Laboratory experiments were carried out to clarify the impact of different types of natural and synthetic polymers on some hydrophysical properties (soil hydraulic parameters) of a sandy soil. Adding 0.5% (w/w) of each treatment to soil significantly increased water retention at saturation, field capacity, total available water and readily available water. This treatment decreased the value of inflection point on water retention curve as result of enhancing water behavior in the soil. The obtained results revealed that soil water storage significantly increased from 0.271 in control treatment (without adding polymer) up to 0.414 in treatment [T10] (Acrylic acid + Xanthan) while, field capacity increased significantly from 0.078 in control up to 0.242 of the abovementioned treatment (T10). Regarding the effects of polymer application in total available water and readily available water, data revealed significant increases in the above mentioned parameters. Total available water increased from 0.044 in control treatment up to 0.153 in T10 and readily available water increased from 0.057in control treatment up to 0.185 in T10. Concerning values of inflection point on soil water retention curve, the obtained results revealed that, inflection point of control treatment (1000 mbar) decreased to 590 mbar, as a result of adding a mixture of polymer acrylic acid + xanthan (T10 ).Soil depletion rate decreased as due to polymer application by 25% up to 75% depending on type of polymer and wether it was added individually or in combination with another polymer. This effect led to significant differences among control treatment (control) and the other treatments. Generally, there were significant effects of all polymers on the concerned hydrophyical properties of the studied sandy soil, i.e. storage capacity of soil water, depletion rate of soil water, soil field capacity , soil available water, readily available water and inflection point on the soil water retention curve. Acrylic acid recorded the best results concerning soil water behavior if it was added individually to the sandy soil (Treatment 2) or in combination with Xanthan (Treatment 10) or with Lignosulphonate (Treatment 11).

The problem of research is facing Egyptian exports of frozen vegetables in general, and the mixture of frozen vegetables in particular, with intense competition in foreign markets, which requires studying this problem and proposing appropriate solutions to it. Therefore, the research aimed to study means of developing and increasing agricultural exports of Egyptian frozen vegetables. The research focused on the exports of the Egyptian frozen vegetable mixture, as it was found that it ranked first among the total Egyptian exports of frozen vegetables during the period (2014-2018), where it represented about 70.1% of the total quantities. The research has reached some conclusions, including: The time trend equations for the quantity, value and price of Egyptian exports for both frozen vegetables and frozen vegetable mixtures were estimated during the period (2004-2018). It turned out that the ratio of the increase to the average in both the quantity and value of exports of frozen vegetables mixture is greater than that in the total frozen vegetables. By studying the geographical distribution, the most important importing countries for the Egyptian frozen vegetable mixture were identified during the period (2014-2018), namely Saudi Arabia, America, France. By studying the market share index of the most important importing markets for frozen vegetables mixture shows that Egypt occupies the first position in the list of countries exporting frozen vegetables mixtures in the Saudi market during the period (2010-2012) with an amount of exports estimated at about 4.9 thousand tons and a market share of about 72.2%. By studying The External of individual demand for the Egyptian frozen vegetable mixture in the Saudi market shows that an increase in the price of Egypt by 1% leads to a decrease in Egypt's exports to Saudi Arabia by 0.89%. A 1% decrease in India’s price leads to a decrease in Egypt’s exports by 0.89, meaning that there is a significant impact of price changes and that India is a competitor to Egypt within the Saudi market. The research recommended 1. Study the non-price competitive reasons, as Egypt has a competitive price advantage, yet its market share in the Saudi market is decreasing (it may be due to taste, packaging, export facilities, etc.). 2. The competitive advantage between Egypt and India is decreasing more than the other two competing countries (Spain, Belgium). 3. Focus on studying the reasons for India's increasing competitiveness of Egyptian exports. 4. There is an effect of price competition, especially with Mexican and Chinese exports, and it is recommended that this price competitive advantage be improved in favor of Egypt. 5. Italy is the largest competitor in the French market (it has a significant price impact on Egypt's exports, followed by Spain).

