The quality of agricultural exports is one of the most important foundations on which to develop and improve these exports to global markets. Therefore, studying the effect of applying quality standards on increasing agricultural exports is one of the most important determinants for improving the system of those exports. By studying the relative importance of agricultural crops in the research sample, which is represented by potatoes and onions from vegetable crops, oranges and grapes from fruit crops, it was found that exports of potatoes and onions represent about 25%, 21% of total vegetable exports as an average for the period (2014-2018), while orange exports represent About 53% of fruit exports are about 24% of the average fruit exports for the aforementioned period. By studying the effect of applying quality standards on agricultural crops from the beginning of production for export, it was found that applying these standards leads to a reduction in agricultural losses from the crop by a rate ranging between (20-15) %. Also, the application of quality standards leads to an increase in the costs of production and marketing of the crop, but in return, the increase in costs can be compensated for by the increase in profit through higher prices at home and abroad, in addition to benefiting from the percentage of losses that are saved. With regard to the actual effect of implementing quality, the results concluded that the rate of change before the application of quality and after the application in relation to an increase in the production of the best crop is orange by 50%. The potato crop came with a 500% increase in profits, and about 355% of the return on the pound per ton.

Sugar is an industrial agricultural commodity of strategic importance at the global level. At the local level, the sugar industry from the cultivation of sugar cane is considered an ancient industry that was supplemented by the manufacture of beets and the extraction of sugar from it. The research problem was represented in the existence of a sugar food gap estimated at 875.8 thousand tons of sugar as an annual average for the period (2000-2018). To fill this gap, the state imports sugar from abroad to meet the deficit. It is aimed study the current situation of the sugar industry in Egypt by analyzing the food gap for it and raise the rate of self-sufficiency in sugar. Then, the study was concerned with estimating the variables affecting each of the area and quantity of supplied cane, as well as the supply price, and the efficiency of sugar extraction on the function of the operating efficiency of cane sugar manufacturing factories in the main governorates (Minya, Sohag, Qena, Luxor, and Aswan), during the average period (2016- 2018). Similarly, these variables affecting the aforementioned cane yield can be estimated on the function of the amount of sugar produced/ operating day of the cane sugar factories in the governorates of Egypt during the same period, using the Panel Data analysis. The most important results of the study revealed the following:1-The results show that the variable 𝑙𝑛 𝑥10𝑡 that expresses the average price of supplying a ton of cane during the study period is significant and has a negative sign, as shown in the model estimating the equation of the operational efficiency ratio, as an increase in the average price of supplying a ton of cane by 10% will lead to The operational efficiency decreased at a rate of about 3.11%. 2- It is also evident from the results of the model estimating the equation of the amount of sugar produced for one working day that the variable 𝑙𝑛 𝑥6𝑡 that expresses the degree of sweetness of sugar produced from sugar manufacturing factories during the same period, it is significant and its sign is positive, as an increase in the degree of sugar sweetness by 1% will lead to an increase in quantities Sugar produced from manufacturing per day at a rate of about 19.6%.  3- It is clear from the measures of economic efficiency for the production of cane sugar, the relative superiority of farmers of the Arab Republic of Egypt during the period (2013-2018), which is attributed to the response of the farmers’ lands to the production elements used in them, due to the high degree of fertility of their lands, and the increase in the accumulated experiences of the farmers.

The present study was undertaken to test the effect of heat stress (39 °C) for 4 hours on Hsp70 mRNA profiling in two chicken genotypes. Expression levels of hsp70 were used to assess the heat tolerance of two Egyptian local genotypes (Fayoumi and Matrouh). The expression level of the hsp70 gene is high in the Fayoumi type as opposed to the Matrouh type. In blood, after four hours of exposure, the hsp70 mRNA expression analysis revealed higher expression levels. These results showed that the acquired thermotolerance is positively linked to the stress memory. Within the two genotypes, Fayoumi type exhibited the highest means for hsp70 production, and therefore the heat stress is better tolerated, which indicates that Fayoumi mortality rate might be lower genetically under heat stress

