The study aimed to identify and compare changes in  consumer spending patterns in general and food expenditure in particular in both rural and urban areas during the period (2004 / 20052014 / 2015) Moreover  and the economic and monetary changes affecting the standard of livinghas also made in Egypt.  The study was based on quantitative and descriptive statistical methods such as arithmetic mean, rate of change and percentages, estimating the marginal slope of expenditure, and the elasticity of expenditure of the main food groups, and use of some quantitative analysis methods as a test of the difference between the average of two independent samples, (2004/05, 2014/2015), as well as some studies and research related to the subject of the study.  The results showed that the percentage of expenditure on food and drink in both rural and urban areas decreased from the total annual expenditure per capita in 2014/2015 compared to 2004/2005 and that it ranked first among the various expenditure groups during the two study periods and vice versa to the low rate of expenditure on housing in rural areas, the urban expenditure rate increased during 2014/2015.   The results showed that the relative importance of urban rural food expenditure, which was reflected in the reduction of the rural-urban food gap, increased from 27.6% to 14.5%. And vice versa, the percentage increased of the rural- urban nonfood gap, from 50.6% to 42.8% during the two study periods. However, the statistical is no significance of the difference between the average of two samples for the total expenditure, food and non-food between rural and urban during the two periods.  Results also showed an increase in expenditure on some food groups such as meat, vegetables, cheese, eggs, fish and non-alcoholic beverages, and the decrease in per capita expenditure on cereals and bread in both rural and urban areas during 2014-2015 compared to 2004/2005  The results showed the variation in the elasticity of the expenditure of the food and drink group in both rural and urban areas, some of which were necessary and some of them were morenecessary during 2004/2005. However, they increased per capita in rural areas for all food commodities during 2014-2015, However, most of the food commodities in urban areas is necessary commodities.  With reference to the political and monetary changes that occurred during the last ten years, the results of the study showed that the percentage of families living below the poverty line in the rural areas and their urban rise in 2014/2015 compared with 2004/2005, which means that the urban poor are more affected by their rural, The percent age of households living below the absolute poverty line in both rural and urban areas decreased in the second year compared to the first year. The percentage of non-poor households in both rural and urban areas increased in the second year compared with the first year, which indicates improvement Relative to the living conditions of some rural families, While in urban areas, the decline in the proportion of semi-poor families and the increase in the proportion of both poor and non-poor  households makes the change in living standards either positive or negative, but the study suggested that there was a transmission to those who were on the edge of poverty to below the poverty line, A change in the consumption pattern, which was affected by the high prices of most food commodities, especially meat and poultry and try to find different alternatives, whether from fish or from eggs and milk derivatives.

In this work, sodium bentonite (Bn) was used for removal of alizarin red S (ARS) from aqueous solution using batch technique. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to characterize sodium bentonite. Different parameters that would affect ARS dye removal such as initial pH, contact time, initial ARS dye concentration, bentonite dose, and temperature were explored. The realized data from kinetic studies demonstrated the high fitness of pseudosecond-order kinetic model for better interpretation of the experimental data. The adsorption isotherms studies showed that Freundlich isotherm had a high correlation coefficient among the studied isotherm models. Thermodynamic studies proposed that ARS adsorption onto Bn was spontaneous in nature at the lower temperatures and exothermic.