The trend currently in most countries of the world, whether developed or developing, is how to obtain the largest possible amount of gains in light of the state's available resources and the methods of production used and how to manage those resources in light of an investment climate consistent with those variables, and no country can live Isolated from all other countries in the world, whether that country is rich in resources and has a surplus in production and wants to spend it or it needs other countries to obtain a sufficient amount of a commodity that is sufficient for the needs of its population. In spite of the great export importance of Egyptian citrus crop and its occupation is the first in the list of Egyptian agricultural exports, and Egypt ranked third globally in its export, but its exports have been characterized by fluctuation and instability during the period (2018-2001), which leads to fluctuating returns from these masts, Which requires the necessity of identifying the determinants of external demand for these exports in various global markets to provide the necessary means for developing these exports and promoting them and maintaining their current markets and opening new markets for them and in light of the study problem and in an attempt to identify the most important variables Local and international influencing the demand for Egyptian citrus, and the study used a simultaneous multi-equation model, where he explained that the most influencing factors on the average Saudi per capita share of Egyptian citrus exports is the export price to Syria, and the export price to Jordan, as the value of "F" indicates the significance The statistically estimated equation is at the level of 0.05, and the adjusted coefficient of determination indicates that about 95% of the changes in the average per capita share of Egyptian exports are due to the above-mentioned independent variables. The results of the statistical analysis also showed that the most influencing factors on the average Russian per capita share The Egyptian citrus Dorat is the export price of Turkey citrus, and the average Russian per capita national income, as the value of "F" indicates the significance of the statistically equivalent equation at the level of 0.05, and the value of the adjusted coefficient of determination indicates that about 84% of the changes in the average per capita of exports The Egyptian citrus fruit of Russia is attributed to the aforementioned independent variables.

Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) flies are the dangerous insect pests of fruit, vegetables, and nuts over the world. This study provides the published information on toxicity, biochemical effects and some biological measurements of the peach fly, B. zonata by using some plant extracts (phytochemicals) namely Moringa oleifera oil, lemon peel oil and M. oleifera leaf extract, which would be more informative for publication facilitating related to integrated pest management (IPM) strategies of B. zonata. Effect of different concentrations of M. oleifera oil, lemon peel oil and M. oleifera leaf extract on biochemical effects (total proteins, total carbohydrates and acetylcholine esterase enzyme) and some biological aspects (pupal mortality, pupal duration, adult emergence, emerged deformed adult and malformation score) of the peach fly, B. zonata were studied. Results showed that M. oleifera oil is highly toxic to pupae of the peach fly, B. zonata with LC50 of 2.569, 2.773 and 2.370 ml/L and LC90 of 85.459, 92.171 and 18.314 ml/L in yellow, sandy and clay soils respectively. Whereas lemon peel oil come in the second position in order of toxicity and M. oleifera leaf extract was the least toxic compound. These results cleared that concentrations of total proteins, total carbohydrates and acetylcholine esterase enzyme activity markedly decreased in pupae of B. zonata after exposure to M. oleifera oil, lemon peel oil and M. oleifera leaf extract with highly significant effects compared with control. Obtained results showed that an inhibitory action of M. oleifera oil, lemon peel oil and M.oleifera leaf extract at all each of concentration levels when mixed with three types of soils namely, yellow soil, sandy soil and clay soil compared with untreated . These results suggest that three tested plant extracts has the probably to be used as a natural plant productions to control of the peach fly, B. zonata.

This study analyzed the determinants of household demand for food away from home (FAFH) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Truncated generalized Poisson regression (TGPR) and truncated standard Poisson regression (TSPR) was applied to data from a random sample of 101 families. Maximum likelihood was used to obtain parameter estimates for these two models. TGPR was found to be optimal and appropriate for the analysis of demand data. Both income and number of household members had a significant positive effect, which is consistent with economic logic and reality in Saudi society. Price and taste also had positive effects on FAFH demand. Household income as an economic variable has a significant positive effect on the number of times that a household dines out during the month. When income increases by one thousand Saudi riyals, the demand will increase by 11%, which is consistent with economic logic. Household income as a quantitative economic variable and the number of household members as a quantitative demographic variable are the most important variables in household demand for FAFH. However, the effect of income is more significant than that of the number of household members. As this study investigated the impact of socio-economic and demographic factors on food away from home (FAFH) demand in Riyadh such as household income, number of household members, education level, prices and cleanness of restaurant, and taste of food. Still there are other variables could be used as potential variables could affect FAFH demand in Saudi Arabia in future research such as the change in number of working women which there is shift in the number of female workers recently. The future studies could look at the differences in socio-economic between consumers for different types of restaurants such as traditional, fast food, fish, and luxury restaurants. Due to the high demand for restaurant meals, officials should tighten the health control and close restaurants that do not comply with health requirements as well security and safety requirements. Restaurants should pay attention to improving the quality of meals and offering them at affordable prices to consumers.

