Most landscapes requires the water essentially, water pumping consumes a significant amount energy. The study carried out to evaluate the performance of a solar water pumping system for the purpose of operating landscape system. The system consists of a centrifugal water pump connected directly to DC electric motor that which connected directly to a solar photovoltaic generator. Field test had been carried out at Menofia Governorate, Egypt. Measurements were taken every hour starting from 8:00 AM to 4:00 PM through randomly selected days during the period between August 2016 and February 2017. Results show the relation between the solar radiation and the output electrical power, hydraulic power, pumping rates and the efficiency of the system. System evaluation was carried out by estimating the intensity of solar radiation, Photovoltaic output power and the hydraulic power generated. The PV output power was 712 W at solar radiation intensity of 841 W/m². Also, photovoltaic generator and pumping system efficiencies were 14.98% and 14.21% respectively.

This study aimed to evaluate seed yield, morphological variability and nutritional quality for two cultivars of Chenopodium quinoa under high saline soil conditions (ECe 22 dSm-1) in Egyptian Northeastern coast. Responses to salinity were greatly differed between the two cultivars. The Peruvian cultivar CICA produced seed yield significantly higher than Bolivian cultivar Real. CICA cultivar also showed significant high performances for most of morphological traits. Among the 10 morphological traits, leaves dry weight, shoot fresh weight and leaves fresh weight showed significant positive association with seed yield. No significant difference has been found between both cultivars for most seed quality traits except for the concentration of crude protein and crude fiber in seeds were significantly higher in CICA cultivar. Although CICA cultivar exhibited significantly higher sodium concentration in the leaves than that found in the leaves of Real cultivar, but it was much more efficient in restricting sodium uploading into seed. These results revealed that the Peruvian cultivar CICA seems to be adaptable and more suited to dry-saline soil in Northeastern coastal region of Egypt, as it gave considerable high seed yield with better quality in terms of high protein and fiber percentage and low Na concentration in seeds.

The present study deal with hydrolysis of lactose by kluyveromyces fragilis that grown in Whey and synthetic mediumandthe effect of incubated temperature and pH on enzyme activity Lactase (ß- galactosidase) that hydrolyze lactose in whey milk and synthetic medium .Also the conversion of glucose that released from lactose hydrolysis by kluyveromyces fragilis into fructose via addition of glucose isomerase. The present work showed that the optimum pH and incubated temperature were (4,35°C) respectively to optimum enzyme activity Lactase with total glucose reached 60.21 mg/ 100ml in whey medium and 58.61 mg/100ml in synthetic medium after 24 hours. In addition fructose content was 48.15 mg/100ml from released glucose in whey milk that confirmed due to the highest sweet syrup. In conclusion, this study indicated that ability of kluyveromyces fragilis to hydrolyze lactose in natural whey milk higher than synthetic medium.

The present study was carried out during 2014 and 2015 seasons on adult Kitt Mango Trees to evaluate 4 levels of pruning  pattern (removing one-third, one-half, all branch or without pruning) and 4 types of soil mulching (white plastic, black plastic, rice straw or without soil mulching) on vegetative growth, leaf mineral content ,flowering and yield.   Average shoot length, shoot thickness and average number of shoot / tree of Kitt mangos greatly affected with both pruning pattern and soil mulching, especially with removing of one-third of branch and covering soil with white plastic sheet. However leaf N, P and K contents were improved with both one-third and one-half pruning of branches of Kitt mango trees where both white and black plastic of mulch soil were similar in their effect on leaf NPK content. There were an evident increase in fruit set %, total yield (kg/tree) and marketable yield % with one-third and one-half pruning of branch and also with white and black plastic of soil mulching. The increase of marketable yield% due to these treatments could be attributed to the increase of vegetative canopy of leaves which led to prevent sun burn of fruits and to minimize heat solar effect from the soil and protect the fruits in lower parts of the trees. Fruit chemical constituents including TSS%, acidity and L-ascorbic acid slightly affected with different treatments but one-third and one-half prunning of branch as well as with white and black plastic of soil mulch could be recommended as a good horticulture treatments in Kitt mango orchards

