - The possibility of expanding the establishment of drying units and packing dates in the small and large capacity for Siwa Oasis, where 160 workers on average, while the average wage per day for the worker about 345 pounds, 295.5 pounds respectively during the season 2018/ 2019. - The average value of Net Present Value worth was 12.99 million pound, 29.94 million pound respectively, accordinat to the Internal Rate of Return, it reached about 55.5% and 73.5% respectively, which is intended to be higher than the opportunity cost available in the community, for capital investment of about 16.25%. - The Pay Back Period rate for these units was about 1.6 years, and the rate of Benfit to the cost indicated a value greater than the correct one for all date drying units and packing in Siwa Oasis.   Which indicates the possibility of expanding the development and establishment of date drying units and packing in Siwa Oasis according to the criteria used in the study, which emphasizes the safety of investment and efficiency of customization in the date drying units and packing to provide new employment opportunities and promote the employment of women and increase the value of agricultural production and income in the oasis, The negative effects of the research are increasing the monopoly of owners of these units and work to reduce the prices of dates and oasis and reduce the incomes of agricultural producers.    The recommendations of the research can be summarized as follows   - Training and raising the skills of those involved in the anufacturing process. - Control the export of dates, which indicates the maintenance of the reputation of the dates of the Siwa in particular, and dates in Egypt in general. - Provide financial support by the Ministry of Industry and Trade, which indicates the purchase of sorting machines. - Provide financial support by the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation to provide the bags necessary for the process of curving, which indicates to improve the qualities of the product, which encourages the increase of exports. - Preparation of a database and information for agricultural statistics and data on drying units and packing dates and complementary industries.

Rhizoctonia solani is considered one of the most harmful pathogens affecting green bean productivity. Phaseolus vulgaris, L. cv. paulista seeds were subjected to UV-C for 60 min. and/or immersed in glycine betaine (GB, 5 mM) for 24 hours to stimulate plant biochemical defenses against R. solani. After treatments, seeds were sown in soil infested with R. solani, then seedling samples were collected after two weeks to evaluate plant resistance and some antioxidant enzymes activities. The results clearly demonstrated that disease index (DI) was highly reduced by GB (54.7%) followed by UV+GB (38.3%) and UV (35.6%). Seed treatment with UV-C for 60 min or GB (5 mM) for 24 h alone or together enhanced plant rooting in infected seedlings comparing with control. Also, there was a high correlation between the levels of lipid peroxidation and Rhizoctonia root rot disease index. Seed treated with UV-C, GB or both mitigated the effect of infection on the lipid peroxidation (Malondialdehyde levels) with percentages of 26.8, 40.2 and 29.3% respectively in comparison with the infected control. Regarding to the plant defensive enzymes, GB was the only treatment that triggered a significant increment in the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in roots of both infected and non-infected seedlings as compared to the control. On the other hand, guaiacol peroxidase (G-POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities were elevated by all treatments in infected plant roots in comparison with control. The maximum activity for G-POD was attained with UV treatment (9042.5 U.mg-1 protein) followed by GB+UV, GB and infected control with values of 7776.5, 7152.4 and 6508.8 U.mg-1 protein, respectively. Similarly, PPO exhibited higher activities with significant differences in all treatments over the infected control with percentages of 54, 59.4 and 48.7% for UV, GB and UV+GB respectively. Finally, it can be concluded that treatment of green bean seeds with UV-C and GB enhanced green bean seedlings tolerance to R. solani by activation of the antioxidant enzymes and activation of defense-related enzymes like polyphenol oxidase. The results of combination of UV-C and GB treatments indicated the absence of synergetic effects in induction of plant tolerance.

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of sweet sorghum and sugarcane syrups as antioxidants on oxidative stress biomarkers and the lipid profile i.e. serum total triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL-C)) in male rats. Cadmium was received orally to rats daily at a dose of 10mg/L in drinking water. Rats were divided into four groups,-eight rats for each- as follow: (I) control group, (II) cadmium treated group, (III) sweet sorghum syrup solution (500 ppm) once daily at a dose of 1 ml/kg body weight of cadmium acetate solution, (IV) sugarcane syrup solution (500 ppm) and cadmium acetate solution. Bioactive compounds of syrups under investigation were identified, total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined as well. Results cleared that the effect of variation in varieties on total phenol (mg GAE/ml sample) and antioxidant activity determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) assay of syrup was significant (P≤0.05) while it was not significant (P˃0.05) on total flavonoid (mg CE/ml sample).The highest total phenolic content was recorded by sweet sorghum syrup (1.87 mg GAE/ml sample) meanwhile, total flavonoid content varied between (1.09 and 1.36 mg CE/ml sample). Results also cleared that G.T.54-9 sugarcane and Rex sweet sorghum syrup samples exhibited significant (P≤0.05) scavenging activity compared to commercial sugarcane sample that gave lower scavenging activity (97.16, 96.07 and 74.22, respectively).Sweet sorghum and sugarcane syrups significantly affected (P≤0.05) absolute weight of organs and relative weight of both heart and kidney, while the effect on relative weight of liver was not significant (P>0.05). The treatment of sweet sorghum and sugarcane syrups during cadmium acetate administration in rats led to reduction in alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), antioxidant enzymes, urea, creatinine and biomarkers in rat livers, like reduced glutathione , catalase ,malondialdehyde ,serum total triglyceride, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and low density lipoproteins cholesterol back near to normal when compared to control rats. In general, the treatment with sugarcane syrup reduced the cadmium acetate induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