This paper aimed to examine the impact of climate change on wheat productivity in the five rains- fed districts: El-Negaila, Sidi Barrani, El-Daba'a, Marsa Matrouh, and EL-Alamain in the northern west coast of Egypt in which the cultivated wheat area represents about 41.4% of wheat area in Matrouh Governorate (1990-2019). The productivity is fluctuated between 1.167 to 13.38 Ardab/Fadden accompanied with the fluctuation in precipitation between 24.35 to 115.10 MM3/Season, and fluctuation of average difference between Max. Min. temperature from 8.07 to 7 ºC. Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) technique was applied to investigate the relationship between wheat productivity and the independent variables (precipitation, temperature, cultivated area, labor and technology). OLS function showed that the model suffers from endogenity and heteroscedasticity. LLC and IPS statistics of panel unit root test proved that the included variables have unit root, i.e. they are non-stationary at level. Pedroni panel residual cointegration test confirmed the long run relationship between the first-order integrated variables [I (1)]. FMOLS function proved that natural climatic variables are the main determinants of wheat productivity, as a 1% increase in annual rainfall improves wheat productivity significantly by 3.3%, while temperature affects the wheat productivity negatively by 5.7%. The far west districts are the most affected by rainfall, as 1% increase of rainfall in EL-Negaila and Sidi- Barrani districts increase wheat productivity by 8.4%, 5.1% respectively. Results in all districts except EL-Negaila and Sidi Barrani showed the extent of labor intensification to enhance productivity, also all districts showed the importance of technical improvements. It is recommend adopting water policy as rain harvesting, building stone dykes and cisterns to provide: 355.5, 301.7, 287.9, 339.8, and 245.8 MM3/Fadden in El-Negaila, Sidi Barrani, EL-Daba'a, Marsa Matrouh, and EL-Alamain districts respectively to improve wheat yield to 12 Ardab/Fadden under drought climate of north coast

The study aimed to determine the level of knowledge of the surveyed farmers on the neg-ative effects of the use of chemical pesticides, and their sources of information in this field, and determine the significance of the relation-ship between the level of knowledge of the farmers with the negative effects of the use of pesticides and some independent studied vari-ables, and finally identify the problems that limit the safe use of chemical pesticides ,the data of this study were collected during July and August 2020 by means of a personal inter-view questionnaire for a regular random sam-ple of farmers in the villages of Qalyubia Gov-ernorate. It was determined using the Kreijce and Morgan equation, and its strength reached 377 farmers, The selected data were analyzed and presented using quantitative method, the arithmetic mean, Chi-square test, The most important results were the following :the level of the respondents' knowledge of the negative ef-fects of using chemical pesticides was high, with the percentage of their average knowledge scores reaching 82.9, It was found that the most important sources of information: pesticide merchants, personal experience, rel-atives, It was found that there is a significant relationship at the level of 0.01 between the level of the respondents' knowledge of the neg-ative effects of chemical pesticides and each of the following independent variables the re-spondent’s age, gender, educational status, profession, number of years of experience in farm work, social participation, Frequency of agricultural service centers, and the number of years of experience in using pesticides. It was also found that the most important problems in the research area are: the shortage of extension agents, the scarcity of extension activities, re-spectively, Based on the results of the study, six proposals were formulated in the form of recommendations to be submitted to decision-makers.

The research targeted the competitive-ness of strawberry crop exports, the geo-graphical distribution of strawberry exports to determine the most important imported markets, and the competitiveness of Egyptian strawberry exports in the most important foreign markets. About 85.7% of the average amount of Egyptian straw-berry exports during the period (2014-2019) the most important of these coun-tries are Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Belgium, Germany and Iraq, where their market is absorbed 19.64, 7, 6.8, 6.2, 4.5, 1,000 tons, and about 27%, 9.6%, 9.4%, 9.1%, 6.3%, from the average total amount of Egyptian exports of strawberries during the study period is about 41.08 thousand tons. This means that Egypt's strawberry exports Have not enjoy a competitive advantage in the global markets, where the value of the competitive advantage index was about 6.82 million during the first period (2001-2009),and 6.83 during the second period (2010-2019).The market share index showed that the market of Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Belgium Ranking the top of the list of Egyptian strawberry importers, with a market share of about 58.6%, 39.2% and 9.9% of the average total strawberry imports in those countries. The study found that Egyptian strawberries a competitive price advantage in both the Saudi market, the Belgian market and the German market compared to the most important countries competing for Egyptian strawberry exports within these Markets, the competitive advantage index of Egyptian strawberries achieved high rates in these markets compared to competing countries, explained the insta-bility factor of competition compared to the instability factor of the amount of strawberries exported to Egypt is that the average Netherlands, Spain, Italy and America are more stable, with the average instability rate in the Netherlands, Spain, Italy and America. 15.8%, 44.7%, 5.4%, 12%, show standard efficient imaging that its value was greater than zero in all years during the study period (2001-2009), the average value of about 10.2%.

