Plants and plant by-products are now gaining attractiveness in treatment of bacterial infections and food preservation. The objective of this study was to assess antibacterial activity of some Egyptian plant and plant by-products against the locally pathogenic isolates from patients having infectious diseases in our country. Screening of antibacterial activity of ethanol, methanol and hexane extracts of some plants: grape leaves (Vitis vinifera), mulberry leaves (Morus alba), mallow leaves (Corchorus olitorius) and lemon leaves (Citrus limon) toward Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella sp., were investigated. Antibacterial activity was performed by the agar disc diffusion method. The ethanol and methanol extract of tested plant leaves showed promising antibacterial activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative tested bacterial isolates due to its great ability to extract those polyphenolic and biological active compounds from natural sources which effectively act against broad spectrum bacteria. Ethanol followed by methanol were found to be the best solvents of choice to extract natural products to get maximum health and medicinal benefits. The results revealed that the extraction efficiency increase with polarity increasing of the solvents, hence the highest extraction done with ethanol and methanol and the lowest extraction with nonpolar solvent n-hexanedid not exhibit any activity against all the tested bacteria. Irradiation at 5 and 10 kGy did not significantly affect the antibacterial activity of all tested plant leaves. Results indicate the potential of these plants for further work on isolation and characterization of the active compounds responsible for antibacterial activity and its exploitation as therapeutic agents