A new proposal method for quantitative pollen analysis of pollen grains in each gram of bee honey was described, using aNeubauer improved chamber for leucocytes and erythrocytes counting. The study was conducted at the Bee Research Unit, Dept. of plant protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Shoubra El-kheimah, Al Qalyubia, Egypt on 36 samples of citrus and clover honeys. 18 samples were collected from 5 apiaries under study in Qalyubia Governorate; Kanater, Shalakan, Tookh, Khankah and Shoubra El kheimah and 18 samples were collected from local market in 5 Governorates in Egypt; Cairo, Giza, Qalyubia, Gharbia and Sharqia, during their seasons of production in 2013, 2014 and 2015. The results showed that 2.8 % of the samples were poor in their content of pollen grains (2000-10000 pollen grains /g honey), 77.8 % of the samples were rich in their content of pollen grains (10000-50000 pollen grains /g honey), 11.1% of the samples were more rich in their content of pollen grain (50000 -100000 pollen grains /g honey) and 8.3% of the samples were very rich in their content of pollen grain (>100000 pollen grains /g honey).

The Arab world extends between the Arabian Gulf to the east and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The Arab World includes many environmental regions with different climates. The expansion of cultivated area of legumes in the Arab world is of great importance. The establishment of specialization in production is one of the most important things in the formation of a unified Arab bloc. It helps to integrate countries through the need of one country to other countries, which excelled in the production of certain goods through creativity in production and minimizing production costs to the lowest level. The Arab countries were divided regionally into the Arab Eastern Region, the Middle Region, the Arab Western Region. Some legume crops and winter and summer cereals have been studied. The problem of the study is the low area and production of legume crops at the level of the Arab world. The main reason for the decrease in the area cultivated with legume crops is the expansion of cereals crops cultivation compared to the legume crops. The study aims at the possibility of the agricultural specialization in the field of legume production and determining its success in the Arab world by measuring the effect of specialization on increasing the area, production, and reducing the production costs of legume crops, which in turn leads to the possibility of increasing the integration between the Arab countries to form a united Arab bloc to confront other economic blocs. The study focused on the possibility of production specialization of legume crops according to the principle of comparative advantage through specialization in some legume crops by expanding their area within the cereals area using published data such as FAO statistics, Arabic Organization for agriculture Development (AOAD) statistics, and websites. The study reached several results, including: In the Arab Eastern Region, it is better for Jordan to include the area of barley to green beans, increasing its production from 12.80 to 737.36 thousand tons, achieving a huge production boom that will lead to specialization in its production. Lebanon is characterized by the cultivation of lupins and can expand its area of wheat or the area of barley to increase its production, giving him the advantage to specialize in it. Yemen can expand the area of chick peas from the area of wheat or barley to increase its production when their areas added to chick peas, giving a distinction to Yemen to specialize in it. It is better for Yemen to include the area of sorghum to the area of dry beans, which leads to specialization in it. The results of the Middle Region showed that Egypt would prefer to specialize in the production of green beans by expanding it in the area of barley according to the principle of comparative advantage. Egypt is estimated to be unable to specialize in summer legumes. If Sudan plans to expand the chickpeas by adding wheat area to it, its production will increase, leading to specialization in its production. It is best to include the area of rice to the area of dry beans. The results of the Arab Western Region showed that Tunisia and Morocco cannot specialize in the production of winter legumes crops by expanding their area cultivated by adding the area of cereals to them. For summer crops, it is better for Morocco to expand soybean area by adding maize area to it. The results of Algeria pointed to the possibilities of expanding the cultivation of broad beans by adding the area of barley, which drives Algeria to specialize in it. It is better for Algeria to benefit from the relative advantage of specialization to expand the area cultivated with dry beans instead of rice to save water.   We can make several recommendations from this study, which may be the most important   The possibility of agricultural specialization in the production of some leguminous crops with high comparative advantages and expansion of their area at the expense of narrowing the cultivated area of some cereals crops by studying all the economic conditions surrounding their production and consumption. The importance of activating and increasing the effectiveness of the Arab specialization in the field of raising the production of legume crops, which is an appropriate input for the Arab agricultural economic integration among the Arab countries in the field of legume production.   Division of the Arab countries into regions to form the nucleus for the establishment of a united Arab economic bloc and push towards a joint Arab agricultural strategy aimed at improving the Arab economy and preserving the interests of Arab countries in the global blocs.

