Egypt’s demand for electricity is growing rapidly and the need to develop alternative power resources is becoming ever more urgent. It is estimated that demand is increasing at a rate of 1,500 to 2,000 MW a year as a result of rapid urbanization and economic growth. Egypt is now struggling to meet its own energy needs. Egypt has been suffering severe power shortages and rolling blackouts over the past years, necessitating the requirement to look to alternative energy options. Energy demand is increasing fastly so as to meet the requirements of growing population in the world. This study aimed to compare between traditional energy and solar generators in terms of energy consumption and cost effectiveness. Pumping systems were used to operate units of drip irrigation for the crop which was planted, so as to determine the best and least expensive energy consumption under this system. The required hydraulic experiment and measurements were performed on a private farm at Beni Salama, Giza which lies at latitude 30.32°N, 30.80°E during 2016 and 2017. Measurements were done at two days randomly selected in the months of December and March. This study evaluated the average monthly measurements for December 2016 and March 2017 where onions were grown. Maximum and minimum for Pv system DC power output were 6398 and 5755 W, the maximum and minimum for AC current were 5814 and 5548 W, respectively. Maximum and minimum for hydraulic power were 5911 and 3553 W, respectively. Efficiency of both photovoltaic, inverter, pump and overall system were also calculated for these days. Maximum and minimum for module efficiency were 14% and 13.2%, respectively, and maximum and minimum for inverter efficiency were 95%, 89%, respectively. Maximum and minimum for pump efficiency were 64%, 54%, respectively. While for overall efficiency, they were 8% and 3%, respectively. The results showed that solar pumping system is a reliable system

The present investigation was carried out to study the effect of seed treatments of lupine plants (cv.Giza 2) with chemical inducers Bion (5mM) , salicylic acid (5mM) and saccharin (3mM) as well as as well as Paenibacillus polymyxa and Trichoderma harzianum as biotic inducers on the infection with Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lupine under greenhouse and field conditions. Under greenhouse condition (Agricultural Research Centre, Giza) all treatments significantly reduced the percentages of pre- and post-emergence damping-off compared with the untreated control, the highest percentage of survived plants was achieved 92% by Bion and T. harzianum as well as fungicide Rizolex-T followed by salicylic acid and P. polymyxa as 88%. On the other hand, all treatments decrease significantly the incidence and severity of wilt, also increased the percentage of survived plants compared with untreated control. Under field conditions at Giza and Ismailia Agricultural Research Stations (Giza and Ismailia governorates) during winter season 2016-2017, all the treatments decreased the percentage of pre- and post-emergence damping-off as well as the percentage of wilted plants and increased the percentage of survived plants compared with untreated control in two locations. At Giza research station, the highest percentages of survived plants were recorded with Rizolex-T followed by Bion, P. polymyxa, and salicylic acid. While at Ismailia, the highest percentage of survived plants were recorded with Rizolex-T followed by Bion, P. polymyxa, T. harzianum, and salicylic acid. Meantime, these treatments improved growth parameters i.e. plant height, number of pods/plant, the weight of seeds /plant and the weight of one hundred seed. The higher increase in seed yield (ton /feddan) was obtained with Rizolex-T and Bion treatments followed by Salicylic acid, P. polymyxa, and T. harzianum at two locations. Activities of peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymes and phenol content were determined. Bion treatment showed the highest increase in PO and PPO activity, and total phenols followed by salicylic acid and P. polymyxa treatments in the presence of R. solani or F. oxysporum. f. sp. lupine.

