This study was carried out during three successive seasons of 2010/2011, 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 in a private orchard at 76 km Cairo, Alex. Desert road  to investigate the effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilization treatments and shading with white net on yield, and fruit quality of three-years-old mango (Mangifica indica L.) cv. Keitt grafted on sucary seedling rootstocks planted at 2.5×2.5 meters apart grown in sandy soil under drip irrigation system with wells water .This experiment included nine treatments of fertilization: T1= N 80+ K2O 80 Kg/Fed., T2= N 80+ K2O 100 Kg/Fed., T3= N 100+ K2O 80 Kg/Fed., T4= N 100+ K2O 100 Kg/Fed., T5= N 120+ K2O 80 Kg/Fed., T6= N 120+ K2O 100 Kg/Fed.,T7= N 150+ K2O 80 Kg/Fed., T8= N 150+ K2O 100 Kg/Fed. and control (T9) = N 133+ K2O 90 Kg/Fed.. The results cleared that mango Keitt cv. trees grown under white net shading condition significantly increased yield (kg)/ tree, number of fruit set/ panicle, fruit weight, TSS and ascorbic acid content. Trees supplied with 150 Kg/Fed. nitrogen + 100 Kg/Fed. potassium exhibited the highest yield (kg)/tree, number of fruit set/panicle and  fruit weight under shade . Moreover, the best fruit peel color was achieved with trees received 100 kg/feddan of nitrogen +100 kg/feddan of potassium and grown under screenhouse conditions during the three studied seasons. The higher significant value of acidity and TSS were recorded in trees supplied by 120 units of nitrogen + 100 units of potassium during first and third season. Whereas, the control treatment attained a maximum ascorbic acid content.

rosemary and its oil were used to investigate their effects on diabetic and liver malfunctional rats by administrating them with STZ or CCl4 for three weeks. The therapeutic effects of rosemary extracts (alcoholic and aqueous) and its oil against acute hyperglycemia induced by STZ in rats showed a decrease in the levels of fasting and postprandial blood glucose of rats treated with alcoholic extract of rosemary. In addition, results showed a restoration of these levels of the rats treated with aqueous extract or oil to their normal ranges after 3 weeks. There is a significant difference in lipid profile between rats treated with alcoholic or aqueous extracts and the negative control, where, the HDL in group administrated rosemary oil is significantly higher than both positive and negative control.                  The protective effects of rosemary extracts (alcoholic and aqueous) and its oil against liver toxicity induced by CCl4 in rats showed a significant difference between both (negative and positive control) and the activity of AST and ALT in the rats treated by alcoholic and aqueous extracts of rosemary. The protective effects of the plant extracts against liver toxicant occurred by decreasing the activities of these enzymes. Oil rosemary had restored effect more than both ethanolic and aqueous extracts, but not significant. This protective effect occurred by decreasing the activities of AST, ALT and Alp enzymes. No significant (p≤0.05) differences were noticed among the levels of serum total protein for all treatments compared to the negative and positive controls. The levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides recorded high values for the positive controls compared to the negative control. The protective effects of rosemary extracts against liver toxicant occurred by restoring the levels of these parameters to their normal values.

Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don is a medicinal plant rich in many alkaloids that are used in treatment of many diseases. It is unique in the production of vinblastine and vincristine compounds, which are used in treatment of several cancers. There are many genes in the biosynthesis pathway that produce these anti-cancer compounds, including the gene Crwrky1 which is a regulatory gene that codes for the transcription factor in the monoterpene indole alkaloid (MIA) pathway. In this study, the effect of yeast extract on crwrky1 gene expression levels from treated calli was studied. Quantitative RT-PCR (QRT-PCR) using SYBR Green I/ROX was used to analyze the changes in the expression level of this gene in response to different treatments of yeast extract. Crwrky1 expression increased to 3.6 folds in treated callus obtained under 0.4 mg/l yeast elicitor for 4 hours (YE2) treatment to compare with the control (untreated) callus.

