This investigation was conducted at Barrage Station (BHRS), Horticultural Research, Kalubia Governorate, Egypt, to get some new and promising pea lines (Pisum sativum L.) using pure line selection method on the basis of genetic variability. Selection was performed between or within four pea populations of Master Bcultivar. The populations were collected from four different regions in Egypt and subjected to selection procedure during 2012/2013, 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 growing seasons. The investigation intended to study different traits of growth and yield and its components viz., No. of days to flowering, No. of first flowering node, plant length, No. of branches per plant, pod length, pod width, pod thickness, pod weight, No. of seeds per pod, weight of seeds per pod, No. of pods per plant, weight of 100 seeds, shelling percentage, pod yield per plant and seed yield per plant. The target of this study was to improve pea yield and its components as well as earliness of yielding. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among genotypes for most of the studied characteristics, indicating ample scope of selection. Most characteristics showed a higher heritability coupled with higher genetic advance through two cycles of selection indicating that these characteristics are stable and can be improved through selection based on phenotypic observations. Twenty lines were obtained from selection program and were compared against the baseline populations in addition to check cultivar (Entsar1).Results showed significant differences among lines for most studied traits. Selection program resulted in genotypes or lines given symbols of H3, G7, N1, N3, G2, G1 and K2 that considered promising lines.  These lines have good pods traits, higher productivity and earliness of flowering. Simple correlation coefficient analysis revealed that greater emphasis should be given to the traits of No. of branches and No. of pods per plant along with pod length, pod width, No. of seeds and weight of seeds per pod for yield improvement.

Field studies were carried out to study the effect of the different four directions (East, West, North and South) and the middle of the orange trees on the occurrence of the citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Staint. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), attacking orange orchards during the period extended from the beginning of July, 2015 until the end of June 2016. Also, to determine the common predatory species occurred in navel orange orchards in Qaluobiya Governorate. The warmer months that have the highest temperature degrees and that months having the newly orange leaves, had the highest percentages of infestation by the pest. The obtained results revealed that, the South direction of the orange trees had the highest percentages of leaves damage by the citrus leafminer, P. citrella. Where, there were significant differences between the South direction (68.75%), in comparing with those of the West direction (64.42%), the North direction (60.58%), the East direction (54.58%) and the middle of the orange trees (45.38%). So, it is recommended to firstly begin the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs against the pest in this direction and at the suitable time. Moreover, the importance of the natural role of the common predatory species recorded in the orange orchard is obviously shown and must be encouraged and developed. The highest total numbers of all recorded predatory species were during July, 2015 (47 individuals) and April, 2016 (35 individuals). The recorded predatory species were the highest in the South direction (70 individuals), in comparing with those of the North direction (54), the East direction (50), the West direction (37) and the middle of the orange trees (20). True spiders were recorded as the most predators (114 individuals), in orange orchard and also in the same time of pest occurrence. The animal predatory species (true spiders and predatory mites) were the highest in their numbers (167 individuals), in comparing to the insect predatory species: Chrysoperla carnea, Scymnus sp., Coccinella undecimpunctata, Orius sp. and Metasyrphus sp., of lower individuals numbers (64 individuals). In general, from this study, it is also recommended to use the different predatory species such as: Chrysoperla carnea, Scymnus sp., Coccinella undecimpunctata and Orius sp., for P. citrella control firstlyfrom the South direction. Where, this pest controlcan be applied by mass rearing of these predators in the laboratory and releasing them in orange orchards against P. citrella or other related pests (such as the citrus aphids species and mealybugs). This approach is believed to be highly practical for use as one of the means of biological control with the frame work of suitable and safe IPM programs in citrus orchards in Egypt.