The crops of the legumes, especially the domestic beans, are considered the most important food groups due to their high nutritional value, in addition to their importance in improving soil properties. The state aims to encourage the expansion of the faba bean production to fill the food gap and also to supply hard currency. Egypt is one of the most important importing countries for beans. The legume crops are considered the most important food groups because of the high nutritional value. The bean is a strategic commodity for the Egyptian citizen. The study aims at reducing the imports of the Egyptian faba bean. Egypt's demand for faba bean, estimation of the competitive advantage of the main exporting countries of Egypt, and the comparative advantage index. The study found that the quantity of Egyptian bean imports increased by an annual rate of about 2.41 thousand tons. This increase is statistically insignificant at 0.05 level, and the value of Egypt's imports of faba bean has taken an upward trend at an annual rate of about 7 million dollar This increase is statistically insignificant at 0.05 level, and the price of Egypt's imports of faba bean has taken an downward trend at an annual rate of about 14.5 dollar/tons This increase is statistically insignificant at 0.05 level and the study of the geographical distribution of imports of Egyptian fab beans shows that the United Kingdom, Australia and France Representing 88 % Of Egypt's imports of beans. The percentage of Egypt's imports of faba bean decreased at a growth rate of 14%. The volume of exports of the United Kingdom and France decreased by 38% and 96%, respectively, while Australia increased its exports by 5% The elasticity of demand functions also showed that the elasticity of the price demand of Australia's export price indicates that the de mand is inelastic and Egypt needs this commodity from the Australian market, and the income elasticity shows that the commodity is poor by increasing income. The explanation of the elasticity of the demand for the price of France's exports shows that the demand is inelastic and Egypt needs this commodity from the French market. It is also evident from the income elasticity that the commodity is normal, i.e., the increase in income is the required quantity of the commodity, while the elasticity of the price demand of the UK export price shows that demand is not Flexible and Egypt needs this commodity from the British market, as evidenced by the income elasticity that the commodity is poor by increasing the income decreases the required quantity of the commodity. The study of forecasting Egypt's imports of Australian beans shows that the volume of imports of beans is expected to increase from about 136 thousand tons in 2018 to about 245.6 thousand tons in 2025. It is expected that the quantity of imports of British beans will increase from about 58 thousand tons 2018 to about 277.3 thousand tons in 2025. It is expected that the quantity of imports of French beans will fall from about 0.334 thousand tons in 2018 to about 45.9 thousand tons. It is also expected that the quantity of Egyptian imports of beans will increase from about 410 thousand tons in 2018 to about 500 thousand tons in 2025, is expected to decrease the amount of domestic production of beans from about 144 thousand tons in 2018 to about 16 thousand tons And it was found that the available amount of consumption is expected to decrease from about 281 thousand tons in 2018 to about 72.5 thousand tons in 2025.

The ultimate goal of this study is to find out the most suitable combinations of adjacent crops that reduce house sparrows damage. The experiments were established using single and double combinations of four wintery crops. Namely, soft wheat, hard wheat, sunflower, and barley. The double cultivations were designed by growing varying crops nearby a fixed one crop as follows 1- (soft wheat alone), (soft wheat- near sunflower), ( soft wheat near – barley), and (soft wheat near – hard wheat) 2- (barley alone),(barley- near soft wheat), (barley near - hard wheat), and (barely- near sunflower) 3-(hard wheat alone),( hard wheat- near barley), (hard wheat near – sunflower), and ( hard wheat near – soft wheat). The experimental results revealed the following; the damage percentage of house sparrows to soft wheat was 25.9 %, but when grown nearby sunflower, barley, and hard wheat the soft wheat damage reached 5.9 %, 25.9 %, and 33.3 %, respectively. In single cultivation of barley, house sparrows damage was 8.2 %, but when grown nearby soft wheat, hard wheat and sunflower, the barley damage reached 13.5 %, 1.7 % and 1.2 %, respectively. Single cultivation of hard wheat house sparrows damage was 0.0 %, while when grown adjacent to barley, sunflower, and soft wheat, the hard wheat damage reached 0.0 %,0.0 % 3.8 %, respectively. In single cultivation of sunflower, house sparrows damage was 20.2 %, while when grown nearby, barley, soft wheat , and hard wheat, the sunflower damage reached 9.5 %, 10.2 % and 36.3 %, respectively. Results obtaine from this study revealed the following: 1- sunflower could be grown nearby barley and / or soft wheat, but away from hard wheat; 2- barley could be grown nearby sunflower and /or soft wheat, but away from hard wheat; 3- soft wheat could be grown nearby sunflower, but away from hard wheat; 4- hard wheat could be grown nearby barley or sunflower, but away from soft wheat. These concomitant cultivations can be successfully practiced be small growers to protect their main crops from house sparrows attack naturally and effectively without using any pest control compounds and without any extra costs as well.