Projects of various sizes and types contribute to the success of the economic development plans in general. Agricultural industrial projects are the basis for agricultural development in the economies of many countries, so this research aims to identify the economic feasibility of one of the productive activities in the New Valley governorate, On the efficiency of the work in the manufacturing units and the possibility of expansion in the future establishment in addition to identify the implications of the establishment of those units. The problem of research is that the packaging industry is very important because of its ability to absorb a large proportion of the labor force by creating many direct and indirect employment opportunities, from agriculture to storage of agricultural and industrial products that are produced to distribution to complementary industries such as Packaging The focus was on date factories as the main product of the New Valley Governorate. However, the expansion of these units has led to an imbalance between the production capacities and the availability of commodity inputs on the one hand, and the extent to which the revenues and investment profits of that unit.  The research aims to identify the current status of agricultural processing in the New Valley Governorate by identifying the number of factories, their relative importance and the activities of agroindustries, focusing on the most important activities of agro-industries and the importance of agricultural processing, especially in the field of date   industry. In addition to trying to identify the most important problems and obstacles that hinder the development of the industry of processing and preserving dates in the New Valley Governorate for the development of this sector by evaluating the factories that rely on agricultural products as raw material. The questionnaire was prepared and completed by (16) establishments working in the field of packing dates, semi-automatic, The research data were collected in 2019 through a personal interview with the factory managers, The questionnaire included data on production values, raw materials, wages, commodity and service inputs, number of workers, … etc., These data were analyzed using financial and economic criteria. As it achieves an annual trading profit ranging between ( 9.6–092.61) million pounds, which represents a commercial profitability ratio ranging from (1.50 - 2.59) pounds, which is a high percentage reflecting the profitability of this productive activity, while the income of the investor invested between (0.50 - 1.59) pounds Which indicates the efficiency of this industry economically, while the value of the break-even point ranged from (6.77-104.94) million pounds, while the percentage of the margin safety of production ranged between (32.18 - 61.16)%showed the ability of these manufacturing units to cope with the potential risk conditions of lower production. Or lower product price.

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) is one of the oldest trees cultivated by human; Egypt has been ranked as the first country in the production of dates, soft, semi dry and dry date cultivars are cultivated in wide area of Egypt. Therefore, this work was carried out to determine the Glycemic Index (GI) and Glycemic Load (GL) of five Egyptian varieties of date fruit in healthy subjects. Chemical composition analysis was carried out for five types of date fruit (Partamoda, Malakabi, Saadi, Zaghluol and Samani); also, antioxidant power was determined. The study subjects were ten healthy volunteers, each subject was tested on six separate visits with 50 g of glucose and 50 g equivalent of available carbohydrates from the five date varieties. Capillary glucose was measured in the healthy subjects at 0, 30, 60 and 120 min. The GI was determined as ratios of the incremental areas under the response curves for the dates compared to glucose. Collecting data showed that Egyptian varieties of date fruit contain a good nutrients and antioxidant power. Among the five Egyptian varieties of date fruit, the chemical characteristics by moisture content in fruits was the highest in Samani date fruit and lowest in Partamoda dates; also, the five Egyptian varieties of date fruit contain available carbohydrate (7.4% - 69.2%), proteins (1.85 % - 7.0 %), total dietary fiber, TDF (11.82% - 15.63%) and Energy value (76.2 - 297.9 Kcal/100g). The antioxidant activity ranged between 52.61 and 79.12% as scavenging activity for free radicals; also, dates rich in phenols. The medium GI was recorded by Malakabi followed by Saadi and Partamoda which had high GL; while, the lowest GI was recorded for soft date fruit (Zaghluol and Samani) which had medium GL. These findings point to the potential benefits of Egyptian date fruit for healthy subjects when used in a stable healthy diet.

