Еssеntial oils (ЕOs) from cinnamon (Cinnamon zylanicum), clovе (Syzygium aromaticum) camphor (Еucalyptus globulus), and rockеt (Еruca sativa), wеrе еvaluatеd for thеir botryocidal еffеct. In-vitro, Botrytis cinеrеa was еxposеd to 4 diffеrеnt concеntrations of ЕOs, using thrее diffеrеnt tеchniquеs, i.е. amеndеd mеdium, vapourisation, and volatilising.  Cinnamon and clovе ЕOs wеrе thе highеst tеstеd concеntrations found to bе thе most еffеctivе in all tеchniquеs which complеtеly inhibitеd 100% of radial growth for B. cinеrеa in vitro. A post-harvеst trial to control grеy mould on grapе bunchеs of Flamе sееdlеss and Supеrior sееdlеss cvs. were conductеd using cinnamon and clovе oils in sеasons 2014 and 2015. Both of the two ЕOs wеrе usеd at concеntrations of 25, 50 and 100 µL./L-1air v/v, еxposеd as vapour trеatmеnt significantly supprеssеd grеy mould during thе cold-storagе. Thеrе was not a significancе diffеrеncеs obsеrvеd among both ЕOs trеatmеnts. Howеvеr, cinnamon at 100 µL.1L-1air v/v was thе most еffеctivе trеatmеnt to control grеy mould of both grapе cultivars

The problem of food supply is the main problem that worries the world in recent times, and the problem of developing countries is increasing in size to increase population growth rate. The problem of research is the low efficiency of production and processing of dairy products in Egypt. In addition to the low level of dairy processing operations, the aim of the research is to identify the current production status of milk and dairy products and to identify the monthly seasonal prices of these products as well as the margins. The most important results were the annual increase in the production of the study products, which were studied and the focus was on these products due to the availability of data on them without other products. It is clear from the study of the general time trend equation in Table (2) Dairy production increased by a statistical significance of about 13.3 thousand tons, an annual increase representing about 1% of the average total production during the period (2000-2014), and it was found that the coefficient of selection was about 560. That is, 56% of the changes that occur in the quantity of production The total dairy production is due to changes in the variables (2) indicates that the production of buffalo butter increased by a statistically significant increase of about 1.9 thousand tons, with an annual increase representing about 2.3% of the average total production during the period. (2000-2014). It was also found that the coefficient of selection was about 0.61, ie, 61% of the changes in the amount of buffalo butter production are due to variables whose effect reflects the time component. It is also clear from the study of the general time trend equation in Table (2) that the production of Jamousian cheese increased by a statistically significant increase of about 1.9 thousand tons, with an annual increase representing about 0.77% of the average total production during the period 2000-2014. The selection was about 0.48, which means that 48% of the changes in the quantity of cheese production are attributed to changes in variables whose effect reflects time.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of a mixture of  (ZAD) and (Lacto bacillus plantarum) on chemical composition of green corn stover and corn stalks and the effect of  these treatments in a metabolism trial on digestibility coefficients , rumen fermentation and some blood parameters. One ton of either green corn stover or corn stalks was chopped into (2-3 cm) and  its mixed with 0. 5 cubic metre of water or one cubic metre of water, respectively. They were then mixed with 3%w/w molasses and 1.5%w/w urea and incubated for six weeks. The experiment included six treatments, three of them were on green corn stover and the rest were on corn stalks. The treatments on green corn stover were as follows: (T1) Untreated green corn stover (control). (T2) corn stover + lactobacillus palantarum + ZAD (2litres of ZAD + 1 liter of lactobacillus palantarum / 1ton). (T3) corn stover + ZAD ( 2 liters of ZAD/ 1 ton). The treatments on corn stalks were as follows: (T4) Untreated corn stalks (control). (T5) corn stalks + lactobacillus palantarum+ ZAD (2litres of ZAD +1 liter of lactobacillus palantarum /1ton) (T6) corn stalks + ZAD (2 liters of ZAD/ 1 ton). Eighteen Ossimi male lambs were divided to six group rations for 15 days in metabolism trials. Results indicated that biological treatment on T2 and T3 treatments  on green  stover and T5 and T6 on  dry corn stalks decreased CF and NDF, ADF, ADL contents and increased CP content compared to the control.   Feeding lambs on treated green corn stover or treated dry corn stalks significantly (P<0.05) improved all of nutrients digestibility compared with those fed on control. The nutritive values as TDN,  DCP and N balance for lambs fed treated green stover or treated dry corn stalks showed significant(P<0.05) higher than those fed untreated and it had the same trend of nutrient digestibility . Adding lactobacillus palantarum + ZAD improved digestion coefficients of nutrients and TDN values compared with control. Results of blood parameter indicated that T2 of green corn stover and T5 of corn stalks had a significant (P<0.05) effect on (Tp, Alb, Glb, A/G) compared to the control and T3 of corn stover and T6 of corn stalks. All values of plasma ALT and AST for all treatments were in normal rang where all treatments had no effect on ALT. However, T2 of green corn stover and T5 of corn stalks had a significant (P<0.05) effect on AST compared to the control and T3 of corn stover and T6 of corn stalks. All values of plasma creatinine and urea for biological treatments appeared to significant(P<0.05) higher values. However, these values were in normal range.   Results of rumen parameters indicated that all treatments had no effect on pH and NH3-N. On the other hand T2 of  green corn stover and T5 of corn stalks significantly (P<0.05) increased TVF'S. Generally, Adding enzyme with or without lactobacillus  to green corn stover or dry corn stalks tended to improved nutrient components , digestibility coefficients, feeding values and nitrogen balance with no adverse effect of animal health .

