consumer spending on food in EGYPT, and derive the price and expenditure elasticity for various categories of food goods in Egypt by applying Complete Demand Systems (The Linear Expenditure System LES) & Partial Demand Models (Analysis of Engel Curves), using cross-section data from the Egyptian Household Income, Expenditure, and Consumption Survey (HIECS) conducted in 2010 & 2015 by CAPMAS: the results show that: The results of the LES model show that about 40% of the Supernumerary Expenditure is directed to the meat group, followed by the milk, cheese and eggs group by 16%, the fish group by 10%, then, the fruit group by 9% and the cereal and bread group by 8%, so this groups has an important place in the menu of the Egyptian consumer. The Food Poverty line for each person in 2015 is estimated at LE 6042 / person / year. From the previous results, A family of five- person needs LE 2517 per month to meet their basic needs. The expenditure elasticity of demand is estimated based on the regression model of Engel curves. According to the expenditure elasticity, the commodities are classified into three categories as necessities, luxuries and Giffen Good. The commodities, which have expenditure elasticity less than one, are called necessities, while, the commodities whose expenditure elasticity exceeds one, are called luxuries, then, the commodities whose negative expenditure elasticity, are called Giffen Good. The results of the analysis of food expenditure showed that expenditure elasticity for all food commodity were positive(without pasta & Lentil); indicating that demand for these products will continue to increase with growing real income and improving the level of Egyptian society. Therefore, the future demand for these foods would most likely increase steeply. Egypt will need to increase its production of these foods, especially livestock products that have high expenditure elasticity. The same holds true for Non Subsidized bread, natural butter, honey, dairy, yogurt, and fresh fine fish.   - From the previous results, Family of five- person needs LE 2517 per month to meet their basic needs, so a policy must be adopted to ensure the redistribution of income among individuals in order to raise the standard of living of certain groups under The Food Poverty line. - The current estimates of price elasticity’s should be very useful in the design of many different government policies.

The wheat crop in Egypt is a major source of food for a large population. There is a deficit in bridging the food gap. Egypt imports wheat with its domestic production. Egypt currently suffers from 50% self-sufficiency in wheat. The Port Said Governorate is considered one of the governorates of Egypt in which the Peace Canal contributes to the increase of land and Egypt from the wheat importing countries, which means that the economics of this crop have not been expanded in Zarattha in such a way that makes a significant contribution to filling the deficit and achieving self-sufficiency rates. The study aims to study the general time trends of the main changes associated with the estimation of the supply response of the wheat crop, which includes both the cultivated area of the crop, the agricultural price and the net yield of the crop. It also aims to identify the most important changes affecting the cultivated area, In agriculture The study was based on data from the Department of Agricultural Statistics in the Directorate of Agriculture in Port Said Governorate and the Agricultural Statistics Bulletin issued by the Central Administration of Agricultural Economics and some researches related to the subject of the study. The study used some descriptive and quantitative statistical methods such as simple regression method and multiple regression method to estimate the supply response functions of wheat yield in Port Said Governorate in the linear image. The results of the study on estimating general time equations for some of the economic indicators related to estimating the supply response of wheat yield during the period 2000-2016 in the cultivated area, the agricultural price and the net yield of the studied crop showed that there is an increasing general trend In both cultivated area and farm price and net return, 727, 24.82, 288.18 respectively and the significance of the model was established at the level of 0.05. What is for the results of the restoration of the supply of accounting? The study of the full linear model was overseen by the models for the response of the wheat yield in Port Said Governorate where it is clear from the full linear model that includes all the explanatory variables referred to that the model is significant. It is worth mentioning the significance of all the variables studied, (T-1), T-1 wheat price, T-1 wheat net yield (T-1), T-1 net, yield formula from wheat to clover (T-1) ), The stability of price policies, and the percentage of wheat / rice yield (T-1) 1% of the changes occurring in the area cultivated with wheat to the previous factors of the Immunization Heif order . As shown in the previous equation, there is a positive relationship between six factors and area cultivated wheat in the year, meaning that the increase of cultivated area of the year following the cultivation by 50 acres. The increase in the agricultural price was an incentive for farmers to increase the cultivated area of the crop studied in the year The net yield from wheat may lead to an increase in the cultivated area by 3.54 feddans, and the price ratio between the wheat crop / barley crop in the previous year was estimated at an area of about 91.56 feddans and the net yield from wheat to barley. Cultivated by 26848 feddans, a factor of inverse relation with the cultivated area of agricultural engineering, this factor may lead to a decrease in the cultivated area of wheat 8282.2 feddans on the cultivated area in the wheat province of Port Said Governorate. The elasticity of the supply response to the variable of crop area (X1) in the previous year, agriculture price (X2) in the previous year, (X4) net weight/ net wheat/barley yield in the previous year and (X6) previous 0.65, 2.8, 1.7, 1.58, respectively. If there is a change in the capacity of 1% in the area cultivated with wheat there is a change in the area cultivated in the previous year by 0.65%, and there is a change in the previous years farm price increased by 2.8% and wheat net/net barley yield has change by 1.7% and the wheat/ barley price ratio has change by 1.58%, respectively. The results showed that the model for the wheat yield response were the logarithmic model. This is evident from the value of (F) (R2).

