During summer seasons of 2015 and 2017, a field experiment was conducted at the Research and Experimental Station (30°19′ N, 31°16′ E), Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University at Shalakan, Kalubia Governorate, Egypt, to investi-gate the effects of combinations between hydroxyl apatite nanoparticles (0, 3, and 6 kg/fad) and cal-cium carbonate nanoparticles (0, 500g/fad) as nano-fertilizers under irrigaton intervals, (irrigation every 2 or 3 weeks whereas irrigation every 2 weeks as a recommended practice) on growth of soybean plants. Irrigation intervals had statistically significant effect on plant height (cm), number of branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, leaf area index, number of pods per plant, number of root nodules per plant, root dry weight per plant, stem dry weight per plant, leaves dry weight per plant and pods dry weight per plant. These results were fairly true in the two studied seasons 2015, 2017 and combined result. plant height, numbers of branches per plant, numbers of leaves per plant, leaf area index, number of nodules per plant and number of pods per plant of soybean plants which treated with 500 g/fed surpassed untreated plants in the two studied seasons 2015, 2017 and com-bined. Soybean plants treated with 6 kg hydroxyl apatite nanoparticles per feddan out-numbered other plants in its numbers of leaves per plant, leaf area index, number of root nodules per plant and number of pods per plant in the two growing sea-sons 2015, 2017 and combined data. Results showed that normal irrigation x 500g/fed calcium carbonate nanoparticles x 6kg/fed hydroxyl apatite nanoparticles was the effective combination for producing the highest values of plant height (cm), number of branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, leaf area index, number of pods per plant, number of root nodules per plant, root dry weight per plant (g), stem dry weight per plant (g), leaves dry weight per plant (g) and pods dry weight per plant (g). There weren’t significant results be-tween plants treated with nano-mineral fertilizers under irrigation every 3 week and plants untreated but irrigated every 2 week in all growth traits, which reflect appositive result of this chemical substance in mitigation harmful effect of water shortage in season 2015, 2017 and combined data.

This study was conducted to demonstrate the effect of feeding on defatted soy bean and flaxseed flour as protein and phytoestrogen sources; broccoli and red cabbage as antioxidant sources; in addition to skimmed milk powder as a calcium source in prevention of bone loss and cell damage that usually accompanies aging process. Raw materials were subjected to proximate analysis and biologically evaluation on ninety six 4 month aged female albino rats. Eight rats were regarded as an initial group. Other eight rats were hold as a normal negative control group and fed on a basal diet. The remaining rats were ovariectomized and fed on low calcium diet for 8 weeks to produce osteoporosis model. Osteoporotic rats were divided into 9 groups (each of 8 rats) fed on standard diet supplemented with: I) soy bean flour, II) soy bean flour and broccoli, III) soy bean flour and red cabbage, IV) soy bean flour and mixture of broccoli and red cabbage, V) defatted flaxseed, VI) defatted flaxseed and broccoli, VII) defatted flaxseed and red cabbage, VIII) defeated flaxseed and mixture of broccoli and red cabbage. Skimmed milk powder and vitamin D were added to the diet of each tested group. One group was kept as a positive control and fed on a standard diet. The results showed a decreases in body weight, changes in relative weight of kidney and liver organs, physical properties of bone, also decreases in serum and bone minerals including; calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in osteoporotic model .A decreasing in estradiol and increasing in parathyroid hormone as a bone marker were also found. Results observed in tested groups showed that the highest recovery for the parameters were found in group IV which fed on standard diet supplemented with soy bean flour and mixture of broccoli and red cabbage followed by group VIII which fed on standard diet supplemented with defatted flaxseed and a mixture of broccoli and red cabbage. Therefore, it could be concluded that the aforementioned mixtures may be a promising sources to produce a functional food for prevention of bone loss and cell damage.

Egyptian orange is one of the most important agricultural crops export, which can contribute to the increase of foreign exchange of agricultural exports, where the Egyptian orange is in the first place for fruit export Egyptian exports, Accordingly, the aim of the research was to identify the main import markets of the Egyptian orange crop to study the external demand of Egyptian oranges for these markets and to determine the factors affecting the Egyptian oranges in the most important import markets and to identify the most important countries competing for Egypt in the most important importing markets. A study of the geographical distribution of Egyptian orange exports revealed that the Russian Federation, the Netherlands, Saudi Arabia and the UAE are the main importing markets for Egyptian orange. Egypt's exports of orange to these markets reached 461.7 thousand tons, representing about 53.5% of the average quantity of Egyptian orange exports during the period (2013-2017), Egypt's exports of orange to these markets amounted to about 254.4 million dollars, representing about 51.6% of the average value of Egyptian orange exports during the period studied. A study of the demand for Egyptian oranges for the most important import markets showed that the price elasticity of the Dutch market was high Which means that demand for oranges in the Netherlands market is elastic Compared to the Russian market, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, where demand for Egyptian oranges  Inelastic request,  Therefore, the price of export of Egyptian oranges to the Netherlands should not be maintained To maintain Egypt's market share in this market.