The main objective of this study to identify the current and prospective role of agricultural extension in the field of vegetable cultivation under greenhouse in Al-Noubaria area of Beheira Governorate. Questionnaire through personal interviews was used to collect data from 196 farmers representing research samples. Percentages, arithmetic mean, the frequency tables, standard deviation, simple correlation coefficient (person) and the regression coefficient were used to analyze data. The research results showed that: The most of farmers 81.6% had low and medium level of knowledge related to the main practices of agriculture in Greenhouse 94.9% of farmers had low and medium levels of implementation of the main practices under greenhouse. 74% of farmers were of low and medium awareness of the role of agriculture extension. There is a significant correlation between the knowledge level of the respondents to cultivating vegetables under greenhouses as a dependent variable, and between the educational level, the degree of trend towards export of greenhouse products, the degree of participation in community organizations, the degree of satisfaction with work in greenhouse, the degree of exposure to sources of information on vegetable cultivation under Greenhouse, the degree of openness to the outside world and the role of agricultural extension, respectively as independent variables. There is a significant correlation between the degree of the executive level of the respondents by planting vegetables under greenhouse as a dependent variable and between the educational level of the respondents and the degree of exposure to sources of information on growing vegetables under greenhouse, the trend towards export and the role of agricultural extension provided to the respondents as independent variables. The educational level, the trend towards export, the degree of openness to the outside world, the degree of participation in various societal organizations, the degree of satisfaction with work under greenhouse, the degree of exposure to sources of information on growing vegetables under greenhouse, and the role provided by the agricultural extension to farmers under greenhouse as Variables responsible for the interpretation of 30,2% in the overall variance of the general knowledge level of the respondents cultivating vegetables under greenhouse. The educational level, the trend towards export, the degree of exposure to sources of information about growing vegetables under greenhouse, and the role provided by agricultural extension to vegetable farmers under greenhouse, variables responsible for the interpretation of 26.7% in the overall variation of the executive level of respondents to the practices of growing vegetables under greenhouse. The most important problems faced by farmers investigated in greenhouse cultivation were the high costs of greenhouse construction, the high incidence of fungal diseases, and the difficulty of conducting integrated pest control in greenhouse. The prospective role of the agricultural extension in the field of vegetable cultivation under greenhouse from the viewpoint of the respondents, the presence of adequate and technical support for the agricultural extension in the field of growing vegetables under greenhouse and how to manage greenhouse.

This study was carried out in a private farm in Wardan, Giza governorate in Egypt during 2019 season on strawberry plants. The first experiment aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different commercial products in cultivated land including Solo 24% SC (Bifenazate), Arbus 12% SC (Chlorfenapyr + Emamectin benzoate) , Concor 24% SC (Spirodiclofen), Excellent 1.9% EC (Emamectin benzoate) , Top9 (Chitosan 0.1%) , Biomectin 5% EC (Abamectin) and Congest 15% CS (Abamectin + Imidacloprid) in reducing the population densities of two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus uriticae Koch. on strawberry plants. According to general mean percentage of reduction in population of T. uriticae, data showed insignificant differences among the seven tested compounds whereas the mortality percentages were 85.94 %, 82.18%, 81.4%, 79.36%, 78.14%, 77.94% and 75.9%, respectively. From these results; it’s clear that Solo compound is the most effective compound and Congest is the lowest one. The other compounds ranged between them in controlling T. uriticae under these experimental conditions. The second experiment evaluated the effectiveness of different formulations in the nursery including Radiant (Spinetoram 12% Sc), Super Rigo (Naphthyl acetic acid – Chitosan), Top9 and Berna Star (Glyceryl stearate 32%) in reducing the population densities of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) on strawberry plants. According to general mean percentage of reduction in population of F. occidentalis, data showed significant differences among the four compounds. These compounds could be divided into three groups. The first group contained Radiant compound showing high mortality (63.5%). The second group contained Super Rigo and Top9 compounds showing moderate effect (46.44% & 34.3%), respectively. The third group contained Berna Star compound showing least effect (28.36%). From these results; it’s clear that the chemical compound Radiant is the most effective while the natural compound Berna Star is the lowest in controlling F. occidentalis under these experimental conditions.