Egypt suffers from future risks due to lack of water especially in the downstream countries, Egypt and Sudan, which depend on the Nile water almost entirely and the upstream countries are moving to raise problems with Egypt and erect dams and pressure on Egypt to achieve the greatest economic benefit possible to prevent Egypt from horizontal agricultural expansion. Egypt is the largest and most dependent country on Nile water, with almost no rainfall. Groundwater is not renewable. Thus, the Nile water accounts for about 97% of Egypt's water resources and the share of the Egyptians is 55.5 billion m3, this quantity of water is insufficient to the needs of the population, and in order to maintain Egypt's per capita water, it needs about 80 billion m3, which means a deficit of 25 billion m3 and stability of Egypt's share of the Nile water under current local, regional and global conditions, and development of the appropriate strategy to alleviate the conflict with the basin countries Nile River so the study aimed to compare production efficiency and the economics of the irrigation systems used in the province of the lake through the study of water user associations in agriculture under the different irrigation patterns within water users association and outside association to rationalize the use of water and raising awareness to increase productivity. The results of the estimation indicated that the economic efficiency indicators of the maize and potato crop farmers in the sample of the field study show the preference of the use of the production function in the logarithmic formula to the different variables affecting the productivity of the crops according to the irrigation systems within the water user associations The results showed that the total production elasticity of maize crop was about 0.720, 0.530, 0.348 for sprinkler & drop, developed irrigation, and padded flooding systems, while the value of (R2) was about 0.76 , 0.60, 0.63  for irrigation systems respectively, The results showed that the total productivity of the potato crop was 1.127, 1.16, 1.318, for sprinkler & drop, developed irrigation, and padded flooding systems respectively, while the value of (R2) was about 0.76, 0.62, 0.70 for irrigation systems respectively. The relationship between the total costs and quantity produced of maize, which showed that the quadratic formula is the best formulas for the data, and the equations show that there is a statistically significant positive relationship between the total costs and production of maize in Behera Governorate. In the estimation of the optimal production volume, which reduces the costs is estimated at about 18.7, 22.1, 23.9 ardab/feddan, for sprinkler & drop, developed irrigation, and padded flooding systems respectively. In the estimation of the production volume which maximizes profit, the results showed that this volume was not reached, 29.1, 36.1, 31.9 ardab/feddan, for sprinkler & drop, developed irrigation, and padded flooding systems respectively. Calculating cost elasticity, it reached about 1.19, 0.804, 0.719, for sprinkler & drop, developed irrigation, and padded flooding systems respectively. In order to determine the optimal production volume of the potato crop, which reduces the costs, so make average cost equal marginal costs, estimated  at 12.539, 11.377, 11.064 tons/fed, for sprinkler & drop, developed irrigation, and padded flooding systems respectively. The size of production of potato that maximizes profit was about 42,500, 33.350, 25.600 tons/fed, for sprinkler & drop, developed irrigation, and padded flooding systems respectively. Calculating the cost elasticity of the potato, it turned out that it was about 0.93, 0.804, 0.719 for sprinkler & drop, developed irrigation, and padded flooding systems respectively. Production efficiency measures are (7), the study of the efficiency of production of maize crop for members of water associations in the sample of the study in Behera Governorate. It was found that the members of the water users association of developed irrigation for in the feddan productivity of maize was exceeded, which was estimated at 23.01 ardab/feddan, while it reached about 19.05, 22.1 ardab/feddan for sprinkler & drop, and flooding systems respectively. Increase the total revenues of the members of water user associations to developed irrigation system for the maize crop, estimated at 8744.7 pounds/feddan while it reached about 7239, 8402.2 pounds/fed for members of the water associations that use sprinkler & drop, and flooding systems respectively.   Increase in return of maize crop for members of water associations users of developed irrigation system, which amounted to about 3529.3 pounds while estimated at about 2204.8, 3270.1 pounds for members of water use associations for sprinkler & drop, and flooding systems respectively. Increase in the profitability of the pound for water use associations of developed irrigation system, which amounted to about 0.677 pounds, the ratio of the total return on the costs of the members of water use associations to flooding irrigation and developed irrigation, estimated at 2.03, 2.07 while estimated at 1.71 sprinkler irrigation, members of water user associations of the developed irrigation system was  exceeded, where the return of cubic meter of water reached about 3.53 pounds, and the productivity of the cubic meter of water for the members of the water user associations showed that the irrigation system of sprinkling and drip was about 5.6 for maize crop. The members of water use associations of for sprinkler & drop irrigation in the potato productivity was exceeded, estimated at 11.250 tons/fed, increase the total income of The members of water use associations of irrigation sprinkling and drip of potato crop, estimated at about 33750 pounds/ fed, shows the increase yield of potato crop members of links irrigation sprinkler system, where reached about 11300 pound. Increase in the profitability of the pound for the members of sprinkler irrigation system, it was about LE 0.5. The members of the water users association of the sprinkler and drip irrigation system, was exceeded, where the return of the use of cubic meters of water was about 18.9 pounds. Showing the return of the use of cubic meters of water for the members of water users association for sprinkling irrigation system, which amounted to about 5.6, The cultivation of maize, and potatoes in the water users' associations was exceeded compared to the different irrigation system in all the centers in the study sample. The second scenario aims beside minimizing the water needs of cropping pattern, increasing export crop areas such as onions, peanuts, potatoes, tomatoes and other vegetables as much as possible, assuming situation stability of foreign trade.  The results of the analysis of the statistical models in the second scenario showed that the total quantity of irrigation water available for the cropping pattern was about 41.483 billion m3, while 38,471, 38.912, 38.803 billion m3 were used for the statistical models respectively, indicating that the required water quantities decreased by 3.013, 2.572, 2.681 billion m3, with a change rate of about 7.26, 6.20, 6.46%, for statistical models, respectively. The net return of the water unit for the actual cropping pattern was about 1.634 LE/m3, while it reached about 1.773, 1.830, 1.833 LE/m3 for the statistical models respectively, which shows the increase in the net return of water unit by 0.139, 0.197, 0.199 LE/m3, with a change rate of about 8.53, 12.04, 12.21%, for statistical models respectively.  Crop rotations can be applied to the new lands using water savings including (wheat and maize), with an area ranging from 2048 to 2399 thousand feddans, and including (wheat and summer and nili vegetables), with an area ranging from 2941 to 3444 thousand acres, also including (maize, winter and nili vegetables), with an area ranging from 3432 to 4021 thousand feddans. With regard to the impact of reducing the area of water crops to water gap which reached about 20.9 billion m3, it decreased by about 2.879, 2.758, 2.800 billion m3, which make water gap decreased to about 18.02, 18.14, 18.10 billion m3, with change rate of about 3.77, 3.61, 3.66%, for statistical models respectively, while the results of the second scenario show decreased of about 3.013, 2.572, 2.681 billion m3, which make water gap decreased to about 17.89, 18.33, 18.22 billion m3, with change rate of about 3.94, 3.37 and 3.51% for statistical models respectively. The research recommends the following points: 1. Reduce the areas of rice, sugar cane and alfalfa to save a quantity of water ranging between 2.572 - 3.013 billion m3 of land within the valley. 2. Using of water savings resulting from reducing the areas of water crops to expand the cultivation of new land with strategic and monetary crops. 3. Sugar beet area can be expanded at least to the extent that it covers the shortage of sugar production caused by reducing the sugar cane area, then taking into account and study the effects resulting from that. 4. Modification of cropping patern structure to be in accordance with the local, regional, environmental situations that may affect current and future water availability.