growing seasons of 2013-2014 and 2014-2015, in a private farm at El-Salheya El-Gedida City, Ismailia Governorate, Egypt, to investigate the effect of rice straw (RS) as alternative to sandy soil (SS) and drenching applications of potassium humate (K2-HA) at 2 g/l, potassium silicate (K2SiO3) at 5 g/l, and seaweed extract (SWE) at 0.5 g/l on improving growth of sweet pepper (capsicum annuum L.) plants under deficit irrigation every 2 (I2), 3 (I3) and 4 (I4) days in addition to daily irrigation (I1) as control. Plant samples were taken at 90 days after transplanting to record leaf area, shoot fresh and dry weights, in addition to, determination of leaf relative water content (LRWC), concentrations of  N, P, K and Ca. Mean values of drenching applications showed significant increase in the growth parameters ;shoot fresh and dry weights, leaf area, LRWC, as well as, concentrations of  N, P and Ca in the two seasons comparing to untreated control and the best results were due to K2-HA followed by SWE then K2SiO3. The highest concentration of  K was obtained by K2SiO3 followed by K2-HA then SWE. Plants were grown on RS showed significant increase in LRWC comparing to plants were grown on SS. Plants were applied with I2+ K2-HA+ SS showed the highest significant value of shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, leaf area, N, P and Ca concentrations followed by I2+SWE+SScomparing to control plants applied with I1+ SS without drenching applications. Plants were grown on RS showed significant increase in growth parameters comparing with control plants but less than those were grown on SS. The best results were achieved by I3 + K2-HA+ RS, I3 + SWE+ RS, I4 + K2-HA+ RS. Plants were grown on rice strawunderI3 irrigation and applied with K2-HA or SWE showed significant increase in N, P and Ca concentrations, while, under I4  irrigation an increase in N and P concentrations was obtained by K2-HA.The highest concentrations of k were observed with plants grown on SS under the highest level of irrigation deficit I4 by K2SiO3.It could be concluded from the present study that rice straw could alleviate the negative effect of low water supply and applications of K2-HA and SWE are recommended for enhancing sweet pepper growth and nutrient elements uptake under water deficit conditions.

The present Avian Influenza epidemic in Egypt is consider one of the major problems facing the poultry field and caused by circulation of genetically and antigenetically diverse influenza H5N1 viruses. This problem is controlled by applying vaccination. The objective was to determine the AI H5 recombinant vaccines efficacy (rHVT-H5, rFP-AI-H5 (Scotland and Ireland), k rND-AI and k rBuc-AI+ND) against classical and variant field HPAI H5N1 viruses in comparison to the traditionally inactivated whole AI virus vaccines as K R H5N1 / Egy, k H5N2 and k combined AI+ND vaccines. A single dose of the different types of vaccines either recombinant or inactivated whole virus vaccines was administered at different ages of chicken. Eight chicken groups were vaccinated with 8 vaccines and challenged after 4 weeks post vaccination to measure the protection %. Fecal and tracheal swabs were taken after 2 day post challenge to detect viral shedding. It was found that, live rFP-AI-H5 of both Scotland and Ireland strains induced poor clinical protection with high level of virus shedding. While, inactivated rND-AI, live rHVT-H5 and inactivated rBuc-AI+ND vaccines induced high protection rates ranged from 86.7% to 93.3% against both classical and variant HPAI viruses with a decrease or suppression of viruses shedding. In a parallel way, the inactivated whole virus AI vaccines either K R H5N1 / Egy, k H5N2 or k AI+ND induced a protection rates ranged from 85.7% to 100% with a high decrease in virus shedding levels. The data clearly indicate that inactivated whole AI virus and inactivated recombinant vaccines confers high levels of clinical protection with suppression in viral shedding compared to that of live recombinant vaccines except rHVT-H5 vaccine which induce a great level of protection and decrease in viral shedding in SPF chicken.

The good design of irrigation system is one of the main steps of extent the life of the irrigation system, as well as increase the cultivated crop productivity by choosing the proper components of irrigation system control head unit ( such as pump, motor, filters, main line pipe, fertilization device, and the different control unit attachements). Different types of control unit components are used according to the system conditions for irrigation of agricultural areas. It is very difficult to find an expert at desired time and desired place for choosing correct control unit which are varied in different types and models. In this study, this problem was to be tried to solve by designing of an expert system for choosing proper components of control unit in irrigation network. A rule-based program named TSDI-ES (Technical Specification of Drip Irrigation-Expert System) was coded and compiled using Microsoft visual basic 2013 language. Generally, the expert system database obtained from commonly used all components of control unit in irrigation network in Egypt. selection of all components of control head unit in irrigation network were determined by taking into consideration the following parameters: water resource, irrigation methods, irrigation area, crop pattern, climate, soil properties, and well characteristics. Results of the investigation indicated that it is possible to use the TSDI-ES rule-based program for choosing all proper components of control head unit in drip irrigation network such as pump, filtration unit, fertilizers devices, and flow, pressure measuerement and control devices.