As the impact of upcoming climate change scenarios on livestock feeding security (quality, availability, and price), applying alternative feedstuffs is a must. Fattening calves considered as a most process related to traditional feeding system. In the present study we purposed new feedstuffs for fattened calves consisting citrus pulp silage, wheat germ, barley sprout and molasses. Within the above feedstuffs we using mechanical, chemical, and biological treatments. Moreover, the present study evaluates the production performance of 14 male cross Friesian calves (7 per each group) for adding 10ml/calve/day probiotic ZAD in treated group. Weight data where used to calculate Average Daily Gains ADG, nutrients digestibility, boneless meat percent, and feed conversion rate. From our results applying probiotics (ZAD) increased significantly (P<0.05) ADG in the hall fattened period by 1.011±0.107 kg/calve/day and 0.886±0.107kg/calve/day, also, increased the percent of boon less meat from 51.097±1.140 % and 44.410±1.518% in the treated control group respectively. Applying probiotic increasing significantly (P<0.05) digestibility of nutrient detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber by 42.853±7.092 and 54.010±3.774 in treated group compared with 25.180±7.902 and 37.679±3.774 respectively. Based on the results of the present study concluded that the effect of probiotic treatment on feed conversion rate of intake nutrients showing significant different (P<0.05) in Total Intake of Digestible Nutrients TDNI was higher in control group (4.579) compared with treated group (3.305). However, Dry Matter Intake DMI and Crud Protein Intake CPI tended to be higher in control group compared with treated group. In conclusion applying probiotics in agriculture byproduct silage in presence of sprout, molasses and wheat germ results in improving in nutrients digestibility, growth performance, and feed conversion rate of fattened calves. Based on our results we recommend such feeding system as a solution in calves' meat production to facing the upcoming climate change scenarios (i.e. direct and indirect effects on livestock sector.

A total of 12, 36-week-old of Muscovy drakes were divided randomly into three equal groups (4 individuals each) and subjected to supplementation of VE-Se in combine form in drinking water. The first group was served as control group (C), while the second and third groups (T1 and T2) were supplemented with 1.0g/l and 1.5g/l of VE-Se in drinking water, respectively. The study was performed at poultry research station which belongs to department of poultry production, faculty of agricultural, Ain Shams University and lasted 30-dayes period during summer season. Semen quality traits in terms of ejaculate volume (ml), spermatozoa concentration (×109), sperm motility (%), dead and live (%), PH value and abnormal sperms (%) were determined. Sperm reserves in ducts, seminiferous tubules diameter (STD) and relative spermatogenic activity were also studied. The obtained results indicated that addition of vitamin E-Se improved ejaculate volume, sperm concentration and motility score, while reduced the percentage of abnormalities and dead sperms. Results showed that semen ejaculate volume was significantly increased (P<0.05) with increasing the level of VE-Se supplementation in drinking water. Spermatozoa concentration, progressive motility (%), and packed sperm volume were increased significantly with VE-Se treatment. The percentages of dead and abnormal spermatozoa were significantly decreased (P<0.01) in VE-Se treated compared with the control drakes. Concerning with the effect of two levels (T1 and T2) of VE-Se supplementation in drinking water of Muscovy drakes on the morphometric traits of testis, the obtained results showed that highly significant effects of antioxidant (VE-Se) supplementation on the morphometric of seminiferous tubules (p < 0.05) and the higher values of sperm reserves and spermatogenic activity percentage in both T1 (4.4/ml×109 and 82.8%) and T2 (4.5/ml×109 and 83.0%) compared with control group (3.2/ml×109 and 61.3%). We conclude that VE-Se supplementation could lead to greater economic benefits through increased reproductive efficiency within the ducks production industry.