Food security is the main objective of all countries that seek through their various economic policies to try to achieve their social and economic security and stability. The agricultural sector is one of the leading sectors of the national economy and one of the main pillars of economic development. The agricultural production in Egypt includes three main activities: plamt production Livestock production fish production, and the value of animal production in Egypt is about 36.5% of the total value of agricultural production. Undoubtedly, the heat stress on livestock under Egyptian conditions is one of the most important constraints for the production of milk In Egypt at various levels of cattle breeding in general and at the level of commercial farms in particular, which requires studying the economic return of the use of this technique and study the impact on the economics of dairy production. the objectives of the study were to study the current status of the development of the number of cattle producing milk in Egypt, as well as the development of the production quantities of dairy cows, the relative importance of each dairy production and the numbers of warheads, and to see the impact of the use of technology has been studying the statistical estimate of the production functions of milk sample study, as well as the statistical estimate of the terms of use of these costs Technology study sample. The most important results of what has resulted in the following: there is a growing trend year for the number of cows wholesale heads in Egypt during the study period, as they have increased by amounted to 104.24 thousand head annually, has been estimated coefficient of determination about 0.266, meaning that 26.6% of the changes occurring to the number due to Factors that reflect the effects of time. It may be shown that the increase in the number of dairy cattle heads in Egypt during the study period as an average is due mainly to the number of mixed cattle heads due to the apparent stability in the numbers of domestic and foreign cattle. It also shows that there is an increasing general trend of milk production for cows Wholesale in Egypt during that For a period, increasing by about 84.597 thousand tons per year. The R2 is estimated to be about 0.324, which means that 32.4% of the changes occurring in the milk production of cows are due to the factors that reflect the time component. Egypt. Scenarios for the statistical estimation of the cow dairy production function were carried out in the sample of 100 cows before using the technique and 100 cows after using the technology. The elasticity of production prior to the use of the technology was about 0.24, after the use of 0.22 technology. Finally, return m Milk production for dairy cows increased by 27.7 kg / day after the use of the technology at an increase rate of about 18.7% with an expected yield of about 97.7 pounds per cow per day for 87.4 pounds per cow before using the technology. the impact of the use of clear technical and increase the expected return of the cows used our farms under study, which requires dissemination of the use of the technology on the rest of the cattle farms in all parts of the country because of its great economic returns.

Two experiments were carried out at the Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate (CLAC), Agricultural Research Center and the Experimental Research Station attached to the Faculty of Agriculture, Ain shams Univ., Shalakan, Qalyubyia Governorate. The experiments were conducted for two summer seasons in 2015 and 2016 under unheated multi span plastic house and under open field conditions. Both experiments aimed at investigating the effect of certain weather conditions on the impact of three insecticides used for the control of the cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) nymphs on four cucumber cultivars. The aims of the plastic house experiment and open field experiment were to investigate the impact of certain climatic conditions (Temperature (Co), Relative humidity (%) on different insecticides efficiencies used for whitefly control compared to untreated  check (without any insecticide application). Lex (Dinotefuran) insecticide was the more effect on the nymphs of B.tabaci inside the plastic house or in the open field followed by Oshin (Thiamethoxam) insecticide. However Bernastar was the lowest efficiency. Concerning effect of climatic conditions, air temperature and relative humidity affected the performance of the three tested insecticides especially during the days with temperature over 35°C.