Experiments were performed at a private garden in Al-Qaddbah, Al-Gharbia Governorate, Egypt. The latitude and longitude of the experiment site are 30°56'37''N and 30°47'01'' E, respectively, and the altitude equals 30 m, at the 2019 season, the total landscape area (13.5m x 9m) was divided into 6 treatments each of an area (20.25 m2), three plots were operated using solar system while the other three plots were operated using electric system. The irrigation systems were similar, 4 multi-stream sprayers, (90◦) and the distance between the sprayers was (4.5*4.5 m), different operating times were applied on each plot, under local climatic and working conditions. All the plots were planted with turfgrass (Passpalm10). The obtained results show, at solar energy powered system, uniformity coefficient increased from (65% - 75%) at operating time (10 –30 min), then it decreased during operating time (40 - 60 min), while at electric energy powered system the averages of the uniformity coefficient were (76% - 80%), at operating time (10 –40 min), while at operating time (45 - 60 min) the uniformity coefficient decreased to (75%), due to the silt clogging in the sprayers' filters. The energy saving reached (63%) with solar energy operation rather than electric energy operation in the summer season. The least total cost was (351 L.E/m2/year) at the landscape area (A3 60.75m2), which was irrigated on 3 cycles per day to give the highest uniformity coefficient (75%). When operating the solar batteries at full charge 3 - 4 times for a plot area of (20.25 m2). The hydraulic power obtained was (17.86 –26.74 W), the sprayer radius was (5.3 –5.8 m), at an average pressure of (1.9 -2.5 bar) which gave the best uniformity coefficient. The turf quality index was higher using electric motor rather than solar motor.

The aim of this study was to optimize the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), using the response surface methodology (RSM), to use the produced PUFAs in kareish cheese processing. PlackettBurman design (PBD) was employed to screen media components that affect PUFAs development (glucose, olive cake, yeast extract, tryptone, MgSO4, KH2PO4, NH4Cl, agitation speed, incubation time, and pH), and results showed that olive cake and yeast extract, with confidence level > 98%, had a positive effect on PUFAs production. The central composite design (CCD) of the response surface methodology was used to optimize the selected parameters levels where maximum PUFAs production (1790 mg/l) was observed near the mid-point (0) values (concentrations) of olive cake (15 g/l), tryptone (7.5 g/L) and KH2PO4 (1.25 g/l). Polyunsaturated fatty acids account for 47.83 % of the total fatty acid profile, according to gas chromatography analysis of the collected PUFAs. The produced PUFAs was encapsulated using whey protein concentrate and maltodextrin, freeze dried, grinded and incorporated in Kareish cheese manufacture. The average particle size of a 0.005% suspension of oil microcapsules was 671.4 nm with a poly dispersity index of 0.611 indicating a moderate stability of the emulsion. The negative zeta potential of the microcapsules particles was -37.6 mv, which is identical to the -42 mv value recorded in the literature for oil emulsions stabilized by whey protein, maltodextrin, and K-carrageenan. The addition of 0.5 % PUFAs-containing microcapsules to Kareish cheese increased antioxidative activity to 38.13 % compared to 30.14 % for the control, as well as Texture profile analysis (TPA) parameters including hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness. The elasticity of the Kareish cheese sample increased slightly by the addition of 0.5% microcapsules, but higher concentration tended to change the elasticity to a brittleness of the cheese structure.

يAgricultural production is characterized by seasonality that leads to an imbalance in agri-cultural labor market. However, this is pre-sumably due to the imbalance between the sea-sonal agricultural labor demand and supply, thus, resulting seasonal unemployment. This paper aims to investigate and analyze the struc-ture of Egyptian agricultural labor market throughout the period 2000-2020 via employ-ing econometric tools. The results show that, the agricultural disguised employment does not consider permeant agricultural labor its source, but rather it is due to seasonal agricul-tural employment, due to its negative marginal productivity, in which is the main cause for disguised unemployment appearance.

Repellency of the six essential oils (EOs), Clove (Eugenia aromaticum), Aloe (Aloe vera), Lemon (Citrus limon), Camphor (Euca-lyptus camaldulensis), Mint (Mentha spicata), Marjoram (Origanum vulgare) were evaluated against adult of the confused flour beetle Tri-bolium confusum, by allowing adults to choose between untreated filter paper halves with 1 -2g white flour or treated with different concen-trations of the oils and their mixture at three different exposure times. In individual oils ex-periments, Eucalyptus camaldulensis was found to be the best effective of repellent effi-cacy, followed by Mentha spicata and Eugenia aromaticum. Citrus limon and Aloe vera have moderate repellent efficacy. Results of combi-nation effective showed that mixtures' repel-lant activity. It has been shown that the most powerful mixture of Clove + Mint repels activ-ity against adults with Lemon + Aloe, Lemon + Marjoram, Lemon + Mint, and Mint + Aloe during the entire exposure period, while Lemon + Camphor and Camphor + Mint lost repellent activity after 24 hours.