This study was conducted to evaluate the growth of tomato transplants irrigated with saline water in a commercial soilless potting media amended with fermented clover produced by anaerobic fermentation of a mixture of clover and water for different periods (1, 2 and 3 weeks). Treatments were distributed in completely randomized factorial design included three salinity levels in irrigation water (260, 1000 and 2000 mg l-1) without and with fermented clover corresponding to 0, 10, 20 and 30% of the substrate (1peat: 1perlite: 1vermiculite) by volume. Plant height (cm), number of leaves, vegetative fresh and dry weights (g) per plant were recorded 35 days after sowing. The obtained results showed that the mean values of the aforementioned parameters were increased due to the incorporation of clover-based amendment with higher pronounced effect recorded for fermented clover as compared to non-fermented clover. The highest values were obtained due to the incorporation of three weeks fermented clover at 20% mixing percentage followed by 30%. There were significant differences among water salinity treatments; fresh water (260 mg l-1) recorded the highest vegetative growth of tomato transplants. Furthermore, fermented clover alleviated the salt stress on transplants and increased the growth parameters under saline water irrigation. These results suggested that clover can be used for producing organic tomato transplants, instead of imported media, supporting by fermentation to enhance the ability of clover to supplement the transplants with the nutrient needs and cope the salinity condition.