Agriculture occupies an important position in the Egyptian economy. However, the agricultural sector is still undergoing many economic conditions and problems which have been hindered in the way of its development and modernization, which has directly or indirectly affected the role of the agriculture sector in economic development. Investment is one of the main means of development, The success of the development policy depends to a large extent on the volume of investments available and how they are distributed among different programs as well as the efficient use of those investments. Investment is one of the important tools in bringing about the structural change of the national economy. Through investment, technical progress plays its fundamental role. The rule is that any technical progress necessarily necessitates investment spending. If we look at economic growth in terms of work, investment projects contribute to increasing employment, Work productivity through increased capital intensity. This study deals with the current situation of national investment as well as agricultural investment in both public and private sectors in Egypt during the period 2000-2015, as well as the impact of the revolution of 25 January 2011 on the investment situation in Egypt. The time series was divided into three periods 2005), the second period (2006-2010) and the third period (2011-2015), the period of the revolution and beyond. The most important results are as follows: The general agricultural investment at current prices increases during the period of study (2000-2015). The revolution of 25 January also had a positive effect on the increase in general agricultural investment for the first and second periods.

The study aimed to throw light on the current status of the area, productivity and production of citrus, orange and lemon in Syria, the development of the quantity and value of exports and imports, the export and import price of citrus, the development of the quantity and value of exports and exports price of the orange during the study period, the geographical distribution of Syrian exports of orange for the period (2007-2011), and standard samples for external demand on oranges. The foreign trade of citrus was in Syria the study showed that the production of citrus growing at a rate of about 38.12 thousand tons per year and the cultivated area of citrus growing at of about 1.35 thousand acres per year, the increase in the productivity of the hectare was not significant in any mathematical relation. The production of oranges increased by about 45% per year and the cultivated area of oranges increased by about 0.94 thousand acres per year, the increase in the productivity of the hectare was not substantiated in any mathematical relation. The production of lemons increased by about 6.73 thousand tons per year, growing at of about 0.28 thousand acres per year, the increase in the productivity of the hectare was not substantiated in any mathematical relation during the study period. The quantity of citrus exports increased by 24.9% per year, the value of citrus exports increased by 25.5% per year, the quantity of imports of citrus is increasing at a rate of about 19.5% annually, the value of imports of citrus is increasing at a rate of 24.9%, the quantity of exports of oranges is increasing at a rate of about 23.1% annually and the value of exports of oranges is increasing by 18.1%. The export price of oranges decreased by about $ 22.09 per year. In addition, the factors determining the average per Iraqi capita share of Syrian orange has been studied which indicated inverse relation between the dependent variable and the Syrian export price per kilogram in dollars, with an increase of 1% the average per Iraqi capita share of Syrian orange decreased by 2.45%. As well as a positive relation between the dependent variable and the average per Iraqi capita income in dollar and the export price of Turkey in dollars, by the increase of these factors of 1% the average per capita Iraqi quantity of Syrian orange increased by 1.98% and 1.37%, respectively. In addition, the factors determining the average per Jordanian capita share of Syrian oranges were calculated according to the export price of Syria in dollars. The model shows a positive relationship between the dependent variable and the export price of Lebanon in dollars. The average per Jordanian capita share of Syrian oranges was 2.88% and 0.75% respectively, which shown an inverse relation between the dependent variable and the export price of Syria in dollar, with an increase of 1%, the average per Jordanian capita share of Syrian orange decreased by 4.4%. The most important indicators of foreign trade of Syrian orange for the most important countries showed Russia in the first position in terms of the market share, which is about 96.1% of the total Syrian exports. It is clear that for political reasons between Syria and Russia. Then, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait came second with 1.7% of Syrian exports.