During summer seasons of 2015 and 2017, a field experiment was conducted at the Research and Experimental Station (30°19′ N, 31°16′ E), Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University at Shalakan, Kalubia Governorate, Egypt, to investi-gate the effects of combinations between hydroxyl apatite nanoparticles (0, 3, and 6 kg/fad) and cal-cium carbonate nanoparticles (0, 500g/fad) as nano-fertilizers under irrigaton intervals, (irrigation every 2 or 3 weeks whereas irrigation every 2 weeks as a recommended practice) on growth of soybean plants. Irrigation intervals had statistically significant effect on plant height (cm), number of branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, leaf area index, number of pods per plant, number of root nodules per plant, root dry weight per plant, stem dry weight per plant, leaves dry weight per plant and pods dry weight per plant. These results were fairly true in the two studied seasons 2015, 2017 and combined result. plant height, numbers of branches per plant, numbers of leaves per plant, leaf area index, number of nodules per plant and number of pods per plant of soybean plants which treated with 500 g/fed surpassed untreated plants in the two studied seasons 2015, 2017 and com-bined. Soybean plants treated with 6 kg hydroxyl apatite nanoparticles per feddan out-numbered other plants in its numbers of leaves per plant, leaf area index, number of root nodules per plant and number of pods per plant in the two growing sea-sons 2015, 2017 and combined data. Results showed that normal irrigation x 500g/fed calcium carbonate nanoparticles x 6kg/fed hydroxyl apatite nanoparticles was the effective combination for producing the highest values of plant height (cm), number of branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, leaf area index, number of pods per plant, number of root nodules per plant, root dry weight per plant (g), stem dry weight per plant (g), leaves dry weight per plant (g) and pods dry weight per plant (g). There weren’t significant results be-tween plants treated with nano-mineral fertilizers under irrigation every 3 week and plants untreated but irrigated every 2 week in all growth traits, which reflect appositive result of this chemical substance in mitigation harmful effect of water shortage in season 2015, 2017 and combined data.

This study was conducted to demonstrate the effect of feeding on defatted soy bean and flaxseed flour as protein and phytoestrogen sources; broccoli and red cabbage as antioxidant sources; in addition to skimmed milk powder as a calcium source in prevention of bone loss and cell damage that usually accompanies aging process. Raw materials were subjected to proximate analysis and biologically evaluation on ninety six 4 month aged female albino rats. Eight rats were regarded as an initial group. Other eight rats were hold as a normal negative control group and fed on a basal diet. The remaining rats were ovariectomized and fed on low calcium diet for 8 weeks to produce osteoporosis model. Osteoporotic rats were divided into 9 groups (each of 8 rats) fed on standard diet supplemented with: I) soy bean flour, II) soy bean flour and broccoli, III) soy bean flour and red cabbage, IV) soy bean flour and mixture of broccoli and red cabbage, V) defatted flaxseed, VI) defatted flaxseed and broccoli, VII) defatted flaxseed and red cabbage, VIII) defeated flaxseed and mixture of broccoli and red cabbage. Skimmed milk powder and vitamin D were added to the diet of each tested group. One group was kept as a positive control and fed on a standard diet. The results showed a decreases in body weight, changes in relative weight of kidney and liver organs, physical properties of bone, also decreases in serum and bone minerals including; calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in osteoporotic model .A decreasing in estradiol and increasing in parathyroid hormone as a bone marker were also found. Results observed in tested groups showed that the highest recovery for the parameters were found in group IV which fed on standard diet supplemented with soy bean flour and mixture of broccoli and red cabbage followed by group VIII which fed on standard diet supplemented with defatted flaxseed and a mixture of broccoli and red cabbage. Therefore, it could be concluded that the aforementioned mixtures may be a promising sources to produce a functional food for prevention of bone loss and cell damage.