calorie crop and commercially used as a non-caloric sweetener for diabetic patients. It is also used as cosmetic ingredient, pickling agent, and dentifrice. Four cultivars (Spantia, Shou2A3, China, and High Sugar) of stevia were included to optimize in vitro micropropagation. Four different combinations of hormonal treatments were investigated [6-benzylamino purine (BAP) + Kinetin (Kin) (0.25 + 0.25 mg/l); Forchloefenuron (Cppu) + Kin (0.25 + 0.25 mg/l); Cppu+ Kin (0.5+0.25 mg/l); and the control medium (hormone-free)]. Out of the different media components, the hormone-free medium produced the best performance of explants. The analysis of variance showed that the control treatment was the most significant for all traits except the number of branches per cutting. Hardening of rooted plants was performed in plastic pots with 70% survival percentage during acclimatization. Molecular characterization, of the four stevia cultivars, was conducted using 11 SCoT primers. The SCoT analysis resulted in 122 amplicons, of which, 62 amplicons (51%) were polymorphic. The range of polymorphism was between 6 % and 91 %. The range of polymorphic amplicons per primer was between one and 12 amplicons. The SCoT-16 produced the highest number of polymorphic bands (12). Meanwhile, the SCoT-24 produced the least polymorphism (6 %). The current study provides a new micropropagation system with low cost, high efficiency, and hormone-free application. Additionally, the study provides the first molecular characterization of stevia using SCoT marker system. Finally, SCoT markers associated with cultivars having high and low contents of stevioside can further be validated by marker-assisted breeding studies.

The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of season on growth performance traits, leptin hormone concentration and gene expression for innate immunity in response to vaccination against pasteurellosis. A Total of 384 weaned rabbits were used in this study. They were from females of APRI line, a local population. Rabbits weaned at 33-35 days and introduced in the experiment at weaning. Arbitrarily, weight at beginning was considered as the "5 weeks" weight. All rabbits were weighed every 7 days and the feed consumption measured at the same weekly interval until all rabbits were 12 weeks old. Leptin hormone level in serum was assayed. Vaccination with Pasteurella multocida was studied in a challenge experiment. Gene expressions for interleukin-6 (IL-6) and toll-like receptor-4 (TR4) were assayed by Real Time-PCR. Parameters of the antioxidant status were included reactive oxygen species, (ROS) expressed as H2O2, Lipid Peroxide, expressed as malondialdehyde and glutathione peroxidase. Blood samples were taken at 8, 10 and 12 weeks of age, respectively. The body weights in winter at W5, W8and W12 of age were higher than those in others seasons. Season had a significant (P≤0.05) influence on daily gain and feed intake. Season had no significant influence on Leptin hormone level in growing rabbits. Vaccination with Pasteurellamultocida led to an increase in gene expression for IL-6 in autumn and winter. Expression for IL-6 in spring has the lowest values. Gene expression of TR4 in rabbits under different seasons was not significantly different. It is can cluded that vaccination by Pasteurellamultocida needs some additives to enhance immunity especially during summer and spring seasons.

The aim of this study was biodiesel purification with different methods beyond water by using different materials was used for this purpose. A large amount of biodiesel was produced from canola oil as source of oil therefore methanol alcohol had been added with potassium hydroxide (KOH) as catalyst. After 8 hours, biodiesel was separated from glycerol where glycerol was under the biodiesel using gravity. To purify biodiesel from remains of glycerol, water and alcohol, some materials filled two filters. Materials were rice husk grind, bagasse grind, saw dust, magnesium silicate and water. The results showed that the water, methanol and glycerol contents were 0.04, 0.01 and 0.23% respectively with using grind bagasse, but they were 0.2, 0.03 and 0.24% respectively with using water in purification process. So the bagasse grind was better than other materials in purification process of canola biodiesel.

The mycelial growth rate of three oyster mushroom strains namely Pleurotus erengii, P. ostreatus and P. florida was examined on six different agar media (malt extract, Potato dextrose, rose bengal, corn meal, czapek’s dox and waksman’s glucose agar media) to select the most suitable one. Effect of pH was also examined at different values (5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5 and 7.0) on the selected medium. Results indicated that Malt extract agar medium was the most suitable one for mycelium growth of all the tested mushroom strains, being the highest (9 cm ) for P. erengii and P. ostreatus at pH 7 and 9 cm at pH 6 -6.5 for P. florida after 6 days of incubation. The mycelia growth of the tested oyster mushroom strains was also examined at different temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35ºC) and different levels of relative humidity (50, 65, 75, 85, 95 and 100 %) on malt extract agar medium. The highest mycelial growth rate was obtained at 25°C and relative humidity of 65% after 6 days of incubation for the three tested oyster mushrooms.