This study was carried out during three successive seasons of 2010/2011, 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 in a private orchard at 76 km Cairo, Alex. Desert road  to investigate the effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilization treatments and shading with white net on yield, and fruit quality of three-years-old mango (Mangifica indica L.) cv. Keitt grafted on sucary seedling rootstocks planted at 2.5×2.5 meters apart grown in sandy soil under drip irrigation system with wells water .This experiment included nine treatments of fertilization: T1= N 80+ K2O 80 Kg/Fed., T2= N 80+ K2O 100 Kg/Fed., T3= N 100+ K2O 80 Kg/Fed., T4= N 100+ K2O 100 Kg/Fed., T5= N 120+ K2O 80 Kg/Fed., T6= N 120+ K2O 100 Kg/Fed.,T7= N 150+ K2O 80 Kg/Fed., T8= N 150+ K2O 100 Kg/Fed. and control (T9) = N 133+ K2O 90 Kg/Fed.. The results cleared that mango Keitt cv. trees grown under white net shading condition significantly increased yield (kg)/ tree, number of fruit set/ panicle, fruit weight, TSS and ascorbic acid content. Trees supplied with 150 Kg/Fed. nitrogen + 100 Kg/Fed. potassium exhibited the highest yield (kg)/tree, number of fruit set/panicle and  fruit weight under shade . Moreover, the best fruit peel color was achieved with trees received 100 kg/feddan of nitrogen +100 kg/feddan of potassium and grown under screenhouse conditions during the three studied seasons. The higher significant value of acidity and TSS were recorded in trees supplied by 120 units of nitrogen + 100 units of potassium during first and third season. Whereas, the control treatment attained a maximum ascorbic acid content.

Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don is a medicinal plant rich in many alkaloids that are used in treatment of many diseases. It is unique in the production of vinblastine and vincristine compounds, which are used in treatment of several cancers. There are many genes in the biosynthesis pathway that produce these anti-cancer compounds, including the gene Crwrky1 which is a regulatory gene that codes for the transcription factor in the monoterpene indole alkaloid (MIA) pathway. In this study, the effect of yeast extract on crwrky1 gene expression levels from treated calli was studied. Quantitative RT-PCR (QRT-PCR) using SYBR Green I/ROX was used to analyze the changes in the expression level of this gene in response to different treatments of yeast extract. Crwrky1 expression increased to 3.6 folds in treated callus obtained under 0.4 mg/l yeast elicitor for 4 hours (YE2) treatment to compare with the control (untreated) callus.

Members of the genus Salmonella are among the microbial pathogens associated with dangerous infection. The increased of Salmonella spp. antibiotic resistance has propelled the need of alternate therapeutic methods or strategies. Bacteriophage forms one of these alternate strategies. Six lytic bacteriophages infecting Salmonella Typhimurium were isolated from sewage drain water. Phages were purified biologically by single plaque assay and concentrated using the ultracentrifugation. The phage isolates were named Ø SM, Ø SF, Ø SG, Ø SP, Ø SA and Ø SD. Morphological characters of Salmonella phages showed that all the phage isolates belong to family Myoviridae. All phage isolates were highly stable at room temperature, storage at refrigerator temperature and had thermal inactivation point ranged from 90 to 98 °C. Phages were stable at pH conditions ranging from pH 4 to 12. Phages did not lose their infectivity after exposure to UV for 90 min. at 35 cm and 53 cm distance. The host range of the isolated phages was found that the phages had narrow host range. Phage cocktail with different MOI was used to control Salmonella Typhimurium in vitro. Data revealed that addition of phage cocktail at MOI 10 reduced the Salmonella cells with rate 98.2 % after 4 hrs. from addition.   introduction   Salmonella spp. belong to family Enterobacteriaceae and widely distributed in nature and often found in the intestinal tract of warm-blooded animals and humans,where they asymptomatically colonize and multiply (Newell & Fearnley, 2003 and Doyle & Erickson, 2006). More than 2,500 serotypes of Salmonella exist and the most prevalent and important Salmonella enterica serotypes reported worldwide are Enteritidis and Typhimurium. These are responsible for 99 % of Salmonellosis in humans and warm-blooded animals. The most common symptoms of Salmonella infection is non-bloody diarrhea and abdominal cramps (Bell and Kyriakides, 2002). Due to foodborne infections by Salmonella are obtained through ingesting contaminated food or water, (Abd El-Aziz, 2013 ) detected high incidence of Salmonella Typhimurium , one of the most frequently isolated serovars from food borne outbreaks throughout the world, in retail raw chicken meat and giblets in Egypt. Bacteriophages are considered an effective weapon against pathogenic bacteria. As a result of development resistant bacteria against antibiotics because of their repeated usage,  bacteriophages are used as a safe alternative to control pathogenic bacteria (Abramia et al 2016). In addition, offer a great advantage over antibiotics. First, bacteriophages are specific and target only the pathogens of interest, so the normal gut microflora are not affected. Second, bacteriophages are self-replicating in the bacterial host and lyse bacteria. (Connerton and Connerton, 2005). This paper aims to investigate the incidence of lytic bacteriophages specific for Salmonella in sewage water and study the posibility of their application for controling the Salmonella in vitro.