The relative importance of fish in Egypt increased from 1482 thousand tons in 21001 to 15525 thousand tons in 2014, an increase of 43 thousand tons or about 2%. The fish are characterized by fluctuations in productivity and price, which affects the production and marketing decisions of both the producer and the consumer and lead to the emergence of problems and difficulties in marketing, the most important lack of marketing information and the modest marketing services available on the market and the high share of marketing intermediaries of the consumer price and requires study of the marketing side of the transit market. And used the standards for calculating the marketing margins and the distribution of consumer pounds and the same seasonal analysis of the prices of the most important types of fish during 2010-2014. The research was based on the primary data collected from the market as well as the secondary data obtained from the market management and then the selection of the types of tilapia and crustaceans as the most important types of fish, such as the high market value and demand. The share of the product in the 2014 retail price was about 83% while the wholesaler's share was about 64% while the retailer's share was 11.66% of the retail price. While the share of the wholesaler was 4.6%, while the share of the wholesaler was 19.4%. The efficiency estimate for the marketing costs of the tilapia category according to the variable yield index was 1020%. Therefore, the efficiency can be increased. To 90% which reflects the lack of efficiency and this during 2009 and then increased efficiency to reach a maximum of 100% in 2012-2014. The results of the efficiency assessment of the marketing costs of the cutters according to the variable yield scale of the minimum threshold of 0.5% and thus the efficiency can be increased to 95% which reflect the lack of efficiency and this during 2005 was the best efficiency during the years 2012-2014. The results of the IRS indicate increased marketing costs to improve efficiency during the year 2001-2011 and there was a reduction in costs in 2012 and the efficiency was high. In 2013 and 2014, there was a decrease in the independent variable from decreasing the difference with efficiency stability to reach the same efficiency. For tilapia. The results of the IRS show that the marketing costs to improve efficiency during the period 2001-2011 should be increased for catfish and there was a decrease in costs in 2012 and there was high efficiency. In 2013 and 2014 there was a shortage in the independent variable, Efficiency of access to the same efficiency. On the other hand, the minimum season of wholesale prices of tilapia during the years 2010-2014 in the months (October- November- August) and the maximum during the months (April- May- February), (October- December- November) and the upper limit (April- June- March). The most important marketing problems of fish in the absence of equipment market fish keeping 'weak regulation of the market lack of control on the actual functioning of the auctions market spread of the phenomenon of indiscriminate sale without a license, which requires regulation of dealing in the market and provide the appropriate equipment and provide data and market information for the services of all workers in the market.

