The study was aimed to shed light upon the factors affecting on the safety and health status of babies of young mothers. The study includes 60 young mothers of ages between 14 to 18 years in Mekka (El-mokarrama). The results showed that 53.33% of the studied cases having normal weights up to delivery and 40% of them were less than 16 years; a trend that make them suffering from several diseases. Results also showed that 60% of young mothers prefer the Governmental hospital for delivery and 83.33% of these cases had only one delivery that achieved normally, while 33.33% of the young mothers having two successive deliveries with a period in between of less than one year.  In spite of the importance of normal breast feeding, it was extended only for 6 months in 48.33% of the cases while 11.66% of young mothers extend breast feeding to one and halve years. A bortion case was occurred in only one case of the tested young mother representing 26.66% and some times it occurs in two cases with a level of 6.66% of the tested sample. Regarding the weight of the babies delivered for young mother they indicate less weight than the normal (2.5 Kg) representing 23.33%, and 73.33% of the babes realize good health status. On the other hand, hepatitis was found to occur with a level 50% and vomiting 21.66% and 11.66% of babies suffering from each of intestinal trends, food allergy and Bronchitis aspects. Food history proved that 66.6% of the young mothers prefer white bread followed by rice (31.67%). The normal bread (Balady) and potatoes showed a level of acceptance of 31.67% and 25% respectively. Young mothers prefer to consume sugars (71.67%) followed by chocolates (51.61) and 68.3% of them prefer to use vegetable oils, while 75% consume poultry / week. The consumption of dairy by young mothers was some what lowered (40%) than that of cheese which was 51.67%. The ratio for ready to eat foods that was found to be accepted by the investigated young mothers was 45% (Tea), 25% (Coffee), 18.3% (carbonated beverages), and 38.3% (Fruit Juices).

A pot experiment was carried out to investigate the agricultural value of a local phosphate rock (PR) as a source of plant phosphorus compared with that of the cur-rently imported triplesuperphosphate (TSP) .The PR was applied at the rate of 0, 55, and 110 kg P2O5 /ha and the TSP was at the rate of 0 , 45 and 90 kg P2O5 /ha. The growth and leaf contents of N, P and K of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) grown on a clay soil were measured. The experiment continued for two seasons. Phosphatic fertilizers are of low recovery; therefore, they can remain for the next crop. Thus, the pots of the first season were set to study the residual effect of phosphorus in the second season. The results indicated that PR and TSP significantly (P>0.05) in-creased dry weights of shoot and root, leaf contents of N , P and available soil phos-phorus. However, plant height was significantly increased by TSP only. The leaf content of K was neither affected by PR nor TSP application. The results showed a positive effect of the residual PR and TSP on the measured parameters. Moreover, the results revealed that the plant measurements obtained from PR treatments were comparable to those obtained from TSP treatments which indicate that PR can be used as a potential source of phosphorus fertilizer.

The effect of the forward speed of a potato harvester on tubers damage was in-vestigated. The potato harvester type is a two-row potato digger with riddle chain. The experiments were conducted in a potato field of Haradh Project of the National Agricultural Development Company (NADEC) east of Riyadh, in a sandy loam soil, and for a potato crop planted during the spring season of 2004. The potato type was Hermes (oval graded tubers). The degging depth was set to 22 cm, and the ampli-tudes of riddle chain of the implement were 17 and 25 mm. Results showed that the average values of tubers lifting percentage were in close agreement for all forward speed values (1.5, 1.7, and 2 km/h) of the potato harvester. However, it ranged be-tween 96% and 99%. It was found that there is no significant effect of the forward speed on both total damaged tubers percentage and damage index. However, there was a significant difference for the damaged tubers percentage when the amplitude of riddle chain was changed from 17 to 25 mm, where it decreased as the amplitude was increased. The values of potato damage index for all forward speeds were with-in acceptable limits of damage index. Minimum value of damage index was 0.04 at the speed of 2 km/h and amplitude of 25 mm.