Phytoextraction of heavy metal from contaminated soils is promising remediation technology.  In the present study, hyper-accumulator plants, indian mustard (Brassica juncea.( L) czern) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) have been used to remove the excess undesirable concentrations of zinc and copper from contaminated soil. Zinc and copper uptake have been enhanced by adding EDTA to the contaminated soil using two concentrations (2.5 and 7.5 mmol/Kg soil). Accumulation of Zn by the indian mustard shoots and roots under the effect of EDTA recorded 4 to 6 times as adsorbed by the control while less enhancement of Zn uptake was recorded by the ryegrass shoots and roots. On the other hand, Cu accumulation showed significant enhancing by the ryegrass shoot comparing to the indian mustard shoot at the both employed EDTA concentrations. The ryegrass roots gave enhanced Cu uptake at the EDTA conc. 7.5 mmol/Kg soil only while the indian mustard roots recorded an increasing in the Cu-uptake with the two EDTA concentrations

Decline of grapevine due to soil borne fungi was surveyed during 2013- 2015 summer growing seasons at El-Fayoum, El-Gharbeia and El-Beheira governorates, Egypt, Syndromes of declined grapevine plants included growth retardant of shoot system and root-rot as well as decrease of grapevine fruit yield  quality. Isolation trails from root of declined trees of different grapevine cultivars i.e., superior, flame seedless, King robi and crimson was carried out. The most soil borne fungi associated with root-rotted grapevine were Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend, Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Rhizoctonia solaniKuhn and Macrophomina phaseolina(Tassi) Gold. Fusarium spp. are the main fungal associated with different infection types of declined root of grapevine either a singly or in combination with B. theobromae or R. solani as second infection type and third infection type with B. theobromae + R. solani. Under soil artificially infested with 5% (w/w) of each fungal isolates inocula of fourteen isolates obtained were varied for causing wilt and root-rot symptoms of grapevine trees and reducing growth parameters plant height, root length, root size, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root than the control. Botrydiplodia theobromae isolate No. (7)was the most caused root-rot and disease severity of shoot and root of grapevine plant(100%)  followed by Fusarium avenacum caused (87.5%) of root –rot and disease severity of shoot and root. Fouthermore, Fusarium avenacum isolate was the most fungal isolate in reducing growth parameters expect root length.  This is first record that Fusarium avenacum as a causal organism causing root rot disease of grapevine in Egypt.

Sugar crops are considered to be the most important strategic food commodities, which attract the attention of decision-makers and producers who are concerned with the availability of supply in the markets, the deficit and the food gap. Sugar production depends on two crops in Egypt: sugarcane and sugar beet. A sugar gap due to the inability of the supply of domestic sugar to meet the demand for increased consumer needs, resulting in higher prices. The study aims to study the current situation of the production and consumption of sugar crops in Egypt and to estimate the food gap of sugar. Also, study the most important factors affecting the production and consumption of sugar crops in Egypt and the self-sufficiency rate. Of sugar The research was based on descriptive and quantitative analysis of the economic variables, the subject of the research to measure those variables and the research reached the following results.  The cultivated area of sugar cane and sugar beet has taken an increasing general trend, which is estimated to be about 0.6, 37.7 thousand feddans annually, respectively, representing about 0.19%, 11.3% of the average during the period (2005- 2015) 324.3, 334.6 thousand acres, respectively. The total production of cane sugar has taken a general trend is decreasing, and did not confirm the statistical model, that is, there is relative stability length of study. The production of sugar beet crop has taken an increasing trend, which is estimated at about 810.8 thousand tons annually, representing about 11.6% of the annual average and estimated at 7002 thousand tons. The total amount of sugar produced from both sugar cane and sugar  beets has taken an increasing general trend, and did not confirm the statistical significance, that is, there is relative stability throughout the study period. The food gap of sugar amounted to about 50.35 thousand tons, representing about 1.71% of the average national consumption of sugar, which amounted to 2937 thousand tons during the same period. Self-sufficiency rate of sugar amounted to about 63%, has taken a general trend decreases, and did not confirm the statistical significance, there is relative stability length of the study period. The study of the most important factors affecting the production of cane and sugar beet separately showed the existence of a positive relationship between the total production of each crop separately and the area and productivity of each crop separately, respectively. Study the factors affecting the consumption of sugar during the period of research shows the existence of a positive relationship between national consumption of sugar and the income of the consumer per pound / per year, local production of sugar per thousand tons, and the monetary value to support sugar per million pounds, and the opposite of the amount of national consumption of sugar and the retail price of sugar per kilogram per kilogram and the average global price in dollars / ton.