Agricultural waste is an unexploited economic value, which makes it an environmental burden. In recent years, the economic importance of some important strategic crops in Egypt has increased and the quantities of waste and secondary products have increased. Both the state and the farms, prompting many farmers to dispose of their agricultural waste in economically and environmentally unsafe ways.  Therefore, the present study aimed to study the economic effects of the recycling of agricultural waste on agricultural production, and the economic  return to reusing these wastes and recycling them for organic fertilizers and non-traditional feeds.  The problem of disposal of agricultural waste in itself is an economic problem for economic, health, social and environmental reasons. Therefore, maximizing the utilization of agricultural waste, either through its use as raw materials for many important industries, increases its economic value and opens up work areas for young graduates.  As a result of the high prices of animal and poultry feed because of the increasing demand for it, there has been increasing interest in trying to use agricultural waste in many different ways in an attempt to fill the deficit in animal feed and high prices. The same is true for fertilizer and agricultural fertilizers. And to know the role played by the state in solving such problems.

Plant viruses cause serious disease of crop plants reducing both quality and quantity of final produce. Serological tests are used all over the world in laboratory and field based detection of plant viruses and they are of great indispensable importance in agricultural production; virus certification programs; agricultural quarantine and production of virus-free crops grown for processing or fresh market. Cross reaction between viruses and their strains antisera limits serological differentiation of viruses and their strains by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This study aims to characterize the antigenic property of Tomato mosaic virus ToMV coat protein by using some bioinformatic tools to analyze its gene. Therefore, new methods in antibody production could be used as equivalent to Mabs in its high specificity. ToMV isolate was confirmed by Transmission electron microscope and differential hosts and propagated on N. tabacum cv. Samson. Systemic infection was developed on N. tabacum cv. Samson and local infection on Datora metel; D. stramonium; N. glutinosa; Chenopodium amaranticolor; C. quinoa. ToMV was purified and used as immunizing agent for antiserum production. TEM showed rod shaped particles with 300 x 18 nm dimensions. The titer of produced antiserum was 1:1024 evaluated by microprecipitin test and indirect-ELISA. Coat protein gene was amplified by RT-PCR with expected size of (Approx. 500 bp). The PCR product was sequenced then the generated nucleotide sequence  was translated into 160 amino acids. The amino acid sequence of Five B-cell epitopes, of 14 amino acid residues each, were predicted. Identifying Bcell epitopes play an important role in vaccine design, immunodiagnostic tests, and antibody production. Therefore, computational tools for reliably predicting B-cell epitopes are studied.

This study depend on the results of the study prepared by the World Bank (WB), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) in order to indicate and analyze the average individual cereal consumption in Egypt and some neighboring countries. The consumption of wheat is ranked first in all countries of the study sample. Consumption of maize comes in second place after consumption of wheat in the countries of the study sample in Africa continent. Consumption of rice is also comes second only to consumption of wheat in the sample countries in Asia continent.     The difference between the average cereal consumption in Egypt and the average cereal consumption in Algeria was about 35.2 kg. This difference is attributed to the total determinants studied as follows:  6.2% due to the percentage of average years of education, 87.3% 17.8% attributable to the percentage of average per capita consumption of maize, -27.5% attributable to the percentage of average per capita consumption of wheat, 11.2% attributed to the percentage of corn / rice import price. In general, it is found that the percentage of rural / urban population is primarily responsible for the difference between the average cereal consumption in Egypt and the average cereal consumption in Egypt's neighboring countries,  followed by average per capita consumption of wheat and average per capita consumption of maize.

