Pot trials were conducted under plastic house condition during two successive seasons of 2013/2014 and 2014/2015, at the experimental site of Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate (CLAC), Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt. The present study aims to determine the partial replacement of mineral nitrogen fertilization of tomato by nitrogen fixing bacteria with or without adding compost in sandy soil. Tomato seedlings (Lora F1Hybrid) were transplanted during the first week of October into plastic pots (30 cm diameter) filled with 10 kg of sandy soil. Three rates 25, 50 and 75% of the recommended mineral nitrogen in the nutrient solution for tomato with adding compostat 2% and nitrogen fixing bacteria (Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillium brasilense) at 20 ml/plant either individually or in combinationswere investigated on growth, mineral composition and yield of tomato plants compared to 100% of recommended nitrogen only (control). The plants were irrigated daily by drip irrigation and received 200 ml/plant of nutrient solution twice a weekly. The results showed that using 50 or 75% of N-mineral fertilizer + compost + nitrogen fixing bacteria gave the highest values of growth, mineral composition and yield of tomato. It is recommended that 50% of nitrogen mineral fertilizers for tomato plants could be replaced by nitrogen fixing bacteria in presence of compost, which in earn, reduce environment pollution caused by extensive application of mineral nitrogen fertilizers.

Ninety nine yeast isolates were isolated from surface of apple, grape, orange and tomato fruits. The isolates were tested in vivo in preliminary study for biocontrol potential against green mould of navel orange fruit. According to primary screening, twenty two isolates were selected to continue the secondary screening (phase one) using different concentrations of the washed yeast cells in water suspension to evaluate their biocontrol efficacy at 21±1°C. Among twelve yeast isolates were passed to the secondary screening (phase two) at 7±1°C, washed cells of yeast isolates CT 503, CT 507, CT 508, CT 512 and CT 550 at 1x109, 2x108 and 1x108 CFU/ml produced complete protection for 21 days to wounded navel orange fruits inoculated with spore suspension of Penicillium degitatum  (1x104 conidia /ml).  Meantime, no lesions developed on the navel orange fruits treated with the yeast isolates CT 503, CT 507 (Debaryomyces hansenii var. hansenii strain C) and CT 512 (Endomycopsella vivi) at 6.6x107CFU/ml, while the percentage of rot reduction of the isolate CT 550 (Candida edax) was 99.81%. Culture filtrate of twenty two different yeast isolates used in secondary screening (phase one) did not prevent decay of wounded navel orange fruits but had an inhibitory effect on rot development. The relative abilities of the promising yeast isolates (CT 503, CT 507, CT 512 and CT 550) to induce disease resistance against P. digitatum on navel orange fruits were studied. Inoculation of promising yeast isolates significantly triggered induction of resistance in navel orange fruits. The lesion diameters of green mould 66 hours later after inoculation by spore suspension of P. digitatum  in a neighbouring wound that was made approximately 6 mm away from the initial woundwhich inoculated withthe isolates CT 512, CT 550, CT 507 and CT 503 were reduced by 25.5%, 20.5%, 16.7% and 14.1%, respectively. In this respect, there were no significant differences among the three different isolates CT 503, CT 507 and CT 550.

An experiment was carried out to study the effect of Bio and organic fertilizer on cucumber growth and yield during two successive seasons of 2010 and 2011 at Northern region in united Arab Emirates. The Queen cucumber hybrid was fertilized with different organic fertilizers i.e. Horse manure, compost, chickens manure and cows manure. Also using the bio fertilizer i.e. phosphobactein, Azotobacter and mycorrhizal. The results showed that cucumber yields differed in their response to the bio and organic fertilizer. The results showed that the compost was higher nitrogen percent and lower in C/N ratio, and pH, than the others organic fertilizer especially horse manure. The study demonstrated that the average cumulative cucumber yield was higher with compost + 22 (gm) mycorhizol/ plots treatments compared to other treatments throughout the experiment during the two successive winter seasons of 2010 and 2011. The plant height and plant fresh weight (g), with N100% mineral (control) deceased by 28% and 40% compared to N 100% organic (Compost) respectively during the winter season of 2010. The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of cucumber fruits (%) significantly increased, as did the soil with the increase of organic fertilizes applied. The experimental results confirmed the combination of bio-and organic fertlizers could increase plant growth, yield and quality. It also confirmed that composted organic fertlizers can be used a source of nutration instead of chemical fertlizers for cucumber plants.