A field strain of pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) collected from Sharquia Governorate, Egypt was exposed to the selection pressure of the for-mulation of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Kurstaki, Dipel 2x under laboratory condi-tions. Resistance ratio attained 16-fold based on the susceptible strain after 14 gen-erations of selection. Study the response of Dipel 2x resistant strain to some insecti-cides indicated that there is no cross resistance to the conventional insecticides, es-fenvalerate, chlorpyriphos and thiodicarb or the bioinsecticides Ecotech and Agerin. These data may be emphasizing the possibility of rotation the Dipel 2x with these insecticides in pest control program of pink bollworm to manage resistance to Bt products.

Microbiological assay of 150 samples of dairy products for the incidence of Co-liforms, E. coli, E. coli 0157:H7 and non-0157 E.coli, show the recovery of the Coli-forms and E.coli from the tested products with different incidence percentage. Strains of E. coli 0157:H7 and non-0157 E .coli were recovered from 9 (6%) and 13(8.6%) of the total samples, respectively. The behaviour of these isolates were tested when exposing to low pH, salt, low holding temperature and heat treatment. The results indicate obvious survival of E. coli 0157:H7 and non-0157serotype with pH as low as 3.8 pH for 5 days. Also, survival or even multiplication in TSB con-taining <6% salt. Moreover, the strains remained viable at low holding temperature (5oC). So, the product which contaminated with this pathogens remain hazardous even under such stress condition. Decimal reduction times (D-values) of cells sus-pended in saline solution, TSB medium, reconctituted dry milk and chocolate milk were determined. The greatest survival as evidenced by highest D and Z values oc-curred with chocolate milk. Product composition and type of strain affected the heat lethality rates.

A blend Juice prepared from apple juice and kiwifruit juice (60:40 v/v), was pas-teurized and stored for 3 and 6 months at 4o and 25oC untill analysis. Sensory evalu-ation showed significant differences between the fresh and pasteurized blend juice in all sensory attributes. The headspace volatiles of fresh apple, fresh kiwifruit, fresh and stored pasteurized blend juice at different temperatures were collected and sub-jected to GC and GC-MS analysis. A total of 33 volatile components were identi-fied, 18 esters (17 aliphatic and one aromatic), 6 alcohols, 3 aldehydes, 3 terpenic hydrocarbons, 2 ketones and 1 carboxylic acid. The volatile components in the pas-teurized blend juice showed considerable quantitative and qualitative variations dur-ing storage. By comparative study between the blend juice and fresh apple, fresh kiwifruit juices it was clear that the pasteurization process caused a remarkable in-crease in the total esters content due to the high increase in methyl propanoate, me-thyl butanoate and methyl benzoate. Pasteurization caused a sharp decrease in buta-nol which is the most abundant compound in fresh apple juice. All alcohols showed the same trend except ethanol. Pasteurization revealed a remarkable decrease in (E)–2-hexenal which is the most abundant compound in fresh kiwifruit juice. Regarding the effect of storage it was noted that the blend juice stored at 4oC showed high qual-ity after 3 months due to the remarkable increase in the contents of total ester, buta-nol, and (E) –2- hexenal with a decrease in limonene, but after 6 months the good quality was attributed to the high increase in ethyl butanoate concentration. While stroage at 25oC showed good quality after 3 months due to the very high increase in total esters content which attributed to a greate increase in ethyl butanoate concen-tration (which gave sweet and fruity aroma to juice), but storage for 6 months gave rise to a sharp decrease in ethyl butanoate which led to a high loss in aroma quality.

The toxicological effect of two pesticides, pyriproxyfen and abamectin were eva-luated on third instar larvae of the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). According to the estimated toxicity values, i.e. LC50, LC90 and slope values, the chemical abamectin showed that it was slightly more toxic than pyriproxyfen. The effect of these two insecticides, at the determined LC50 and LC25 values on the di-gestive physiology of treated larvae, as indicated by some nutritional indices was conducted. Obtained results demonstrated that pyriproxyfen and abamectin caused a significance reduction in growth of treated larvae as depicted by larval weight gain Also, a significant decrease was found in the efficiency of ingested food to body matter and efficiency of conversion of digested food to body matter as compared to untreated insects. These effects were generally more evident when abemectin was used. The two tested compound also caused histological changes in the midgut of treated larvae, in form of disruption in the columnar epithelium cells and stretching leading to tearing in the peritrophic membrane. This observation might explain the impairment in nutritional indices in treated larvae as compared to the control.