The current research was conducted to determine the degree of effectiveness of agricultural extension in date palm production, determining the relationship between the independent variables studied and the effectiveness of agricultural extension in the production of palm date palm, identifying the problems facing the farmers, to achieve the research objectives, Bahariya Oasis at Giza governorate was selected as a geographic field for the study sample, a systematic random sample of 235 farmers representing (10%) of the farmers totaled 2350 at the study area. Data were collected through the personal interview with the sample research using a questionnaire. Frequencies, percentage, range, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, analysis of variance, simple correlation coefficient (Pearson), and step-wise regression analysis were utilized to present and analyze data.  Results showed that (51.4%) of the respondents fell under the medium category of indicator of  the degree of effectiveness of agricultural extension in date palm production, and (37.6%) of them fell under the low category of the indicator, while (11%) of the total sample fell under the high category of the indicator.  Results indicate that the degree of effectiveness of extension activities in the date palm production was significant at 0.01 for each of the researcher's education, the date of agricultural tenure of date palms, the number of years of experience in date palm cultivation and the driving grade, while the number of years of experience in agricultural work, the degree of trend towards agricultural innovations and the degree of orientation towards extension were significant at 0.05.  Results also showed four variables out of the total independent variables which explain around (43.8%) of the total variation of effectiveness of extension activities in the date palm production using the Step Wise regression i.e. the date of agricultural tenure of date palms, the number of years of experience in date palm cultivation, the researcher's education and the degree of trend towards agricultural innovations.

Study aimed to develop and evaluate the thermal performance of truncated pyramid solar cooker viz non-modified and modified. Tests have been carried out in Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shubra El-Kheima, Egypt (Latitude 30o11’ N, Longitude 31o24’ E). The solar cookers were not loaded, and loaded with 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 liter of water. The modified truncated pyramid was filled with different quantities of rice. The thermal performance was evaluated by using first figure of Merit, second figure of Merit and energy efficiency. textural properties of rice and biscuits and cost analysis were measured. The absorber plate temperature of the modified was 51. 8 % higher than the absorber plate temperature of the non-modified cooker. The calculated values of first figure of Merit was 0.102 and 0.08 oC.m2/W with modified and non-modified truncated pyramid cooker types, respectively. The value of second figure of Merit was 0.239 and 0.523 for modified and non-modified truncated pyramid cooker, respectively.

Defatted rice bran (DRB) and hydrolyzed defatted rice bran (DRBT) were prepared from rice bran meal (RBM). Proximate composition, oil and water binding capacities, emulsifying and foaming characteristics were determined. Effect of different substitution of DRB and DRBT as Fat replacers in biscuit on the farenograph parameters and sensory characteristics were also evaluated. The total protein, ash and crude fiber were significantly (P≤0.05) increased in each of DRB and DRBT compared to RBM. Defatted rice bran protein hydrolyzed improved the DRBT water, oil absorption index being 1.7. Used each of DRB or DRBT gave high emulsifying activity and stability indices in casein model system. The same trend was observed with foam activity and stability indices in egg albumin system. farenogram parameters significant (P≤0.05) affected by using DRB and DRBT. The prepared biscuits samples had high sensory scores with 10 to 50 % DRB and DRBT attributes and recorded non-significant (P≤0.05) differences compared to control sample.

This experiment was carried out during 2015 and 2016 experimental seasons to investigate the effect of spraying with moringa extract at 3%, garlic extract at 3% or ascorbic acid at 300 ppm on fruit set, yield and fruit quality of Khadrawi date palm cultivar. Anyhow, bunches were sprayed at three times (3 hours before pollination then 4 and 8 weeks after pollination). The present results indicated that spraying date palm bunches with moringa extract or garlic extract recorded the highest initial fruit set in the first and second seasons, respectively. As well as, moringa extract gave the highest fruit retention and yield in both seasons. In addition, all treatments improved some fruit physical characteristics i.e. fruit weight, flesh weight, fruit volume and fruit length compared to the control treatment in the two studied seasons. Also, results showed that moringa extract or ascorbic acid increased TSS%, total sugars % and reducing sugars % in both seasons compared to the control. Meanwhile, the lowest fibers % was obtained by garlic extract in the two seasons. Also, all treatments had no significant effect on total acidity % and tannins content in both seasons.