Despite the remarkable development of the use of e-commerce, however, the use of e-commerce in Egypt is still small compared to many countries in the world, suggesting many problems facing use of electronic commerce it impedes the development of agricultural exports through which it can be made to the European Union in general and to the most important importing States of agricultural products in particular. The research was aimed at identifying the development of the Internet and e-commerce worldwide in general and comparing it with its development in Egypt and what is the role of e-commerce in marketing horticultural products to the European market and what the facilities it has done to give trade the flexibility required to achieve the required increase in Egypt's exports and what export opportunities it has shown to exporters to help them reach many European markets. These statistics point to the increasing use of e-commerce by Arab States in general and to increase them in Egypt in particular, showing that Egypt's total traditional trade value for these two years 41.311 in million dollars and the value of e-commerce from it was estimated at 10.82 million dollars, which means that e-commerce accounted for about 35 percent of the value of traditional trade.   Statistics from internet users in the Arab region indicate that there is a 14% increase in the number of users in the years 2015, 2016, which is a positive sign that e-commerce is continuing in growth among the Arab world population Egypt continues to lead the Arab region with an average of 29 million Internet users, with up to 56 percent of them benefiting from it, buying and shopping online. The research focused on clarifying the role of e-commerce in the development of Egyptian agricultural exports and the completion of export transactions, as it was found that the use of e-commerce accounted for some 68% of the sample of exporters in the study, while there were those who used both e-commerce and traditional trade and accounted for about 27% of the total study sample. There were important questions about e-commerce that had been surveyed through personal interviews and a number of 30 questionnaire form export and import companies representing the sample of the study and selected in the intentional sampling method given because it is a company that works in the export of vegetable and fruit products as a basic activity, with about 88% of the respondents confirming that used electronic commerce to identify or access new markets, while the respondents also explained that the majority of them had other sources Other than e-commerce (Fairs and Exporters ' Union publications) rely on them to market their exports. Some 90% of the exporters in the study indicated that they could not dispense with e-commerce in dealing with importers as they contribute significantly to facilitating procedures, contracting shipping, reducing export costs and reducing risk costs.

The relative importance of fish in Egypt increased from 1482 thousand tons in 21001 to 15525 thousand tons in 2014, an increase of 43 thousand tons or about 2%. The fish are characterized by fluctuations in productivity and price, which affects the production and marketing decisions of both the producer and the consumer and lead to the emergence of problems and difficulties in marketing, the most important lack of marketing information and the modest marketing services available on the market and the high share of marketing intermediaries of the consumer price and requires study of the marketing side of the transit market. And used the standards for calculating the marketing margins and the distribution of consumer pounds and the same seasonal analysis of the prices of the most important types of fish during 2010-2014. The research was based on the primary data collected from the market as well as the secondary data obtained from the market management and then the selection of the types of tilapia and crustaceans as the most important types of fish, such as the high market value and demand. The share of the product in the 2014 retail price was about 83% while the wholesaler's share was about 64% while the retailer's share was 11.66% of the retail price. While the share of the wholesaler was 4.6%, while the share of the wholesaler was 19.4%. The efficiency estimate for the marketing costs of the tilapia category according to the variable yield index was 1020%. Therefore, the efficiency can be increased. To 90% which reflects the lack of efficiency and this during 2009 and then increased efficiency to reach a maximum of 100% in 2012-2014. The results of the efficiency assessment of the marketing costs of the cutters according to the variable yield scale of the minimum threshold of 0.5% and thus the efficiency can be increased to 95% which reflect the lack of efficiency and this during 2005 was the best efficiency during the years 2012-2014. The results of the IRS indicate increased marketing costs to improve efficiency during the year 2001-2011 and there was a reduction in costs in 2012 and the efficiency was high. In 2013 and 2014, there was a decrease in the independent variable from decreasing the difference with efficiency stability to reach the same efficiency. For tilapia. The results of the IRS show that the marketing costs to improve efficiency during the period 2001-2011 should be increased for catfish and there was a decrease in costs in 2012 and there was high efficiency. In 2013 and 2014 there was a shortage in the independent variable, Efficiency of access to the same efficiency. On the other hand, the minimum season of wholesale prices of tilapia during the years 2010-2014 in the months (October- November- August) and the maximum during the months (April- May- February), (October- December- November) and the upper limit (April- June- March). The most important marketing problems of fish in the absence of equipment market fish keeping 'weak regulation of the market lack of control on the actual functioning of the auctions market spread of the phenomenon of indiscriminate sale without a license, which requires regulation of dealing in the market and provide the appropriate equipment and provide data and market information for the services of all workers in the market.