Dominated by intensive coffee monocultures for the last 30 years, farmers in the Central Highlands of Vietnam has been increasingly experienced with farming difficulties given resource degradation, market and climate uncertainties. In recent years, a number of farmers have diversified their coffee farms toward the forms of agroforestry: through integrating fruit and other crops into coffee farms. This study, by referring to the existing 10 agroforestry systems and 10 forestry ecological zones identified in the region for its approach, conducted in 20 communes throughout five provinces in the region at the coffee harvesting period in the end of 2018. In total, 249 farmers were identified through snowball sampling technique and successfully interviewed. Five major agroforestry systems are identified with sufficient sample size for statistical analyses. By detailed assessment of inputs used and revenue, this study proves that agroforestry systems strongly enhance farmer’s income. However, the success varies among the five studied provinces. Farmer’s technical know-how and their choice on 2nd crop made their agroforestry farming profit largely different. Given the fact that large percentage of land in the tropics is too dry, too steep, or too rocky to be classified as arable land which has been further problematic through increasing exposure to erosion resulting from unsustainable farming practices, often driven by intensive monocultures, efforts to promote agroforestry in Vietnam in particular and the tropics in general is thus needed, not only for surviving increasing population but also recovering and protecting the environment. In the situation of the Central Highlands of Vietnam, together with efforts in promoting agroforestry, a restructure of farming system needs to be considered in accordance with foreseeable difficulties in farming conditions, i.e., more water stress will be happened in certain provinces. These provinces should take a shift more toward less-irrigation dependent crops and reduce their dependence on coffee. These changes will create a better common guarantee for all farmers in coping with future uncertainties.

This study aims to use solar energy to warm poultry houses instead of traditional energies which have shortage and high cost of using. The prototype was designed and Fabricated at workshop of agriculture engineering research institute (AEnRI) - ARC and the experiments were conducted at Solar Energy Laboratory - Agricultural Engineering Department Faculty of Agriculture - Ain Shams University (Latitude 30° 02′ N, Longitude 31° 21′ E). Experiment was carried out during winter 2018 and 2019. The prototype was designed and fabricated from main frame was made from wood 80 cm × 80 cm × 70 cm, Trombe wall was fabricated from two different materials (bricks and concrete), bricks wall with dimension 40 cm x 70 cm x10 cm, the concrete trombe wall as following: the dimensions were 80 cm x 70 cm x10cm and changed the material to be concrete. Double of glass was mounted front of bricks or concrete wall, ventilation control system: it consists of (digital temperature controller, solenoid, moving arm, fan suction) and control unit (data logger). The results showed that the Trombe wall designed from concrete better than one of bricks. The prototype with trombe concrete wall was keeping the temperature at 30°C for 13 hour and 55 minutes of day. This system was saving 56.46% energy that consume from the traditional energy. Also, the Ten hours which the temperature drops below 30 ° C inside the poultry house, it is Compensating by lamp 100-watt that has been programmed to light when the temperature is below 30 ° C. The average weight of broiler under experimental was comparing with the standard weight of the breed. The results were higher than the standard. The death rate was 0%. The percentage of carbon dioxide and ammonia in poultry house air was not exceeding the standard ratio. And the relative humidity was (50:94(%.

Agricultural policy in Egypt has tended in recent years to make some structural changes in order to maximize the economic return in light of the technical possibilities and local and international economics of agricultural production determinants. some Food crops, industrial and export important in Egypt, and is a source of agricultural income, In order to determine the features of agricultural price policy for most important vegetable crops in Egypt, it was possible to calculate the matrix of agricultural policy analysis, to clarify the extent of deviation of lacal market prices for tomato and potato crops and world prices to identify the levels of distortions in the commodity markets and the degree of nonemployment of resources, as well as the calculation of the nominal and effective protection factors. To identify the price policies adopted by the state, whether the policy of subsidies or taxation of producers of agricultural crops, as well as the calculation of the cost factor of the local resource to determine the comparative advantage. We conclude from the above and based on the results of the Matrix of Agricultural Policy Analysis for Tomato and Potato Crops in Egypt during the average period (2011-2017) that the country’s productive policy during the study period had any affection crop producers represented in tax rate 14.742, 12.489 pounds. Which do not compare with the support provided to them, which averaged about 93,189 pounds per acre, respectively. Tomato and potato crops have an advantage that can be used to increase their exports in the global markets, which require integration between the state and the private sector to activate the ability of crop producers to export. And Egyptian potatoes, and on this the study recommends the necessity of improving the prices of production requirements for the crops under study in a manner commensurate with the continuous increase in production costs in order to work on increasing farm income and addressing negatives arising from C Tax of SAT in high production costs and made available at affordable prices.