Abstract Dried rosemary leaves (Rosmarinus officinalis Lamiaceae), and dried clove buds (Syzygium aromaticum) were irradiated with γ-irradiation by Cobalt-60 as an irradiation source at different doses (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30kGy) as an effective method for sterilization, pasteurization and food decontamination, considered as safe method , and stored for 12months at room temperature (22±3 0C). The evaluation of irradiation depended on the chemical studies and antioxidant activity of extracted essential oils. Results showed significant difference for the essential oils yield (content %) at different doses during storage time. Compounds were fractionated and identified by GC/MS for extracted essential oils from each of non – irradiated and irradiated dried rosemary leaves and dried clove buds samples, the main components of essential oil extracted from either non-irradiated or irradiated rosemary leaves were 1,8 cineole, camphor and γ-pinene 26.36, 12.63 and 16.98%, respectively, while, eugenol was the major component in clove essential oil (which extracted from non-irradiated and irradiated samples (81.69%). No differences were noticed in the % of essential oils constituents. Antioxidant activity as % of DPPH scavenging increased with the increasing of essential oils concentrations (250 up to 2500ppm). Furthermore, the effect of adding these extracted oils from non-irradiated and irradiated samples as well as their mixture (1:1) on the threshold odor scores of sunflower oil (Mean of acceptable odor levels) was observed. Rancimat test shown the high oxidative stability in sunflower oil supplemented with 0.3% clove essential oil which extracted from 15kGy irradiated sample was 11.99 hrs, its relative stability was 144.11% comparing with the oxidative stability of sunflower oil supplemented with 0.5% rosemary essential oil extracted from non-irradiated sample (9.76hrs) with 117.3% relative stability. Adding different concentrations of rosemary, clove buds essential oils which extracted from different irradiation doses samples and their mixture (1:1) caused slightly increasing in oxidative stability of sunflower oil.

The aim of this research was to utilization of the salt whey and milk permeate to produce exopolysaccharides (EPSs). Where cheese whey is simultaneously an effluent with nutritional value and a strong organic and saline content. However, it is drained in the sewers, the EPSs are highly heterogeneous polymers produced by different species of bacteria and have recently been attracting considerable attention from biotechnologists because of their potential applications in many fields. Thus, we have isolated some halophilic bacteria that showed the ability to produce EPS from whey and milk permeate. A total of 46 strains of moderately halophilic bacteria were isolated from two types of samples. The first type was dairy samples (Baramily cheese whey and mish cheese), while the second type was water samples (salty lake water and its sediments) of Wadi El-Natrun Valley (lakes Hamra, UmRisha, and Baida), Beheira Governorate, Egypt. From isolated strains there are twelve strains were having the ability to produce exopolysaccharides but only seven strains can produce EPS from whey and milk permeate. The growth conditions i.e. concentrations of NaCl, pH value and different incubation temperature, of isolates were determined. The effect of these conditions on the production of EPS was investigated. The obtained results indicated that the optimum conditions for the production of EPS by these strains were 10 % NaCl, pH 7 and the optimum incubation temperature was 37°C. Three strains showed the highest production of exopolysaccharides. These strains were identified using two methods the first method was biology system and the second one was 16S rRNA sequence analysis method. It could be identified as Alteribacillus bidgolensis and Bacillus licheniformis. Alteribacillus bidgolensis (strain P4B) produced the highest amount of EPS (52 g/L) from whey followed by Bacillus licheniformis (DSM 13) (42 g/L), while the highest amount of EPS produced from milk permeate was (43 g/L) by Alteribacillus bidgolensis (strain P4B) followed by Bacillus licheniformis (DSM 13) (36 g/L).

The current experiment was carried out in the Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra El-Kheima, Qualubia governorate, during the oriental hornet active season extended from September 1st until end of December, 2015, to estimate the daily counts of the oriental hornet (Vespa orientalis L.) as well as its population dynamics during its active season. The experimental apiary was contained twenty four honeybee colonies, each contented seven frames covered with adult bees and four frames of brood. The wasp’s traps were used for capturing the wasps during the day. The data indicated that, the total numbers of wasps caught in September were 204, 394 and 114 wasps/trap in the three periods, respectively. There were significant differences between all the tested periods where the highest population of wasps caught was during the noon period (12pm – 3pm) followed by the morning period (9am – 12pm), while the afternoon and evening period (3pm – 9am of next day) recorded the lowest population of wasps caught in the traps, the same trend was recorded in October and November months. It also summarized that, the average means of wasps captured for tested months were 8.79, 21.99, 13.42 and 1.10 wasps/trap for September, October, November and December 2015, respectively. The highest population of oriental hornet captured by the traps was recorded during October month, followed by November and September; meanwhile the population captured during December was the lowest, with significant deference between them. For daily count, the mean average numbers of wasps captured by the traps were 10.20, 17.55 and 6.22 wasps/trap for the three periods (9am – 12pm, 12pm – 3pm and 3pm – 9am of next day), respectively. The highest numbers of wasps captured by the traps were recorded during the noon period (12pm – 3pm) followed by morning period (9am – 12pm), meanwhile the afternoon and evening period (3pm – 9am of next day) recorded the lowest numbers of wasps captured by the traps, with significant deference between all the tested period. Overall the highest numbers of oriental hornet captured by wasp’s traps were recorded in October month during the noon period, 12pm – 3pm and averaged (33.15 wasps/trap), followed by November month during the same period 12pm – 3pm (20.50 wasps/trap).