This study aimed to investigate the attitude of three nematode and phylloxera resistant grape rootstocks (Freedom, Ramsey and SO4) through the micropropagation stages till be micrografted by Superior scions. During that the effect of paclobutrazol (PP333) on rootstocks stem diameter, transverse sections in graft union regions and acclimatization of resulted micrografts were studied. The results proved that the most effective sterilization durations using 1% NaOCl were 15 min for Freedom and SO4 explants as they achieved 0.00 and 0.00%of  contamination and 100% and 90% of survival percentages respectively, while 10 min duration was sufficient for Ramsey explants as it achieved 0.00 % contamination and 100% survival percentages. Significantly, Ramsey achieved the highest number of shoots (1.25), Freedom gave the tallest shoots (4.13 cm)and SO4 got the highest leaf number (7.33) all on MS medium. In multiplication stage; Freedom rootstock proved to be the most reacted rootstock as it significantly accomplished the highest shoot number (2.00) when planted on BA medium, the tallest shoots (3.54 cm) when planted on TDZ medium and the highest leaf number on Kin medium. Whereas, in order to get thicker shoots for easier grafting; using of PP333 at 5 mgl-1 significantly was the best for Freedom (3.55 mm) followed by SO4 (3.03 mm) and Ramsey (2.85 mm) rootstocks. In micrografting stage, Superior micrografts significantly achieved the best results on rooted Freedom rootstocksin scion survival (100.00%) and on un rooted rootstocks in scion bud burst (75.00 %), graft union formation (50.00%), rooting (75.00%). On the same trend, Freedom rootstock was more active in cell dividing activity when grafted by Superior cultivar compared to Ramsey and SO4 rootstocks which were very poor in producing callus cells in graft union. Finally, Freedom rootstock grafted with Superior gained the highest survival (100%) after acclimatization.

Plant viruses cause serious disease of crop plants reducing both quality and quantity of final produce. Serological tests are used all over the world in laboratory and field based detection of plant viruses and they are of great indispensable importance in agricultural production; virus certification programs; agricultural quarantine and production of virus-free crops grown for processing or fresh market. Cross reaction between viruses and their strains antisera limits serological differentiation of viruses and their strains by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This study aims to characterize the antigenic property of Tomato mosaic virus ToMV coat protein by using some bioinformatic tools to analyze its gene. Therefore, new methods in antibody production could be used as equivalent to Mabs in its high specificity. ToMV isolate was confirmed by Transmission electron microscope and differential hosts and propagated on N. tabacum cv. Samson. Systemic infection was developed on N. tabacum cv. Samson and local infection on Datora metel; D. stramonium; N. glutinosa; Chenopodium amaranticolor; C. quinoa. ToMV was purified and used as immunizing agent for antiserum production. TEM showed rod shaped particles with 300 x 18 nm dimensions. The titer of produced antiserum was 1:1024 evaluated by microprecipitin test and indirect-ELISA. Coat protein gene was amplified by RT-PCR with expected size of (Approx. 500 bp). The PCR product was sequenced then the generated nucleotide sequence  was translated into 160 amino acids. The amino acid sequence of Five B-cell epitopes, of 14 amino acid residues each, were predicted. Identifying Bcell epitopes play an important role in vaccine design, immunodiagnostic tests, and antibody production. Therefore, computational tools for reliably predicting B-cell epitopes are studied.