Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) seeds cv. Misr 1  were treated with Bion (5 mM), salicylic acid (5 mM) as chemical inducers as well as Paenibacillus polymyxa and Trichoderma harzianum as biotic inducers to study their effect on the infection with Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani f. sp. fabae under greenhouse and field conditions.           Under greenhouse conditions (Agricultural Research Centre, Giza) all treatments induced reduction in the percentages of pre- and post-emergence damping off caused by R. solani or F. solani f. sp. fabae compared to untreated control. The highest percentage of survived plants was achieved from the inducer Bion (92 % and 88%) compared with untreated control (40% and 36%) in the presence of R. solani or F. solani f. sp. fabae respectively. Meantime, there was no significant difference between the Bion and the fungicide Rizolex –T (3 g/Kg seeds) treatments. However, all treatments caused significant increase in the figures of plant height, shoot and root dry weight, nodules number/plant and nodules dry weight over the control treatment grown in infested soil by R. solani or by F. solani f. sp.  fabae. The highest values of all growth parameters under study were recorded on faba bean plants check (healthy plants) grown in disinfested soil followed by Bion and Rizolex –T treatments in the presence of R. solani or F. solani f. sp.  fabae. There was no significant difference between Bion and Rizolex-T treatments with exception of nodules number and nodules dry weight /plant in the presence of R. solani. On the contrary, there was significant difference between Bion and Rizolex-T treatments with exception of plant height in the presence of F. solani f. sp.  fabae.           Under field conditions at Giza (Giza Governorate) and Etay El-Baroud (El- Behira Governorate) Agricultural Research Stations during winter season 2013-2014, all the treatments significantly decreased the percentage of pre- and post-emergence damping-off and increased the percentage of survived plants compared with untreated control in two locations with exception of post-emergence percentage figures at Giza Agricultural Research Station. Regarding survived plants, there were no significant differences between the Bion (89.5% and 86.5%) as well as Rizolex-T (90.9% and 88.8%) treatments compared with untreated control (68.3% and 64.3%) at Giza and Etay El-Baroud Agricultural Research Stations respectively. However, all inducer treatments significantly improved growth parameters (i.e. plant height, number of pods/plant, seed weight /plant and one hundred seed weight) as well as yield compared to the untreated control in the two locations. Higher increase in seed yield (ton /feddan) was obtained with Rizolex-T and Bion treatments (62.2% and 57.9%) respectively, followed by salicylic acid and P. polymyxa with (39.4% and 28.4 %) respectively, increasing over the untreated control calculated as means of the two locations.         Activities of peroxidase (PO), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymes and phenol content were determined in faba bean plants treated with different inducers. Bion treatment showed the highest increase in PO and PPO activity, total and free phenols followed by salicylic acid treatment in the presence of R. solani or F. solani f. sp.  fabae.

The sorption isotherm and kinetic of Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+ , and Cd2+ ions onto sewage irrigated soil (El-Gebal El Aasfar-Qalubia) was examined as a function of the retention time and initial ion concentration using batch equilibrium sorption experiments. Results show that the Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd metal ions onto the soil is relatively rapid and sorption reaches equilibrium at about 240 minutes. Kinetics of the sorption process on the soil is well characterized by the pseudo-second order reaction rate. Langmuir, Freundlich and D–R isotherm models are fitted for the sorption of Cu2+, Pb2, Zn2+, and Cd2+ ions onto the soil. The constants of all models were calculated for each metal ion and compared. It indicated clear differences between the sorption characteristics of Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+ ions on the sewage irrigated soil.