Due to deleterious impacts of broomrapes against the host plants, its combating is ‎essential for sustaining crop productivity. Thus, two–year field trail was conducted at ‎El Nubaria experimental farm, National Research Centre, Egypt, on two faba bean ‎genotypes (Misr–3 and Sakha–1) to investigate the importance of butyl–iso–butyl ‎phthalate as an activator for broomrape germination in comparison to glyphosate and ‎unweeded. Findings revealed that glyphosate in 2015/16 and 2016/17 seasons in ‎addition to butyl–iso–butyl phthalate in 2016/17 season caused significant reductions ‎in broomrape biomass and numbers of broomrape–infected faba bean plants plot−1 ‎compared to the unweeded. Plots of Misr–3 genotype treated with butyl–iso–butyl ‎phthalate in both season as well as plots of Misr–3 or Sakha–1 sprayed by glyphosate ‎in the first season achieved the maximum seed yield of faba bean. Since butyl–iso–‎butyl phthalate exhibits suicidal germination of broomrape seeds, it can be exploited ‎as an effective and helpful tool in integrated management programs of broomrape in ‎faba bean fields. ‎ Due to deleterious impacts of broomrapes against the host plants, its combating is ‎essential for sustaining crop productivity. Thus, two–year field trail was conducted on ‎two faba bean genotypes (Misr–3 and Sakha–1) to investigate the importance of ‎butyl–iso–butyl phthalate as an activator for broomrape germination in comparison to ‎glyphosate and unweeded. The trail design was a strip–plot in completely randomized ‎block design in six replications. Genotypes occupied the vertical main plots as well as ‎broomrape control treatments distributed in horizontal ones. Results showed that ‎broomrape biomass and numbers of broomrape–infected faba bean plants plot−1 ‎markedly responded to weed control and genotype and their interaction in both ‎seasons, except numbers of broomrape–infected plants of faba bean genotypes plot−1 ‎in 2016/17 season. Also, findings revealed that glyphosate in 2015/16 and 2016/17 ‎seasons in addition to butyl–iso–butyl phthalate in 2016/17 season caused significant ‎reductions in broomrape biomass and numbers of broomrape–infected faba bean ‎plants plot−1 compared to the unweeded. In plots of Misr–3 or Sakha–1, glyphosate ‎was the potent practice for reducing broomrape biomass and numbers of broomrape–‎infected faba bean plants plot−1 in 2015/16 and 2016/17 seasons, with no significant ‎differences with butyl–iso–butyl phthalate application in 2016/17 season. There were ‎no noticeable variations between weeded practices and genotypes and their interaction ‎on total dry weight of faba bean plants estimated at 105 DAS, in both seasons, except ‎glyphosate x Misr–3 interaction in the first season only. Plots of Misr–3 genotype ‎treated by butyl–iso–butyl phthalate in both season as well as plots of Misr–3 or ‎Sakha–1 sprayed by glyphosate in the first season achieved the maximum seed yield ‎of faba bean. Since butyl–iso–butyl phthalate causing suicidal germination of ‎broomrapes seeds, it can be exploited as an effective and helpful tool in broomrape ‎management programs in faba bean fields. Genotype; Orobanche spp; Parasitic ‎weeds; Suicidal germination; Vicia faba ‎

Twenty-one new promising lines in addition to four standard cultivars of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were evaluated under eight environmental conditions (four sowing dates in two seasons of 2015/2016 and 2016/2017). A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates was used for each sowing date at Barrage Horticulture Research Station (BHRS), Qalubia Governorate, Horticulture Research Institute (HRI), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Egypt. Data were recorded for some traits i.e., number of days to flowering, pod length, pod diameter, fiber content, total green yield and rust disease severity. The results showed that the linear response of environments was highly significant for all studied characters, indicating the differences between environmental conditions and their considerable influence on these traits. Mean squares of genotypes (G) were highly significant for all studied traits, suggesting the presence of wide range of differences between studied genotypes concerning all investigated traits. Mean squares of the other main sources of variation, i.e., years (Y) and sowing dates (D) were also highly significant for all traits except year for total green yield/feddan trait. The mean square due to environment + (Genotypes × Environment) was significant for all studied traits, indicating that there was a considerable interaction of genotypes with environmental condition in different eight environments. Significance of Genotypes × Environment (linear), reveals that genotypes differed in their considerably across different environments. The linear response of environments was highly significant for total green yield trait, indicating that genotypes differed in their regression on the environmental index. The results of stability analysis conclude that the six new lines G1, G2, G3, G7, G10 and G18, were the most stable genotypes, which gave the maximum total green yield overall the eight studied environments and were adapted to environments for total green yield. It is evident that these genotypes could be used as stress tolerant genotypes under stressed environments.