To assess water quality of Qarun lake, forty-six of  lake water samples were collected during the period from 2014 to 2015.  Value of pH of Qarun lake ranged from 8.22 to 8.32. Value of alkalinity ranged from 9.8 to 33.4 ppm. ECw values ranged from 26.5 to 40.99 dS.m-1. Qarun lake contained the soluble cations in the following order: Na+> Ca2+> Mg2+> K+.  The SAR of the studied water in Qarun lake ranged from 274 to 400with a mean value of 337. The highest value of SAR occurred in season 2015 while the lowest one was in 2014. The hardiness value of Qarun lake ranged from 602 to 1567ppm. The COD values were higher than that of ECP501,2015. they ranged from 1168 to 1293 ppm. Different macro and micronutrients were more than the permissible limits. Water Quality Index (WQI) was applied using ten parameters of water quality (pH, Chloride, Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Iron (Fe), Phosphate (PO4-3), Chromium (Cr), Boron (B), Hardiness, Ammonium and Nitrate ). The results indicated that water quality of Qarun lake decayed from the year 2014 to 2015 and could be categorized into Unsuitable class. The effect of anthropogenic activities was obvious on some parameters such as nitrate and ammonium. Monitoring the water quality of Qaroun lake is necessary for proper management.

The heat shock protein (HSP) family is one of the proteins universally accumulated under heat stress condition. Four Egyptian maize inbred lines (Zea mays L.) were studied to identify heat shock proteins under heat stress at 45°C as protein markers for detecting the thermo-tolerance inbreds. The protein fingerprints of four inbred lines were performed by grain total-soluble protein electcophoretic analysis. The protein electrophoretic analysis showed 18 bands in a distinct pattern of K1 and K7 inbred lines, while 17 bands were present in G342 and Rg59 inbred lines as another distinct pattern indicating different genotypes. The high temperature effect on four maize inbred lines exposed to 45°C for 2 and 4 hours at 14-days old seedlings besides control (25°C) was studied. Several protein bands varied between low and intermediate molecular weights were induced after exposing to heat stress at 45°C. Four bands of heat shock proteins with molecular weights of 82, 22, 17 and 10 kDa appeared in the inbred line K1 after exposing to 45°C for 2 and 4 hours which may be indication of thermo-tolerance. Four and seven bands were enhanced after exposing to high temperature for 4 hours at 45°C which appeared more concentrated in the patterns of K7 and G342 inbred lines, respectively.

The study was designed to evaluate the effect of barley grain etiolated sprouts mixture with faba bean, Egyptian clover, wheat and rice hays to improve fodder value. Hays were used as media to etiolated sprouts of barley with three seeding densities (10, 20 and 30% w: w). Growing conditions of the system can produce between 12.8 to 38.38Kg of fresh fodder and 3.18 to 9.10Kg of dry fodder in 4 days from one kilogram of dry barley grains. The dry fodder per unit seed volume (Kg/Kg grain) was decreased with increasing seed density. Since hays were decreased but the nutrient content of the fodder, especially protein was increased. Barley etiolated sprouts improved quality of hays fodder from faba bean, Egyptian clover, rice and wheat crop. Carbohydrate lipid, protein and total energy content were increased with increasing barley-seeding density while crude fiber was decreased. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) was decreased with decreasing seed density especially with rice hays (39.92) and increased with increasing seeding density especially with faba bean hays (74.77). Fiber fraction (Neutral detergent fiber NDF, Acid detergent fiber ADF, Acid detergent lignin ADL), cellulose and lignin percentage were decreased with increasing seeding density of barley, Relative feed value (RFV) was increased with increasing seed density for barley grown on faba bean, Egyptian clover, rice and wheat hays.                      The barley etiolated sprout production system obtained a good quality fresh forage in small area all year around and low cost estimated per ton DM; total digestible nutrients (TDN) and crude protein (CP) compared with hydroponic barely green sprouts. Therefore, the system can recommended as cheap energy (TDN) and protein (CP). In addition, the system saving agricultural lands and partially water consumption for strategy crop production as wheat and corn since its fodder products can produced and grown in small dark area during absence of natural forage.