This study was conducted to examine explant density and source on production of in vitro potato microtubers, as well as survey of different newly-introduced potato cultivars for their microtuberization capacity at the Plant Tissue Culture Facility of the Department of Horticulture, Suez Canal University between 2014 until 2016. Results indicated that as culture density from single node explants increased, microtuber number and yield/petri dish were also increased. However, at the lowest density (10 explants/petri dish), the % tuberization and the average microtuber weight increased significantly over the higher densities (20, 25 and 30 explants/petri dish). Potato microtuber production from plantlets grown in vitroon microtuberization induction medium (liquid over solid media) was also studied using 5, 10 and 15 plantlets per jar.Results showed that microtuber number and yield/jar increased gradually with increasing plantlet density. However, on per plantlet basis, microtuber number increased at the lowest density. Microtuber yield/jar increased significantly at the highest density (1099 mg/jar) compared to 563.6 mg/jar at the lowest density. Average microtuber weight was also affected by culture density and genotype. At the lowest density, microtubers were significantly heavier than at the high density, and the cv. 'Safrane' recorded the highest weight per microtuber. Regarding the effect of explant source on microtuber production, results indicated that the use of single node explants derived from the top of the plantlet produced more microtubers than those taken from the basal part, or 3 node segments. Explant source also affected microtuber yield/dish. Single nodes from the top produced the highest yield compared to 3-nodes segment from the top (205 vs. 104.8 mg). The highest mean microtuber fresh weight was obtained from the culture of 3-node layered segment from the plantlet base, while single nodes from the top recorded lower microtuber fresh weight. The highest microtuber fresh weight was recorded in cv 'Universa' (114.3 mg) using single nodes from the plantlet base. Differences among the tested potato cultivars in microtuber production were detected.

The current study aims to: 1) identify role's perceptions, expectations and behavior within the family from gender perspective in the study area, 2) identify the differences of perceived, expected practice roles of men and women in rural family, 3) identify the interrelationships between role of gender in rural family and 4) identify factors influencing role perceptions, expectations and behaviors from a gender perspective in rural families. Data were collected from a sample of 110 families in the village of Palestine in the El-Kharga district in The New Valley Governorate using a questionnaire form prepared to achieve the objectives of the study. Data were collected during October and November 2016. The frequencies, percentages, mean, Pearson's simple correlation coefficient, and (T) test in the presentation and analysis of results. Findings revealed that the relative weight of men's 'perceptions of their role in the household reached 77.88% while the relative weight of women's perceptions of their roles reached 73.03%. 96.36% and 69.09% for role expectations while 71.15% and 68.79% for role behavior of men and women in rural family. The results also indicate significant differences between men and women with regard to perceptions, expectations and behaviors of the social role within the rural family. The results also indicate that there are 11 significant correlations between the levels of the role according to the gender in the rural family. Regarding the factors affecting role perceptions, expectations and behaviors within the family, the results indicate a significant correlation between the type of family as an independent variable with the role perceptions and behaviors of women, the number of family members and the expected role of women, the number of female and role expectations of women in the family. Regarding the social role of men, the results indicate the significance of the correlation between the wives' work status and participation in family expenditure as independent variables with the role perceptions and behavior of the of men within the family.

Two experiments were carried out at the Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate (CLAC), Agricultural Research Center and the Experimental Research Station attached to the Faculty of Agriculture, Ain shams Univ., Shalakan, Qalyubyia Governorate. The experiments were conducted for two summer seasons in 2015 and 2016 under unheated multi span plastic house and under open field conditions. Both experiments aimed at investigating the effect of certain weather conditions on the impact of three insecticides used for the control of the cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) nymphs on four cucumber cultivars. The aims of the plastic house experiment and open field experiment were to investigate the impact of certain climatic conditions (Temperature (Co), Relative humidity (%) on different insecticides efficiencies used for whitefly control compared to untreated  check (without any insecticide application). Lex (Dinotefuran) insecticide was the more effect on the nymphs of B.tabaci inside the plastic house or in the open field followed by Oshin (Thiamethoxam) insecticide. However Bernastar was the lowest efficiency. Concerning effect of climatic conditions, air temperature and relative humidity affected the performance of the three tested insecticides especially during the days with temperature over 35°C.