The toxic effect of Abamectin and Pyriproxyfen action on the 1st instar larvae of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) was studied under laboratory conditions. The toxic action of the tested compounds at their estimated LC50 values on some biological aspects of the treated insect as well as total protein content and the activity of b-esterase in the affected larvae were also studied. Based on the obtained results, abamectin was more toxic than pyriproxyfen after 24, 48 and 72 hr of treatment. In addition, the effect of treatment with the LC50 value of both tested compounds on newly hatched larvae was extended to the following developmental stages, represented as some morphological deformities. Also, total protein content in treated larvae increased than their control when Pyriproxyfen was tested but decreased when Abamectin was administered to larval diet. The electrophoretic analysis using SDS-PAGE for β-esterase enzyme in the larval stage fed on diets treated with tested compounds showed clear variation in the dense and number of enzyme bands.

This research is concerned with the estimation of farmer’s demand for chemical fertilizers. The data were collected from a sample of farmers in two villages in Bani Sewaf Governorate in the summer of 2015.  Most farmers use two kinds of fertilizers; namely urea and superphosphates. Urea is provided to farmers in certain quotas at subsidized prices through the government controlled agricultural cooperatives. Farmers however find it necessary to rely on the free market to supplement the subsidized quotas of urea.  The research begins by estimating the Cobb-Douglas production functions for two field crops which are wheat and maize. Then the production functions coefficients are used to calculate the underlying cost functions. From the cost functions we were able to drive the conditional demand functions for chemical fertilizers with the help of Shephard’s lemma.   The estimates of all functions seem reasonable and consistent with economic theory. The elasticities of wheat production with respect to urea and superphosphates are 0.27 and 0.03 respectively. The wheat cost function is an increasing function in input prices and in output level. The conditional demand function for urea in wheat production is homogenous of degree zero in input prices; that is doubling the input prices will leave the demand for urea unchanged. Similar results for the maize crop were attained.  The maize production elasticities with respect to urea and superphosphates are 0.16 and 0.06 respectively. The results are statistically significant. The isoquant equation indicates that decreasing urea application by 0.42 sack can be compensated by increasing superphosphates application by one sack in order to keep the level of maize production at 18 ardab per feddan. The conditional demand function for urea reveals that an increase in the price of urea by EGP 5 would reduce the demand for urea by 0.78 sacks.

Concentration of heavy metals (Pb-Cd-Cr) was determined, that’s most polluted environment and rivers in fourteen varieties of vegetables throughout two growing seasons (2013-2014  &2014-2015), belonging to the three groups of vegetables (leaves and tuber and fruits), and using atomic absorption device, where the samples were collected from six different locations in Hama, and close to the course of the Orontes River, which vary different in irrigation operations and source of irrigation water.   Results of this study showed that no significant difference (P> 0.05) between the types of vegetable groups in the content of heavy elements at each locations seposatly. But it clearly showed the presence of very high significant differences (P <0.0001) in the contents of vegetables from heavy elements collected from sites, this effect is due to irrigation water. Also, the average concentration of cadmium was higher than the global natural concentrations in accordance with similar studies, the average lead, and chromium were lower than the averages of similar vegetables from other countries.