This investigation was carried out during two successive seasons 2013 and 2014 on fruits of Washington Navel orange (Citrus sinensis L.). The experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of some environmentally safe matural products to improve the storability of  Navel orange (citrus sinensis) fruits during 2013 and 2014 seasons, Jojoba oil (1,3,5)%, castor oil (0.5, 1,2)%, yeast (1,2,3)%, seaweed (1,2,3)%, hot water (45ᵒC and commercial wax were used for proposed study, After the application of the treatments on the fruits, fruits were stored at a temperature of 5°±1  C and 90%±5 of  relative humidity for 60 days, physical characteristics (weight loss%, decay% and the peel's thickness of the crust) and chemical properties (total phenols) were determined. Results indicated that, castor oil (2 and 1)% and jojoba oil 5% reduced the deterioration in weight loss%, decay%, peel thickness,  and phenols content, compared to the content was obtained in control. So the results show that, coating orange fruits with castor oil (1, 2)% and jojoba oil (5)% had the most effective in improve the storability of orange fruits Navel Orange (Citrus sinensis L.).

This study aimed to investigate the effect of a mixture of  (ZAD) and (Lacto bacillus plantarum) on chemical composition of green corn stover and corn stalks and the effect of  these treatments in a metabolism trial on digestibility coefficients , rumen fermentation and some blood parameters. One ton of either green corn stover or corn stalks was chopped into (2-3 cm) and  its mixed with 0. 5 cubic metre of water or one cubic metre of water, respectively. They were then mixed with 3%w/w molasses and 1.5%w/w urea and incubated for six weeks. The experiment included six treatments, three of them were on green corn stover and the rest were on corn stalks. The treatments on green corn stover were as follows: (T1) Untreated green corn stover (control). (T2) corn stover + lactobacillus palantarum + ZAD (2litres of ZAD + 1 liter of lactobacillus palantarum / 1ton). (T3) corn stover + ZAD ( 2 liters of ZAD/ 1 ton). The treatments on corn stalks were as follows: (T4) Untreated corn stalks (control). (T5) corn stalks + lactobacillus palantarum+ ZAD (2litres of ZAD +1 liter of lactobacillus palantarum /1ton) (T6) corn stalks + ZAD (2 liters of ZAD/ 1 ton). Eighteen Ossimi male lambs were divided to six group rations for 15 days in metabolism trials. Results indicated that biological treatment on T2 and T3 treatments  on green  stover and T5 and T6 on  dry corn stalks decreased CF and NDF, ADF, ADL contents and increased CP content compared to the control.   Feeding lambs on treated green corn stover or treated dry corn stalks significantly (P<0.05) improved all of nutrients digestibility compared with those fed on control. The nutritive values as TDN,  DCP and N balance for lambs fed treated green stover or treated dry corn stalks showed significant(P<0.05) higher than those fed untreated and it had the same trend of nutrient digestibility . Adding lactobacillus palantarum + ZAD improved digestion coefficients of nutrients and TDN values compared with control. Results of blood parameter indicated that T2 of green corn stover and T5 of corn stalks had a significant (P<0.05) effect on (Tp, Alb, Glb, A/G) compared to the control and T3 of corn stover and T6 of corn stalks. All values of plasma ALT and AST for all treatments were in normal rang where all treatments had no effect on ALT. However, T2 of green corn stover and T5 of corn stalks had a significant (P<0.05) effect on AST compared to the control and T3 of corn stover and T6 of corn stalks. All values of plasma creatinine and urea for biological treatments appeared to significant(P<0.05) higher values. However, these values were in normal range.   Results of rumen parameters indicated that all treatments had no effect on pH and NH3-N. On the other hand T2 of  green corn stover and T5 of corn stalks significantly (P<0.05) increased TVF'S. Generally, Adding enzyme with or without lactobacillus  to green corn stover or dry corn stalks tended to improved nutrient components , digestibility coefficients, feeding values and nitrogen balance with no adverse effect of animal health .