Phytoextraction of heavy metal from contaminated soils is promising remediation technology.  In the present study, hyper-accumulator plants, indian mustard (Brassica juncea.( L) czern) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) have been used to remove the excess undesirable concentrations of zinc and copper from contaminated soil. Zinc and copper uptake have been enhanced by adding EDTA to the contaminated soil using two concentrations (2.5 and 7.5 mmol/Kg soil). Accumulation of Zn by the indian mustard shoots and roots under the effect of EDTA recorded 4 to 6 times as adsorbed by the control while less enhancement of Zn uptake was recorded by the ryegrass shoots and roots. On the other hand, Cu accumulation showed significant enhancing by the ryegrass shoot comparing to the indian mustard shoot at the both employed EDTA concentrations. The ryegrass roots gave enhanced Cu uptake at the EDTA conc. 7.5 mmol/Kg soil only while the indian mustard roots recorded an increasing in the Cu-uptake with the two EDTA concentrations

The effect of breederʼs strain (Hy-line Brown and Hy-line White W36) flock aged (28, 36, 46, 55, 66 weeks of age) and breeding season on some physiological measurements in egg, demand organs, dead supply organs and lymphoid organs were examined. At each age, 10 unhatched eggs from each genotype were examined on embryo weight percentage, Chorioallotoic  weight %, albumen pH %, yolk pH %, residual yolk %, pectoral  muscles weight %, hatch muscles weight %, heart, liver, lunges, spleen, burse weight percentage. There was a significant difference between layer breeder genotypes for lunges weight percentage the brown was higher (0.84) than the white (0.62). The breeding season had a significant effect on heart, liver, lunges weight percentages in winter higher than summer but yolk pH and residual yolk the summer higher than the winter. Breeder's age significant effect on embryo weight percentage, Chorioallotoic weight %, albumen pH %, yolk pH%, residual yolk %, hatch muscles weight % heart, liver, lunges and burse weight percentage.  It could be observed that the genetic differences among layer breeder strain and age of breeders can affect the hatchery performance. Additionally, handling of hatching eggs and incubation management can play a major role to overcome numerous hatching problems. In turn, increasing the production of table eggs and achieves the balance between supply and demand of that strategic commodity in Egyptian market.

Sugar crops are considered to be the most important strategic food commodities, which attract the attention of decision-makers and producers who are concerned with the availability of supply in the markets, the deficit and the food gap. Sugar production depends on two crops in Egypt: sugarcane and sugar beet. A sugar gap due to the inability of the supply of domestic sugar to meet the demand for increased consumer needs, resulting in higher prices. The study aims to study the current situation of the production and consumption of sugar crops in Egypt and to estimate the food gap of sugar. Also, study the most important factors affecting the production and consumption of sugar crops in Egypt and the self-sufficiency rate. Of sugar The research was based on descriptive and quantitative analysis of the economic variables, the subject of the research to measure those variables and the research reached the following results.  The cultivated area of sugar cane and sugar beet has taken an increasing general trend, which is estimated to be about 0.6, 37.7 thousand feddans annually, respectively, representing about 0.19%, 11.3% of the average during the period (2005- 2015) 324.3, 334.6 thousand acres, respectively. The total production of cane sugar has taken a general trend is decreasing, and did not confirm the statistical model, that is, there is relative stability length of study. The production of sugar beet crop has taken an increasing trend, which is estimated at about 810.8 thousand tons annually, representing about 11.6% of the annual average and estimated at 7002 thousand tons. The total amount of sugar produced from both sugar cane and sugar  beets has taken an increasing general trend, and did not confirm the statistical significance, that is, there is relative stability throughout the study period. The food gap of sugar amounted to about 50.35 thousand tons, representing about 1.71% of the average national consumption of sugar, which amounted to 2937 thousand tons during the same period. Self-sufficiency rate of sugar amounted to about 63%, has taken a general trend decreases, and did not confirm the statistical significance, there is relative stability length of the study period. The study of the most important factors affecting the production of cane and sugar beet separately showed the existence of a positive relationship between the total production of each crop separately and the area and productivity of each crop separately, respectively. Study the factors affecting the consumption of sugar during the period of research shows the existence of a positive relationship between national consumption of sugar and the income of the consumer per pound / per year, local production of sugar per thousand tons, and the monetary value to support sugar per million pounds, and the opposite of the amount of national consumption of sugar and the retail price of sugar per kilogram per kilogram and the average global price in dollars / ton.