The research aimd to identify changes of food expenditure patterns among Saudis and resident foreigners in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, by estimating expenditure functions for both the Saudis and resident foreigners, and estimate expenditure elasticity and marginal propensity to expend for household of major food groups. The study relied on cross-sectional data from the family budget survey conducted in Kingdom. Quantitative analysis and statistical tests were utilized. Means and indexes number, simple regression in linear and double logarithmic form for estimating expenditure food functions, in addition to the test of  homogeneity of regression using chow test. The results of the study  showed that the average monthly expenditure for Saudi household on miscellaneous goods and personal services as agroup, housing, water, electricity, fuel as asecond groups, food and drinks as athird groups, respectively 21.2 % , 20.7 % , 16.9 % of total expenditure. this classification differed for resident foreigners were the top three ranked expenditure groups were the housing, water, electricity, gas and fuel as one group, food and drinks as asecond groups, the miscellaneous goods and personal services as athird groups, respectively 21.8 %, 20.1% , 14.7% of total expenditure . The results of the study also showed that the Saudis are more flexible than resident foreigners in expenditure on food and drinks in general, where the consumption expenditure elasticity on food and drinks for Saudis was equal to 0.70, which was bigger than that for foreigners 0.61, yet the situation varied between commodities. The first group included the food commodities with consumption expenditure functions that were homogenous for Saudis and foreigners. These commodities were Fish and seafood, milk and milk products, eggs, sugar, jam, honey, food products are not classified, and coffee, tea and cocoa. Expenditure elasticity has been estimated was equal 0.85, 0.77, 0.78, 0.95, and 0.89, respectively. As for the food groups that expenditure pattern differs between Saudis and foreigners, this group included the food commodities with consumption bread and cereals, meat and poultry, adible oils and fats, pulses, fruits, vegetables, mineral water , soft drinks and juices, for Saudis was 0.50, 0.65, 0.62, 0.77, 0.78, 0.90, respectively. While for foreigners amounted to 0.29, 0.35, 0.51, 0.64, 0.56, 0.70, respectively, all of which are less than one, which indicates that demand for these food groups, is inelastic demand i.e. necessary good.

This research study was carried out in the open field during the two successive seasons of 2012/2013 and 2013/2014. The aim of this investigation was to study the response of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) to different application methods and concentrations of seaweed extracts applied as a commercial compound. Seven treatments were initiated, i.e. three concentrations of seaweed extracts (500, 1000, 1500) were used either as foliar spray or as soil drench in addition to the control treatment (tap water). Results indicated that foliar spray with 1500 ppm of seaweed extract increased significantly plant height, number of flowers per plant and vase life in the two tested seasons. However, foliar spray with the lowest concentration of seaweed extract (500 ppm) resulted in significant increments in flower stalk length, flower diameter and carbohydrates content. Moreover, the same concentration showed significant increases in total carotenoids, nitrogen, and phosphorus percentage when used as soil drench in the two tested seasons.

nacks was made from yellow corn and its blends had contained corn, barley, chickpea, cumin, black cumin, black pepper and lettuce seeds at different levels considerable as lettuce seeds of ingredient and products were defined as physical, chemical and sensory evaluation. The results showed that the chickpea had contained the highest in protein and total lipids 40.60 and 15.50%. The black pepper, chickpea and cumin seeds had contained higher in crude fiber (14.20, 10.71 and 10.50%, respectively). The snacks with lettuce seeds showed that the protein was the highest in group (2) it was 15.04, 16.44 and 17.82 %. Total lipids, crude fiber and ash content were decreased gradually in the snacks from group (1) 4.02, 4.87 and 5.72% and the highest in total lipids in group (2) which contained 4.23, 5.08 and 5.93%, respectively. Hunter color values of snacks control and its different blends from lettuce seeds the group (6) prepared with 60% corn grits and 15, 10 and 5% barley and also 6% lettuce seeds showed that higher in lightness and yellowness till 15% chickpea and nearly control snacks. The highest (WAI) and (WSI) were in groups (1 and 2) respectively made from 40% corn grits and 40, 35, 30 and 25% barley. The sensory properties showed that the extrusion blend (18) made from 20% chickpea and 5% barley the highest acceptability (95%) and nearly control (96%) followed were by 10 and 15% chickpea plus 15 and 10% barley were gave 93.0 and 88.0% during overall acceptability.