Salt stresses collectively are responsible for many crop losses worldwide especially salt -sensitive plants. The present study investigates the roles of exogenous application of glycinebetaine (GB, 5mM) in improving salt stress tolerance in salt sensitive green bean seedlings. Salt stresses (45mM NaCl for one week) significantly reduced leaf relative water (RWC) and chlorophyll (chl) content and increased percentage of electrolyte leakage, endogenous Proline and lipid peroxidation. Activities of peroxidase(PX), ascorbate peroxidae (APX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), were significantly increased in shoots and roots of green bean seedlings subjected to salt stress. Exogenous application of GB improves salt tolerance of green been seedlings as shown by increased  RWC and chlorophyll contents in leaves and reduced percentage of electrolyte leakage,  lipid peroxidation and proline content. Under salinity stress condition, GB application decreased the activities of PX, CAT, APX and SOD in seedling shoots, whereas, it increased the activities of CAT and AP in roots. The result suggests that exogenous application of GB increased green bean seedlings' tolerance to salt-induced oxidative damage by upregulating their antioxidant defense system where this compatible solute protect plant cell against salinity stress.

The research to identify the impact of the training program held at the Desert Research Center en titled" hydroponics" ((Agriculture roofs) to change the level of knowledge of the trainees related to agriculture, water (Agriculture roofs), and to identify trainees in the program, and the most important problems faced by the trainees during the training , in addition compare what was actually gained and what to is expected , therefore  it may be able to develop a proposal for a training program for the Agriculture roofs a questionnaire is made before and after the participants attending program held by the Desert Research Center among a large number of projects implemented by different bodies totally training programs thirty two  trainees  attending training it for four hours a day over consecutive days two (19 - 20) in January 2014.   Frequencies, Proportion, will cocoons test,   used to data analysis. The results of the analysis show that there is a change in the level of knowledge of the trainees with regard to agriculture, (the Agriculture roofs) compare with then prior the number of trainees knowledge has increased from 18%to 59.3% after attending the program. In general the notice of trainees attending to the program has in creased to almost 53%.  Problems faced the trainees were that they were not able to visits agriculture roofs models and training on such system. This my help to comp air then knowledge before on often attending the program , the program used depends on theoretical, CDs and not used posters, demonstration of practical viewing and , posters or clarify the practical displays the results, clarification of practical experience , participation of trainees,  thus other important issue uses such as cultivation methods, diseases and actual costs wear not available  to trainees finally the program has evaluated the knowledge of trainees at the end of program whit out refining to then knowledge at the beginning the program.

The recent study aims to: identify the degree of knowledge of farmers using pesticides and chemical fertilizers, in addition, identifying the sources of knowledge of the farmers on the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, and determine the relationship between the independent variables studied and knowledge of farmers using pesticides and chemical fertilizers degree and to identify the most important problems facing the respondents in study area.           The study was conducted in Qalioubia governorate.                                                                       Data were collected through the personal interview with asystemtic random sample of 350 far- mers in Qalioubia governorate using aquestionnaire. Frequencies, percentages and simple correlation coefficient (Pearson) were utilized to present and analyze data.                 The most important findings were: 50.6% of the respondents had alow level knowledge. The fending also indicated significant correlation at 0.01% level between the area of agricultural holdings, and the degree of attiude towerds agricultural extension, and the degree of attiude towerds inovations. There were significant correlations at 0.05% level between the degree of leader ship and the degree of awareness of demage excessive use of pesticides, and the knowledge of the respondents level using pesticides and chemical fertilizers. There were non significant correlations between dependent variable and: age and the respondent's education level and the degree of social participation.