Red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliver, 1790), Order; Coleoptera, Family; Curculionidae, is considered as the biggest threat facing date palm cultivators. The larva feed on trunk tender tissue and can cause palm death within 6-8 months after infection. Insect gut harbors a community of bacteria that lives in an endosymbiotic relationship with the insect and it is strongly evident that it plays a key role in insect life. Deciphering and identification of insect microbiota could lead to the development of new symbiotiont-based control approaches. In this work we studied the diversity of the endosymbiont bacterial community of red palm weevil larval midgut in Egypt, by using Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE), based on 16S rRNA genes PCR amplification. We used three groups of field caught larva sampled from two different places; El-Badrashin and Agricultural Research Center (ARC) in Giza governorate, Egypt. DGGE profiling patterns has shown the relative prevalence of bacterial phylotypes  affiliated to family Firmicute; Leuconostoc lactis, Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus nagelli and bacterial phylotypes affiliated to family Actinobaceria; Cellulomonas cellasea, Bifidobacterium minimum, which suggest that they have a potential role in nutrition, physiology and immunomodulation of the insect.

The mycelial growth rate of three oyster mushroom strains namely Pleurotus erengii, P. ostreatus and P. florida was examined on six different agar media (malt extract, Potato dextrose, rose bengal, corn meal, czapek’s dox and waksman’s glucose agar media) to select the most suitable one. Effect of pH was also examined at different values (5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5 and 7.0) on the selected medium. Results indicated that Malt extract agar medium was the most suitable one for mycelium growth of all the tested mushroom strains, being the highest (9 cm ) for P. erengii and P. ostreatus at pH 7 and 9 cm at pH 6 -6.5 for P. florida after 6 days of incubation. The mycelia growth of the tested oyster mushroom strains was also examined at different temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35ºC) and different levels of relative humidity (50, 65, 75, 85, 95 and 100 %) on malt extract agar medium. The highest mycelial growth rate was obtained at 25°C and relative humidity of 65% after 6 days of incubation for the three tested oyster mushrooms.

To assess water quality of Qarun lake, forty-six of  lake water samples were collected during the period from 2014 to 2015.  Value of pH of Qarun lake ranged from 8.22 to 8.32. Value of alkalinity ranged from 9.8 to 33.4 ppm. ECw values ranged from 26.5 to 40.99 dS.m-1. Qarun lake contained the soluble cations in the following order: Na+> Ca2+> Mg2+> K+.  The SAR of the studied water in Qarun lake ranged from 274 to 400with a mean value of 337. The highest value of SAR occurred in season 2015 while the lowest one was in 2014. The hardiness value of Qarun lake ranged from 602 to 1567ppm. The COD values were higher than that of ECP501,2015. they ranged from 1168 to 1293 ppm. Different macro and micronutrients were more than the permissible limits. Water Quality Index (WQI) was applied using ten parameters of water quality (pH, Chloride, Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Iron (Fe), Phosphate (PO4-3), Chromium (Cr), Boron (B), Hardiness, Ammonium and Nitrate ). The results indicated that water quality of Qarun lake decayed from the year 2014 to 2015 and could be categorized into Unsuitable class. The effect of anthropogenic activities was obvious on some parameters such as nitrate and ammonium. Monitoring the water quality of Qaroun lake is necessary for proper management.