An experiment was carried out to study the effect of some agricultural and chemical treatments on two serious insects i.e. leaf miner, Tuta asoluta (Meyrick), and the cotton whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) that infest tomato plants, as well as the influence on the growth, fruit yield and its quality  were evaluated. The trail was carried out in a sandy soil at Amoun Agricultural Association, Eltal El Kabier, Ismailia Governorate, Egypt during two autumn seasons of 2013 and 2014. The experiment included 7 treatments as follows: covering tomato plants with agryl, white and green net as a row covering tunnels, dusting with Sulfur (repellent the insect) as the safety material for human and environmental comparing chemical pesticides i.e. Actara using it as foliar spraying or soil drench and untreated control. The results showed that the all treatments induced significant positive impact for all infest status which reduced the incidence of the two serious insects’ i.e. T. asoluta and B. tabaci on tomato plants than the control treatment during the first and second seasons. Data also showed that the all treatments were infested by tomato leaf miner (eggs and larvae stage) with low numbers of eggs under the tested conditions during the two seasons except of covering with Agryl, white net and green net which were free from any tomato leaf miner. In addition, soil treatment (soil drench) application was the most potent treatment in protecting tomato plants from the whitefly immature stages, but the lowest percentage of plants exhibiting virus symptoms (TYLCV) recorded  by covering with white net treatment compared with untreated (control) during the two tested seasons. Concerning the effect of using some agricultural and the chemical treatments on horticultural characters of tomato plant, the obtained results indicated positive effect on the all studied parameter of tomato i.e. vegetative growth characters, physical and chemical fruit characters, flowering characteristics and yield components during the two seasons. The data showed that the rows covering with white net was the best potent treatment safety treatment for human healthy followed by foliar spraying with Actara 25% WG (Thiamethoxam) 20g./100 of water as chemical treatment on yield, which recorded  (41.7 and 43.2), (30.32 and 32.13) tons per feddan during the first and second seasons respectively compared with other treatments. Moreover the covering with white net also recoded the first ranking in economic study which recoded the best value (34200 and 35700) Egyptian pound on total income without addition the cost of agriculture practices during the first and second seasons respectively. For that it can recommend by covering tomato plants with white net followed by covering with agryl especially at heavy infection seasons with the serious insects as T. asoluta and B. tabaci for producing high tomato yield with best quality, in addition safety human health and environment without using pesticide.

World countries are highly involved in securing food for their citizens. With the rising world population, the world has increased the demand on fisheries as one of the protein supplements. The economic importance of fisheries comes from the fact that it is a renewable natural resource that can generate high economic revenues. This paper thus aims to address the main factors that contribute to increasing the fishery production in Egypt. The main findings are as follows: The feed ranked the first in terms of relative importance of total costs in civil farms. It accounted for around 59.9% and 65.23% respectively in the first and second groups. In the second rank came the farm rent constituting around 14.05% and 13.34% of total costs for the first and second group respectively. The findings revealed that average productivity per Acre estimated around 3.711 tons, 4.63 tons/acre for the first and second group respectively. The net investment revenue estimated around L.E. 0.49, 0.79 for the first and second group. The estimated optimum production point that minimizes costs is around 7.09 tons, 5.21 tons for the first and second groups respectively. The revenue/cost ratio estimated around 1.49, 1.79 times for the first and second group respectively. This is a higher-than-one number; thus revealing the feasibility of investing in these projects.   Policy recommendations   In light of the findings and in order to achieve inclusive development in this vital sector in Egypt, the study recommends directing more investments to the sector and constructing more farms in light of their high economic significance. It is important to provide preferential loans with flexible terms for farmers in this sector Enhancing the use of production and manufacturing technology in this sector. Disseminating the problems faced by the sector to universities and research centers to be studies and to find out practical solutions.