In spite of the development observed in the area and production of potatoes crop in Yemen for the period of (1990-2010) to the level of self-sufficiency, the exported quantity, however, still very limited, It even decreased sharply in 2010 by 84.5%, compared to it's level exported in 2006. Stagnant productivity of potatoes in Yemen at around 13 ton only per-hectare, in front of (35- 45) ton/h globally, is believed to be the main obstacle standing behind the failure of exportation the Yemeni potatoes to the abroad. According to field study, several results have been obtained, the most important of which: The variables, such as, chemical fertilizer, equipment, manure and seeds are found to be the most effective factors on the output of potatoes. It is proved statistically significant at (0.01) level and responsible for the change occurred in the production of sampled individuals by 77% (R2), however, the result show that the quantity used in the production process of potatoes by mentioned above factors fill short to meat the level of optimal quantity required to maximize the profit.  The size of optimal level of production was estimated at (19.9) ton and the price of potatoes accepted by producers was estimated at 121390 YR/Ton. According to percentage of importance, seeds came first at the total variable cost by 31%, then, irrigation by 17.6%, fertilizers and pesticides 14.6%. Net revenue was estimated at (493640) YR, and the benefit /cost ratio was estimated at 1.40. The most important recommendation reached by this study is directed toward more using inputs in process of production by producers of potatoes, to maximize profit and increase productivity of area cultivated.

Morphological structure and different characters of achene is most important from the taxonomic point of view. In present study achene shape, colour, size, texture and pappus type were recorded for 20 taxa of Asteraceae by using light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Examination of pappus by SEM recorded 6 groups; (1- Scarbous barbellate fine bristles and scarbous barbellate bristles, 2- Scarbous subulate scales free, 3- Scarious scales, 4- Paleaceous scales corona, 5- Plumose bristles and 6- Capillary barbellate). Also eight patterns were recognized based on surface sculpturing pattern: reticulate, with two subtypes, tuberculate, sulcate, puncticulate, colliculate, aculeate, lineate and striate. The data proved useful in the construction of a dichotomous indented key to the studied taxa. Twenty-two characters with 85 characters stats were used to generate anatomical key using the DELTA key-generating programs.

The purpose of this study was to 1) assess the linkages in the New Valley’s Agricultural Innovation System (NVAIS) and 2) characterize the information structure underlying the system. Data were collected from 50 respondents represent the nine components of the studied system during the period from Feb. to Mar. 2015 using in-depth interviews. The graph theoretical technique (GTT) was used to assess the linkages and information structures in the studied system. The obtained results showed that NVAIS was not fully identified; however, 44 of a total 72 linkages only were identified, and have a density of 0.61. Only 14 linkages are established through specific linkage mechanisms so density declines to 0.19. The component "Observatory of Development and cooperatives (O)" is by far the main sender of information, followed by the component "Extension (E)" and "Higher Education (H)". The main receivers of information, is the component of "Farmers (F)". Components of "Research (R)" and "Policy (P)" have a special position in this system, being the most interactive components as it sends as much information as it receives from others. Components of Secondary agricultural schools (S) and Agricultural Credit (C) are candidates to reform because of they interacts other components at a low tone. The component of private input supply, marketing and processing (M) is isolated is needs to deal efforts on enhancing its interaction within other components of the system. Any interventions on the components of O or F will be reflected in all over the system because the first one is a dominant component while the second is subordinate. The intermediary institutions, O and E, should play a more active role in bringing together other components. Specifically, links between these components could be strengthened through policy dialogues where the O and E could pass information from S, F, M, and C to P, H and R; such transmission of information should help P, R and H reassess agricultural policy, research and education priorities

The main objectives of the research were to identify the size of wheat gap and find the appropriate solutions to apply  wheat self-sufficiency in the near future through  designing micro economic equilibrium model for wheat during the period (1995-2013) the model may identify the change in government revenues, the change in foreign exchange earnings and the rate of tariff,  the coefficient of the tariff and the change in surplus producers, the change in the surplus of consumers, efficiency indicators of a return or social loss in production and yield,  and social loss in consumption and total return.   The study predicted increasing in government loss about LE 13.287 billion in 2014 to about LE 20.11 billion, increasing in foreign exchange earnings of about LE 11.64 billion in 2014 to about 18.07 billion pounds, and it also expected to increase in the implicit tax (of the tariff rate) by the domestic producer of about 0.17 in 2014 to about 0.25. The study also predicted continuing socio loss in production to reach about LE 1.92 billion in 2020 because of continued rising in production costs, which is expected to reach about LE 5707 per acre in 2020 with increase ratio about 18.32% compared to 2013. It was also expected to continue growing consumer surplus to reach around LE 10.7 billion in 2020 and because of the government's continued support in the bread system.