Noodles were prepared by incorporation varying blends (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80%) of rice flour in replacement of wheat flour. Noodle samples were evaluated for their proximate composition, scavenging activity, sensory properties and cooking quality characteristics. The proximate composition of uncooked noodles varied significantly, with increasing rice flour level that replaced wheat flour , a gradual decreases in moisture , ash , crude fiber and protein contents in noodle pastes were occurred , their values ranged between 4.02-5.33% ; 1.11-5.22% , 0.65-0.82% and 8.51-12.81% ,respectively. However, an increases in fats, total carbohydrates and energy value were take place ranging between 4.62-8.91 % , 71.11-76.74% and 377.64 - 421.43 kcal/100g, respectively .The antioxidant activity ranged between 22.2% for wheat based noodle (100% wheat flour) to 36.8% for sample containing 80% rice flour as scavenging activity for free radicals. The overall acceptability of wheat-based noodles (WF: RF 100:00) were rated superior for their sensory preferable characteristics. Among the blended flour noodles, the noodles incorporated with up to 40% rice flour received the same acceptability as wheat-based noodle. The cooking quality characteristics differed significantly among the noodle samples; the cooking time ranged from 6.5 to 10.3 min, it was more in wheat-based noodles than noodles from rice flour. Cooking loss; water absorption percent; cooked weight and swelling index values ranged from 0.1 to 0.6%, 137.1 to 231.6%, 23.74 to 33.24 g/g and 3.20 to 5.38 %, respectively; which revealed that a significant hindered was occurred in the functional paste properties and cooking quality parameters with increasing the level rice flour in noodles. The study indicated that, noodles prepared from mixtures of wheat and rice flour showed that the best acceptable sensory attributes and cooking quality characteristics were observed at blending ratio 40 : 60% rice flour : wheat flour . These findings enhance the utilization of non- conventional flours like rice flour for the development of value added noodles with reduced gluten content and boost nutritional value.

A total of 12, 36-week-old of Muscovy drakes were divided randomly into three equal groups (4 individuals each) and subjected to supplementation of VE-Se in combine form in drinking water. The first group was served as control group (C), while the second and third groups (T1 and T2) were supplemented with 1.0g/l and 1.5g/l of VE-Se in drinking water, respectively. The study was performed at poultry research station which belongs to department of poultry production, faculty of agricultural, Ain Shams University and lasted 30-dayes period during summer season. Semen quality traits in terms of ejaculate volume (ml), spermatozoa concentration (×109), sperm motility (%), dead and live (%), PH value and abnormal sperms (%) were determined. Sperm reserves in ducts, seminiferous tubules diameter (STD) and relative spermatogenic activity were also studied. The obtained results indicated that addition of vitamin E-Se improved ejaculate volume, sperm concentration and motility score, while reduced the percentage of abnormalities and dead sperms. Results showed that semen ejaculate volume was significantly increased (P<0.05) with increasing the level of VE-Se supplementation in drinking water. Spermatozoa concentration, progressive motility (%), and packed sperm volume were increased significantly with VE-Se treatment. The percentages of dead and abnormal spermatozoa were significantly decreased (P<0.01) in VE-Se treated compared with the control drakes. Concerning with the effect of two levels (T1 and T2) of VE-Se supplementation in drinking water of Muscovy drakes on the morphometric traits of testis, the obtained results showed that highly significant effects of antioxidant (VE-Se) supplementation on the morphometric of seminiferous tubules (p < 0.05) and the higher values of sperm reserves and spermatogenic activity percentage in both T1 (4.4/ml×109 and 82.8%) and T2 (4.5/ml×109 and 83.0%) compared with control group (3.2/ml×109 and 61.3%). We conclude that VE-Se supplementation could lead to greater economic benefits through increased reproductive efficiency within the ducks production industry.