rosemary and its oil were used to investigate their effects on diabetic and liver malfunctional rats by administrating them with STZ or CCl4 for three weeks. The therapeutic effects of rosemary extracts (alcoholic and aqueous) and its oil against acute hyperglycemia induced by STZ in rats showed a decrease in the levels of fasting and postprandial blood glucose of rats treated with alcoholic extract of rosemary. In addition, results showed a restoration of these levels of the rats treated with aqueous extract or oil to their normal ranges after 3 weeks. There is a significant difference in lipid profile between rats treated with alcoholic or aqueous extracts and the negative control, where, the HDL in group administrated rosemary oil is significantly higher than both positive and negative control.                  The protective effects of rosemary extracts (alcoholic and aqueous) and its oil against liver toxicity induced by CCl4 in rats showed a significant difference between both (negative and positive control) and the activity of AST and ALT in the rats treated by alcoholic and aqueous extracts of rosemary. The protective effects of the plant extracts against liver toxicant occurred by decreasing the activities of these enzymes. Oil rosemary had restored effect more than both ethanolic and aqueous extracts, but not significant. This protective effect occurred by decreasing the activities of AST, ALT and Alp enzymes. No significant (p≤0.05) differences were noticed among the levels of serum total protein for all treatments compared to the negative and positive controls. The levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides recorded high values for the positive controls compared to the negative control. The protective effects of rosemary extracts against liver toxicant occurred by restoring the levels of these parameters to their normal values.

Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don is a medicinal plant rich in many alkaloids that are used in treatment of many diseases. It is unique in the production of vinblastine and vincristine compounds, which are used in treatment of several cancers. There are many genes in the biosynthesis pathway that produce these anti-cancer compounds, including the gene Crwrky1 which is a regulatory gene that codes for the transcription factor in the monoterpene indole alkaloid (MIA) pathway. In this study, the effect of yeast extract on crwrky1 gene expression levels from treated calli was studied. Quantitative RT-PCR (QRT-PCR) using SYBR Green I/ROX was used to analyze the changes in the expression level of this gene in response to different treatments of yeast extract. Crwrky1 expression increased to 3.6 folds in treated callus obtained under 0.4 mg/l yeast elicitor for 4 hours (YE2) treatment to compare with the control (untreated) callus.

Members of the genus Salmonella are among the microbial pathogens associated with dangerous infection. The increased of Salmonella spp. antibiotic resistance has propelled the need of alternate therapeutic methods or strategies. Bacteriophage forms one of these alternate strategies. Six lytic bacteriophages infecting Salmonella Typhimurium were isolated from sewage drain water. Phages were purified biologically by single plaque assay and concentrated using the ultracentrifugation. The phage isolates were named Ø SM, Ø SF, Ø SG, Ø SP, Ø SA and Ø SD. Morphological characters of Salmonella phages showed that all the phage isolates belong to family Myoviridae. All phage isolates were highly stable at room temperature, storage at refrigerator temperature and had thermal inactivation point ranged from 90 to 98 °C. Phages were stable at pH conditions ranging from pH 4 to 12. Phages did not lose their infectivity after exposure to UV for 90 min. at 35 cm and 53 cm distance. The host range of the isolated phages was found that the phages had narrow host range. Phage cocktail with different MOI was used to control Salmonella Typhimurium in vitro. Data revealed that addition of phage cocktail at MOI 10 reduced the Salmonella cells with rate 98.2 % after 4 hrs. from addition.   introduction   Salmonella spp. belong to family Enterobacteriaceae and widely distributed in nature and often found in the intestinal tract of warm-blooded animals and humans,where they asymptomatically colonize and multiply (Newell & Fearnley, 2003 and Doyle & Erickson, 2006). More than 2,500 serotypes of Salmonella exist and the most prevalent and important Salmonella enterica serotypes reported worldwide are Enteritidis and Typhimurium. These are responsible for 99 % of Salmonellosis in humans and warm-blooded animals. The most common symptoms of Salmonella infection is non-bloody diarrhea and abdominal cramps (Bell and Kyriakides, 2002). Due to foodborne infections by Salmonella are obtained through ingesting contaminated food or water, (Abd El-Aziz, 2013 ) detected high incidence of Salmonella Typhimurium , one of the most frequently isolated serovars from food borne outbreaks throughout the world, in retail raw chicken meat and giblets in Egypt. Bacteriophages are considered an effective weapon against pathogenic bacteria. As a result of development resistant bacteria against antibiotics because of their repeated usage,  bacteriophages are used as a safe alternative to control pathogenic bacteria (Abramia et al 2016). In addition, offer a great advantage over antibiotics. First, bacteriophages are specific and target only the pathogens of interest, so the normal gut microflora are not affected. Second, bacteriophages are self-replicating in the bacterial host and lyse bacteria. (Connerton and Connerton, 2005). This paper aims to investigate the incidence of lytic bacteriophages specific for Salmonella in sewage water and study the posibility of their application for controling the Salmonella in vitro.