Two field experiments were carried out during two summer seasons of 2013 and 2014 years at the Experimental Farm of Kaha Station, Qalubia Governorate to study the effect of using three irrigation intervals (7, 15 or 21 day) and five treatments of water absorbent substrates as adding to soil before transplanting ,i.e. (without substrates (control), SAP at 15 kg/fed., SAP at 20 kg/fed., compost at 5 t/fed. and compost at 10t/fed.) on sweet  pepper plants c.v. Mohanad and the effect of that on growth, yield, physical and chemical characters of sweet  pepper fruits. The results indicated that, the highest values of all vegetative growth parameters, yield and yield components were registered by the treatment of 7 days or 15 day irrigation intervals. Concerning of using water absorbent substrates, it was found that, pepper plants grown in the soil fertilized at 10 t/fed. or treated with super absorbent polymer (SAP) 20 kg/fed., respectively gave the highest values of vegetative growth parameters, yield and yield components.It is obvious that the plants fertilized at 10 t/fed. and irrigated every 7 days gave the highest values of fruit length, fruit diameter, fresh fruit weight and total yield. While, plants treated with SAP at 20 kg/fed. and irrigated every 15 day gave the highest values of fruit diameter and fresh fruit weight, but the differences did not reach to significance level for fruit length and early yield in both growing seasons. On the other hand, compost at 10 t/fed., compost at 5 t/fed. and SAP at 20 kg/fed. with irrigation every 21 day were the best treatments for yield and yield components of pepper plants. Generally, it can recommend by using compost at 5 t/fed., or super absorbent polymer (SAP) at 20 kg/fed. with irrigation every 15 days and this mean that increased the irrigation period without any injury or statistical effect on the fruit crop to obtain high pepper fruit yield  with height quality and height net income to the growers.

This study was conducted through the seasons of 2013 and 2014 to determine the optimum bud loads/ vine for Autumn Royal seedless "grapevines. Three years old uniform vines were uniform chosen and pruned to four levels of bud load, namely (32, 42, 52 and 60 buds/ vine). With fruiting spur at 2, 3 and 4 buds per spur The results showed that the percentage of bursted buds was decreased significantly by increasing bud load /vine in the two seasons of the study. Data also indicated that 42 buds/ vine were more suitable for Autumn Royal seedlessgrapevines to produce good yield and fruit quality. On the other hand, 32 buds/vine or 60 buds/vine were unfavorable science it produced rather clusters. In addition, pruning Autumn Royal seedless "grapevines to 42buds /vine by leaving 21 spur  with 2 eyes/spur or leaving 14 spur with 3 eyes per spur resulted a high yield and good quality, reduced cluster compactness and reduced shoot berries %,  gave the greatest cluster weight, berry firmness, adherence, T.S.S and anthocyanin content. Increasing bud load increased number of cluster/vine and yield but reduced cluster weight. Vines pruned to 32 buds / vine gave the greatest C/N ratio of the canes. Whereas vines pruned to 60 buds / vine showed higher percent of T.A than the other levels of bud load and cane length.

Agricultural foreign trade represents an important place in the total foreign trade for its contribution to the amount of change in the deficit in the trade of agricultural balance plus or minus, and thus change the extent of the deficit in the trade balance, and foreign trade which reflects the production, consumption and investment variables through the evolution of exports and imports. The problem with research in the State to take a lot of policies that help the development of exports and reduce imports of agricultural ones especially, but he agricultural exports did not achieve its objective which reflects the weak economic performance in the trade deficit, and the goals of research identify the evolution of exports and imports of the subject of the study crops, and the study of the economic efficiency of the Egyptian agricultural foreign trade through the relative importance of exports and imports of agricultural goods through the international exchange rate, and estimate the total agricultural foreign trade efficiency, which Based on appreciation to a number of indicators including coverage rate, dependency ratio, the degree of economic participation. According to the results obtained, the average coverage of trade overall rate was about 43.86%, while the counterpart of agricultural trade amounted to about 41.2%, indicating a lack of total agricultural exports to the requirements of the total and agricultural development cover, also results indicate that the average economic dependency of the trade rate total amounted to about 56.92%, while the counterpart of agricultural trade amounted to about 15.3%, which indicates a decline of agricultural dependence on counterpart rate at the national level, and reached the total average degree of economic participation of trade about 40.39%, while the counterpart of agricultural trade amounted to about 43.7% which refers to the coverage of agricultural trade to the proportion of 92.5% of total trade, also indicate a net food balance and the ratio of exports of food imports to the existence of permanent disability in food balance statistics, has been the exchange rate decreased commodity crops study namely rice, wheat, maize, dry beans and potatoes to less than one is true, which means that the exchange rate in an invalid state and this would lower real income and the low level of well-being as a result of lower exports of these crops and this is due to the obstacles facing agricultural exports, and recommended research need to take care of software development and support services for agricultural exports from the structure key export and activating the agreements, and the expansion of agricultural projects that produce for export.